Interactive Effects Of Age Research Articles

Alexithymia and anxiety symptoms in Pakistani adolescents: A study of compounded directions.

To identify gender and age differences in alexithymia and anxiety. The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to March 2019 at Burewala, a city of South Punjab and comprised adolescents selected through random sampling method from different schools. The subjects were assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Multiple analysis of variance was applied to determine the direct and interactive effects of age groups and gender on alexithymia and anxiety symptoms. Of the 185 subjects, 105(57%) were boys and 80(43%) were girls. The overall mean age was 14.42+/-1.31 years (range: 11-16 years). Boys had significantly (p<0.05) higher level of alexithymia symptoms partially compared to the girls. Significant (p<0.05) interactive effects of age and gender were also noted. The presence of clinical symptoms in schoolgoing adolescents may hinder physical and psychological health of adolescents.

Social categorization and joint attention: Interacting effects of age, sex, and social status

In the present study, we examine how person categorization conveyed by the combination of multiple cues modulates joint attention. In three experiments, we tested the combinatory effect of age, sex, and social status on gaze-following behaviour and pro-social attitudes. In Experiments 1 and 2, young adults were required to perform an instructed saccade towards left or right targets while viewing a to-be-ignored distracting face (female or male) gazing left or right, that could belong to a young, middle-aged, or elderly adult of high or low social status. Social status was manipulated by semantic knowledge (Experiment 1) or through visual appearance (Experiment 2). Results showed a clear combinatory effect of person perception cues on joint attention (JA). Specifically, our results showed that age and sex cues interacted with social status information depending on the modality through which it was conveyed. In Experiment 3, we further investigated our results by testing whether the identities used in Experiments 1 and 2 triggered different pro-social behaviour. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the identities resulting as more distracting in Experiments 1 and 2 were also perceived as more in need and prompt helping behaviour. Taken together, our evidence shows a combinatorial effect of age, sex, and social status in modulating the gaze following behaviour, highlighting a complex and dynamic interplay between person categorization and joint attention.

Impact of sex and APOE E4 on age‐related cerebral blood flow trajectories in cognitively asymptomatic middle‐aged and older adults: A longitudinal study

AbstractBackgroundReduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been considered as a potentially early biomarker of late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to detect the pattern of age‐related CBF trajectories, and to investigate how these trajectories are affected by APOE, chromosomal sex, and cardiometabolic measurements.MethodFrom two ongoing longitudinal cohort studies—the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention and the Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center—we included 950 individuals (age range 40—89 years), who were cognitively unimpaired at their first visit. CBF was measured using pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling MRI. Demographic factors, APOE ɛ4 status, and cardiometabolic measurements were obtained during a clinic visit that included structured interviews, physical examinations, and blood sampling. We applied linear mixed‐effects models in our analyses, which focused on brain regions of relevance to AD.ResultDuring the follow‐up period (median 2.17 years, range 0.13—8.24 years), increasing age was significantly associated with decreasing CBF in total gray matter (β=‐1.54) (Figure, a), hippocampus (‐1.33), superior frontal gyrus (‐1.92), middle frontal gyrus (‐2.20), posterior cingulate (‐2.71), and precuneus (‐2.32), with all p‐values&lt;0.01. A three‐way interactive effect of age, sex, and APOE ɛ4 allele was observed on CBF trajectories. That is, compared with male ɛ4 carriers, female ɛ4 carriers showed a faster decline in global and regional CBF with increasing age (Figure, c), whereas age‐related decline in CBF was similar between male and female ɛ4 non‐carriers (Figure, b). Worse cardiometabolic profile (i.e., increased systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) was associated with lower CBF at all the visits. When time‐varying cardiometabolic measurements were adjusted in the model, the synergistic effect of sex and APOE ɛ4 on age‐related CBF trajectories became largely attenuated.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that APOE genotype and sex interactively impact CBF trajectories across the lifespan, and that this effect may be partially explained by cardiometabolic alterations.

Perceived Age Discrimination: Implications for Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Middle and Later Life—a Research Note

This study examined the relationship between perceived age discrimination and subjective well-being in middle and later life in a Canadian context. Data were drawn from the 2013 Canadian General Social Survey Public Use Microdata File (N = 15,759 aged 45 and older). Ordered logit regression analyses addressed the main and interactive effects of age and perceived age discrimination on self-reported mental health and life satisfaction. Our analyses revealed a negative association between perceived age discrimination and both outcome measures. In addition, middle-aged adults were found to be more vulnerable than older adults to the negative mental health and well-being implications of perceived age discrimination. However, in gender-stratified models, this finding was observed among both men and women for mental health but only among women for life satisfaction. From these findings, we conclude that perceived age discrimination appears to be a risk factor when it comes to mental health and life satisfaction in middle and later life and appears to be particularly problematic for the subjective well-being of middle-aged adults.

Estimated biomass carbon in thinned Cunninghamia lanceolate plantations at different stand-ages

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate [Lamb.] Hook.) is a fast-growing species which is not only important as a timber-supplier, but also as an available sink for carbon (C) storage in biomass. Stand age and density are two critical factors that can determine tree C sequestration as interrelated drivers through natural self-thinning. C. lanceolate were planted using 1-year-old bare-root seedlings at the initial density of 1800 stems ha−1 in a 15-ha montane area of Hunan Province, China in 1987. The plantation was thinned twice 10 and 20 years after planting to leave trees of 437.5 ± 26.6, 675.0 ± 155.2 and 895.8 ± 60.1 stems ha−1 as low, medium, and high densities, respectively. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured every 2 years beginning from 23 years (2009) to 31 years (2018) after establishment, timber volume (TV) and biomass C were estimated accordingly. We did not find any interactive effect of age and density on any variables except for height. Both TV and biomass C increased with stand age or decreased in higher densities. The allometric height-DBH relationship can be fitted by an exponential rising-to-maximum model with higher maximum value over time. The decline of biomass C along density fit with the inverse first-order polynomial model which indicated that at least 1300–1500 stems ha−1 may be needed to maximize TV and biomass C for a longer term over 20 years. Therefore, to control the density to a reasonable level, over 1300 stems ha−1 in a rotation over 20 years old will be practical for tree biomass C in Chinese fir plantations.

Effects of Age and Cochlear Implantation on Spectrally Cued Speech Categorization.

Purpose Weighting of acoustic cues for perceiving place-of-articulation speech contrasts was measured to determine the separate and interactive effects of age and use of cochlear implants (CIs). It has been found that adults with normal hearing (NH) show reliance on fine-grained spectral information (e.g., formants), whereas adults with CIs show reliance on broad spectral shape (e.g., spectral tilt). In question was whether children with NH and CIs would demonstrate the same patterns as adults, or show differences based on ongoing maturation of hearing and phonetic skills. Method Children and adults with NH and with CIs categorized a /b/-/d/ speech contrast based on two orthogonal spectral cues. Among CI users, phonetic cue weights were compared to vowel identification scores and Spectral-Temporally Modulated Ripple Test thresholds. Results NH children and adults both relied relatively more on the fine-grained formant cue and less on the broad spectral tilt cue compared to participants with CIs. However, early-implanted children with CIs better utilized the formant cue compared to adult CI users. Formant cue weights correlated with CI participants' vowel recognition and in children, also related to Spectral-Temporally Modulated Ripple Test thresholds. Adults and child CI users with very poor phonetic perception showed additive use of the two cues, whereas those with better and/or more mature cue usage showed a prioritized trading relationship, akin to NH listeners. Conclusions Age group and hearing modality can influence phonetic cue-weighting patterns. Results suggest that simple nonlexical categorization tests correlate with more general speech recognition skills of children and adults with CIs.

Making Things Happen (Un)Expectedly: Interactive Effects of Age, Gender, and Motives on Evaluations of Proactive Behavior

Proactive behavior entails self-starting actions oriented toward change in the future. Other people’s perceptions of an employee’s proactive behavior are likely shaped by personal characteristics of the employee and related expectations. We hypothesized that the intersectionality of age, gender, and two motives (i.e., achievement and benevolence) influences others’ evaluations of proactive behavior. Consistent with the social role theory and the notion of a lack of fit, results of a first experimental vignette methodology study with an employee sample (N = 101; 1818 ratings) showed that proactive behavior was rated as more effective for older men compared to younger men motivated by achievement, whereas proactive behavior was rated as more effective for younger men compared to older men motivated by benevolence. Younger women compared to older women received higher effectiveness ratings for proactive behavior independent of their motive. In a second experimental vignette methodology study with a sample of participants in supervisory roles (N = 164; 1205 ratings), we partially replicated the results of the first study: proactive behavior was rated as more effective for older men compared to younger men motivated by achievement, and proactive behavior was rated as more effective for younger women compared to older women motivated by achievement. In contrast, effectiveness ratings of proactive behavior of younger and older men as well as younger and older women motivated by benevolence did not differ. Overall, by investigating the intersectionality of age, gender, and motives, these findings advance research on influences of person characteristics on others’ evaluations of proactive behavior.

The paradox of aging and health-related quality of life in Asian Chinese: results from the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan

BackgroundDeclines in health, physical, cognitive, and mental function with age suggest a lower level of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in late life; however, previous studies found that the associations were weak and varied, depending on the study designs and cohort characteristics.MethodsThe present study examined the paradox of aging in an East Asian context by regressing the age patterns of objective health indicators (physical, cognitive, and mental function), and subjective HRQoL (12-item Short Form, SF-12), on the independent and interactive effects of age and physical function in a cohort study of 5022 community-dwelling adults aged 55 and older in Taiwan.ResultsAge patterns differed across measures. The SF-12 mental health score (MCS) showed a slight positive association with age and this effect remained stable after controlling for various age-related covariates. The SF-12 physical health score (PCS), in turn, was negatively associated with age. Age differences in PCS were fully explained by age decrements in objective physical health. However, consistent with the so-called paradox of aging, the association between objective and subjective physical health weakened with age.ConclusionThese findings add to prior evidence indicating that — in spite of objective health decrements — subjective HRQoL is maintained in later life among Asian Chinese. Also, these paradoxical patterns appear to vary for mental and physical components of HRQoL, and future research is needed to explore the underlying mechanism.Trial registrationHealthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan (HALST) is retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on January 24, 2016 with trial registration number NCT02677831.

Interactive effects of age and recent substance use on striatal shape morphology at substance use disorder treatment entry

BackgroundStriatal neuroadaptations are regarded to play an important role in the progression from voluntary to compulsive use of addictive substances and provide a promising target for the identification of neuroimaging biomarkers. Recent advances in surface-based computational analysis enable morphological assessment linking variations in global and local striatal shape to duration and magnitude of substance use with a degree of sensitivity that exceeds standard volumetric analysis. MethodsThis study used a new segmentation methodology coupled with local surface-based indices of surface area and displacement to provide a comprehensive structural characterization of the striatum in 34 patients entering treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) and 49 controls, and to examine the influence of recent substance use on abnormal age-related striatal deformation in SUD patients. ResultsPatients showed a small reduction in striatal volume and no difference in surface area or shape in comparison to controls. Between-group differences in shape were likely neutralized by the bidirectional influence of recent substance use on striatal shape in SUD patients. Specifically, there was an interaction between age and substance such that among older patients more drug use was associated with greater inward striatal contraction but more alcohol use was associated with greater outward expansion. ConclusionsThis study builds on previous work and advances our understanding of the nature of striatal neuroadaptations as a potential biomarker of disease progression in addiction.

The joint effect of aging and HIV infection on microstructure of white matter bundles.

Recent evidence suggests the aging process is accelerated by HIV. Degradation of white matter (WM) has been independently associated with HIV and healthy aging. Thus, WM may be vulnerable to joint effects of HIV and aging. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was conducted with HIV-seropositive (n = 72) and HIV-seronegative (n = 34) adults. DWI data underwent tractography, which was parcellated into 18 WM tracts of interest (TOIs). Functional Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Tract Statistics (FADTTS) regression was conducted assessing the joint effect of advanced age and HIV on fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) along TOI fibers. In addition to main effects of age and HIV on WM microstructure, the interactive effect of age and HIV was significantly related to lower FA and higher MD, AD, and RD across all TOIs. The location of findings was consistent with the clinical presentation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. While older age is related to poorer WM microstructure, its detrimental effect on WM is stronger among HIV+ relative to HIV- individuals. Loss of WM integrity in the context of advancing age may place HIV+ individuals at increased risk for brain and cognitive compromise.

Estimating the Value of Risk Reduction for Car Occupants

Purpose: The paper tries to estimate the willingness to pay the value of statistical life of drivers in Tabriz highways. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were obtained using a questionnaire whish was distributed among people who travel daily on Tabriz highways to study or work in 2017. Stated choice technique and the mixed logit model are used to estimate the individual's preferences to reduce the risk of fatality and injury. Findings: The results indicated the effects of cost, trip time, number of fatalities and injuries, number of speed cameras and speed limits on choosing a driving route. In addition, investigation of interactive effects of demographic variables and indices shows that only the interactive effects of age, income with indices are statistically significant. Practical Implications: Some policy implications to increase investment on highways and financimg road projects by road users including drivers. Originality/Value: Goverment strategy on highways development is to eliminate or reduce the number of fatalities and injuries.

Interactive effect of age and APOE-ε4 allele load on white matter myelin content in cognitively normal middle-aged subjects.

The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 allele has a strong and manifold impact on cognition and neuroimaging phenotypes in cognitively normal subjects, including alterations in the white matter (WM) microstructure. Such alterations have often been regarded as a reflection of potential thinning of the myelin sheath along axons, rather than pure axonal degeneration. Considering the main role of APOE in brain lipid transport, characterizing the impact of APOE on the myelin coating is therefore of crucial interest, especially in healthy APOE-ε4 homozygous individuals, who are exposed to a twelve-fold higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared to the rest of the population.We examined T1w/T2w ratio maps in 515 cognitively healthy middle-aged participants from the ALFA study (ALzheimer and FAmilies) cohort, a single-site population-based study enriched for AD risk (68 APOE-ε4 homozygotes, 197 heterozygotes, and 250 non-carriers). Using tract-based spatial statistics, we assessed the impact of age and APOE genotype on this ratio taken as an indirect descriptor of myelin content.Healthy APOE-ε4 carriers display decreased T1w/T2w ratios in extensive regions in a dose-dependent manner. These differences were found to interact with age, suggesting faster changes in individuals with more ε4 alleles.These results obtained with T1w/T2w ratios, confirm the increased vulnerability of WM tracts in APOE-ε4 healthy carriers. Early alterations of myelin content could be the result of the impaired function of the ε4 isoform of the APOE protein in cholesterol transport. These findings help to clarify the possible interactions between the APOE-dependent non-pathological burden and age-related changes potentially at the source of the AD pathological cascade.

Interactive effects of age and hydration state on human thermoregulatory function during exercise in hot-dry conditions.

Ageing and hypohydration independently attenuate heat dissipation during exercise; however, the interactive effects of these factors remain unclear. We assessed the hypothesis that ageing suppresses hypohydration-induced reductions in whole-body heat loss during exercise in the heat. On two occasions, eight young (mean [SD]: 24 [4]years) and eight middle-aged (59 [5]years) men performed 30-minute bouts of light (heat production of 175Wm-2 ) and moderate (275Wm-2 ) cycling (separated by 15-minute rest) in the heat (40°C, 15% relative humidity) when euhydrated and hypohydrated (~4% reduction in body mass). Heat production and whole-body net heat exchange (evaporative heat loss+dry heat gain) were measured via indirect and direct calorimetry (respectively) and heat storage was calculated via their temporal summation. Net heat exchange was reduced, while heat storage was elevated, in the middle-aged men during moderate exercise when euhydrated (both P≤0.01). In the young, evaporative heat loss was attenuated in the hypohydrated vs euhydrated condition during light (199±6 vs 211±10Wm-2 ; P≤0.01) and moderate (287±15 vs 307±13Wm-2 ; P≤0.01) exercise, but was similar in the middle-aged men, averaging 223±6 and 299±15Wm-2 , respectively, across conditions (both P≥0.32). Heat storage was thereby exacerbated by hypohydration in the young (both P<0.01) but not the middle-aged (both P≥0.32) during both exercise bouts and, as a result, was similar between groups when hypohydrated (both P≥0.50). Hypohydration attenuates heat loss via sweating in young but not middle-aged men, indicating that ageing impairs one's ability to mitigate further sweat-induced fluid loss during hypohydration.

Sweethearts and Sages: Initial Evidence for Prejudice Archetypes &amp; Links to Work Outcomes

Although the notion of archetypes have a long history in the psychological literature, the notion of prejudice archetypes for different categories of workers, based upon unique combinations of individuals’ tripartite of intergroup demography, including age, sex, and communal affiliation, is a new development. The current study aims to test the absence or presence of prejudice archetypes and further examine whether particular demographic categorical combinations will lead to different patterns of work outcomes for members of different age-related demographic subgroups. Across four studies (N = 963), including both lab and field studies, and including two distinct societal cultures, the US and Turkey, results found support for the notion that different demographic combinations result in different stereotype sets (i.e., archetypes). All of the posited archetypes found at least some support, excepting that of older white males, where results seemed most obfuscated (Studies 1 and 2). The interactive effects of age and sex were found to predict rater affective and evaluative responses; affective reactions were further found to mediate the moderated relations between age, sex, and work-related evaluations (Study 3). Finally, the joint effects of age and sex explained warmth self-stereotypes and sex discrimination, such that older men viewed older workers as warmer and reported less sex discrimination relative to older women and younger workers; younger average organizational age was also associated with less burnout (Study 4). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Interactive effects of age and respiratory virus on severe lower respiratory infection.

We investigated risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) among hospitalised children 8 months were at greater risk from influenza-associated ICU admissions and long hospital stay. Children with ADV had increased LOS across all ages. In the first 2 years of life, the effects of different viruses on ALRI severity varies with age. Our findings help to identify specific ages that would most benefit from virus-specific interventions such as vaccines and antivirals.

Effects of induced sad mood on facial emotion perception in young and older adults

ABSTRACTOlder adults perceive less intense negative emotion in facial expressions compared to younger counterparts. Prior research has also demonstrated that mood alters facial emotion perception. Nevertheless, there is little evidence which evaluates the interactive effects of age and mood on emotion perception. This study investigated the effects of sad mood on younger and older adults’ perception of emotional and neutral faces. Participants rated the intensity of stimuli while listening to sad music and in silence. Measures of mood were administered. Younger and older participants’ rated sad faces as displaying stronger sadness when they experienced sad mood. While younger participants showed no influence of sad mood on happiness ratings of happy faces, older adults rated happy faces as conveying less happiness when they experienced sad mood. This study demonstrates how emotion perception can change when a controlled mood induction procedure is applied to alter mood in young and older participants.

Effects of acute alcohol and driving complexity in older and younger adults.

Our previous work demonstrated differential neurobehavioral effects of low-dose alcohol consumption on older and younger adults in a driving simulator. However, the ability to enhance or suppress a response in such context has yet to be examined. The current study contrasted older and younger drivers' responses to specific stimuli (i.e., relevant, irrelevant) in scenarios of differing complexity following low-dose acute alcohol administration. Healthy older (55-70) and younger (25-35) adults completed two driving scenarios (i.e., country and metropolis) both before and after consuming beverages targeted to reach peak BrACs of 0.00, 0.04, or 0.065%. Throughout the simulation, participants encountered relevant stimuli (e.g., pedestrians walking into the street) and irrelevant stimuli (e.g., pedestrians walking parallel). Peak deceleration, range of steering, and distance until brake application were assessed within a 450-ft window preceding each stimulus. Following low-dose alcohol consumption, older adults shifted from a strategy using both deceleration and steering to relying solely on deceleration in responding to relevant stimuli in the country. Older adults under both low and moderate alcohol conditions displayed an inability to withhold responses to irrelevant stimuli in the metropolis. These findings are consistent with our prior work showing differential effects of low-dose alcohol on older, relative to younger, adults. The interactive effects of age and alcohol, however, depend on stimulus type and environmental complexity. Continued investigation of neurobehavioral mechanisms in ecologically valid paradigms is necessary for understanding the implications of the combined impairing effects of alcohol and older age.

What Satisfies Young vs. Old Employees? Interactive Effects of Age, Monetary and Social Rewards

In the light of increasingly age-diverse workforces, organizations are confronted with the challenge to implement job rewards which foster the job satisfaction of both younger and older employees. Building upon life-span aging theories, we propose that job rewards are not equally satisfying for employees of all age groups. Instead, we introduce employee age as a central moderator determining how monetary and social rewards affect employees’ job satisfaction. The hypothesized interaction effects were tested in a survey study with 166 managers. We found that younger (but not older) employees were satisfied by monetary rewards, whereas older (but not younger) employees were satisfied by social rewards. Moreover, we found a three-way interaction indicating that younger employees’ job satisfaction was positively affected by monetary rewards, regardless of whether they simultaneously experienced low or high social rewards. In contrast, older employees’ were dissatisfied by increasingly high monetary rewards, but only when they experienced low social rewards at the same time. When social rewards were high, this effect was reversed such that monetary rewards positively contributed to older employees’ job satisfaction.

The Interactive Effects of Age and PICALM rs541458 Polymorphism on Cognitive Performance, Brain Structure, and Function in Non-demented Elderly

The PICALM rs541458 T allele has been recognized as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and age might modulate the effects that genetic factors have on cognitive functions and brain. Thus, the current study intended to examine whether the effects of rs541458 on cognitive functions, brain structure, and function were modulated by age in non-demented Chinese elderly. We enrolled 638 subjects aged 50 to 82 years and evaluated their cognitive functions through a series of neuropsychological tests. Seventy-eight of these participants also received T1-weighted structural and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dividing subjects into groups <65 and ≥65 years old, results of neuropsychological tests showed that interactive effects of rs541458 × age existed with regard to executive function and processing speed after controlling for gender, years of education and APOE ε4 status. In addition, the effects of rs541458 on resting state functional connectivity of left superior parietal gyrus within left frontal-parietal network and on gray matter volume of left middle temporal gyrus were modulated by age. Furthermore, reduction of functional connectivity of left superior parietal gyrus was closely related with better executive function in the T allele carriers <65 years old. Further, greater volume of left middle temporal gyrus was significantly related to better executive function in both CC genotype <65 years old and CC genotype ≥65 years old groups, separately. Pending further confirmation from additional studies, our results support the hypothesis that the modulation of age, with respect to the rs541458, has interactional effects on cognitive performance, brain function, and structural measurements.

Age and gender’s interactive effects on learning satisfaction among senior university students

ABSTRACTWith the growing number of older adults becoming a global concern, developed countries have focused on education as a means to promote successful aging. Previous research has focused on the effects of gender and age on learning satisfaction among senior students. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the interactive effects of age and gender on learning satisfaction of senior university students. To investigate these effects, a learning satisfaction questionnaire was administered to 485 students enrolled in the Division of Continuing and Extension Education (DCEE) at the National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences in Taiwan. The data collected were subsequently examined by means of descriptive statistics and univariate analysis of variance. The results revealed that respondents were generally satisfied with the DCEE program. However, the standard deviation scores for learning satisfaction were slightly higher for males than for females. Furthermore, an interactive effect was identified between gender and age in relation to learning satisfaction. Respondents’ learning satisfaction scores were higher for males than for females for the age range of 55–60. For the group aged 71 and above, females scored higher than males. However, males in the age range of 55–60 had a higher level of learning satisfaction than males aged 71 and above. Based on this study, the article identifies implications for teachers and administrators such as a need for more diverse, adaptive, and sustainable programs that enhance learner satisfaction.