Interaction Code Research Articles

Design of a High-Efficiency S-band Klystron with a Multi-cell Output Cavity

As large-scale scientific facilities develop, the klystron efficiency becomes an important issue to reduce high operating costs. We are developing high-efficiency klystrons for the Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II) and the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free-Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL) at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). The newly developed klystrons should have the same specifications, including perveance and overall length, to replace existing ones. Under these limited conditions, we designed the klystrons based on a multi-cell output cavity to improve the power-conversion efficiency significatly. We simulated the beam-dynamics using the Field Charge Interaction (FCI) code with a MATLAB script to find the optimum design parameters for high efficiency. We have determined the design parameters, such as cell tuning frequencies, inter-cell distances, couplings between cells and the Qe of the last cell, of the multi-cell output cavity.

Corium-Sodium and Corium-Water Fuel-Coolant-Interaction Experimental Programs for the PLINIUS2 Prototypic Corium Platform

Fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) is an important issue for the assessment of severe accident safety for both sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs). For the ASTRID SFR demonstrator, FCI is a key phenomenon affecting the relocation of molten fuel in engineered discharge tubes between the core region and the core catcher plenum. FCI controls jet fragmentation and debris bed formation and raises the issue of potentially energetic vapor explosions in the ASTRID lower head. In this frame, experimental data will be necessary to validate SCONE, the fuel-sodium interaction code under development at CEA. For PWRs, one of the configurations of interest lies within the residual case where in-vessel retention would fail. In this case, it is expected that a light metallic layer would be the first to interact with water, before a heavier oxide melt discharge. Here, steam explosion and debris bed formation are the two major points of interest. Based on the experimental expertise gained from the KROTOS facility and its X-ray radioscopic imaging system, new test facilities have been designed to carry out prototypic (depleted uranium–containing) corium interactions with either sodium or water in PLINIUS2, the CEA future large-mass experimental platform dealing with masses above 100 kg. Some test sections have been specially designed to ensure proper visualization of the fuel, liquid coolant, and vapor phases by an improved X-Ray imaging system. This paper presents the future PLINIUS 2 platform as well as the experimental programs foreseen to study both water-corium and sodium-corium interactions.

An extension of a strong viscous–inviscid coupling method for modeling the effects of vortex generators

The aim of this work is to provide insights into the advantages and the limitations of the extension of a strong viscous–inviscid interactive code for modeling the effects of vortex generators, with focus on the calibration and validation for wind turbine airfoils. The proposed methodology relies on the approach proposed by other authors in the past and introduces an alternative formulation for the lag dissipation within the integral boundary-layer equations whose effects on the numerical prediction are evaluated. Besides the verification of the aeronautical test cases, particular attention is devoted to the validation of the results for several airfoils commonly used in wind turbine design. A blind test for airfoils from an industrial test case is conducted as well. Results show that the maximum lift coefficient can be well predicted by the present implementation, whereas the angle of maximum lift is a little higher than in wind tunnel measurements. Apart from that, the drag coefficients of airfoils with vortex generators cannot be predicted by the current implementation, but it is expected that the maximum lift and the stall angle of attack are more important in the design phase, since they determine power, loads, and noise.

Emotional Availability Scale Among Three U.S. Race/Ethnic Groups.

This study used a cross-sectional design to conduct a subgroup psychometric analysis of the Emotional Availability Scale among matched Hispanic ( n = 20), African American ( n = 20), and European American ( n = 10) English-speaking mother-child dyads in the United States. Differences by race/ethnicity were tested ( p < .05) among (a) Emotional Availability Scale dimensions with ANOVA, and (b) relationships of Emotional Availability Scale dimensions with select Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System variables with Pearson correlation and matched moderated regression. Internal consistency was .950 (Cronbach's α; N = 50). No significant differences in the six Emotional Availability Scale dimension scores by race/ethnicity emerged. Two Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System behaviors predicted two Emotional Availability Scale dimensions each for Hispanic and African American mother-child dyads. Results suggest emotional availability similarity among race/ethnic subgroups with few predictive differences of emotional availability dimensions by specific behaviors for Hispanic and African American subgroups.

Child adult relationship enhancement (CARE): A brief, skills-building training for foster caregivers to increase positive parenting practices

ObjectiveFoster caregivers are tasked with developing good relationships with children and managing child behavior; however, these caregivers often do not have access to evidence-based interventions typically designed for custodial parents and children with behavioral and/or traumatic symptoms in the clinical range. This study examined the feasibility and impact of a novel six-hour training, Child Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE), on caregiver behavior compared to standard training used by foster care agencies. MethodThirty-one foster caregivers (90% female) were randomly assigned to CARE training (n = 15) or standard training (n = 16). ResultsIn comparison to the standard training, foster caregivers who received CARE training demonstrated significant improvement in parenting behavior as measured by the Dyadic Parent Child Interactive Coding System one month later and reported fewer anxiety symptoms in their children as measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children three months later. ConclusionsThese preliminary findings from this randomized controlled trial suggest that CARE can be delivered in the context of existing mandated foster care training programs, with some evidence that CARE training enhances positive parenting behavior and assists with decreasing anxiety symptoms in youth in the foster care system.

Functional Baby Talk: Analysis of Code Fragments from Novice Haskell Programmers

What kinds of mistakes are made by novice Haskell developers, as they learn about functional programming? Is it possible to analyze these errors in order to improve the pedagogy of Haskell? In 2016, we delivered a massive open online course which featured an interactive code evaluation environment. We captured and analyzed 161K interactions from learners. We report typical novice developer behavior; for instance, the mean time spent on an interactive tutorial is around eight minutes. Although our environment was restricted, we gain some understanding of Haskell novice errors. Parenthesis mismatches, lexical scoping errors and do block misunderstandings are common. Finally, we make recommendations about how such beginner code evaluation environments might be enhanced.

Assessing child physical abuse: An examination of the factor structure and validity of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC)

Child maltreatment (CM) is associated with negative outcomes for young children across several areas of functioning. Given limitations in measuring different types of CM using substantiated abuse reports, other assessments may be helpful to inform identification and intervention efforts, such as self-report measures. The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC) is a parent-report measure that provides information regarding the presence and severity of parenting behaviors related to CM subtypes, including physical and psychological abuse. The current study examines the factor structure of the CTSPC as well as its convergent validity with a behavioral observation measure, the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS). Pre-treatment archival data for 110 parent-child dyads with a substantiated physical abuse incident who were court-mandated to receive treatment as part of a larger study were used. Results demonstrated that a four-factor model best described the structure of the CTSPC, contrary to the theoretically-proposed structure of the measure. Reports on the CTSPC scales were also associated with several parent behaviors measured by the DPICS. Possible areas of improvement for the scale were provided. The current study has implications for further psychometric development of the CTSPC as well as its future use as a measure of parenting behaviors related to abuse.

Comparing Live and Video Observation to Assess Early Parent-child Interactions in the Home

Observation is the ‘gold standard’ for assessing parent-child behavior, however few studies have compared coding live, in real time, versus coding from videotapes in terms of their achievable levels of coder reliability within the field of parent programme research. This is important for practitioners and researchers for whom decisions might be influenced by time and financial constraints, but where outcomes may have real practical and clinical implications. Trained coders in the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System Revised, coded 40 half-hour videotapes of 33 parent-toddler dyads interacting in the home on 29 items of dyadic behaviour. Four theorised composite variables were constructed. Videotaped data were compared to data drawn from the same interactions previously coded ‘live’ in the home. Correlations indicated significant agreement between the two modes at the item by item level (p < .001). Wilcoxon Rank tests revealed significant differences (p < .001) between the two modes. Eight items exceeded a ±30% change in median score suggesting clinically relevant differences. Although both methods achieved acceptable levels of inter-rater reliability, video coding achieved higher levels of agreement. Subtle differences exist between the two modes. Whilst neither mode proved superior it is suggested that they should not be used interchangeably.

Open clusters

Context.Stellar physical properties of star clusters are poorly known and the cluster parameters are often very uncertain.Aims.Our goals are to perform a spectrophotometric study of the B star population in open clusters to derive accurate stellar parameters, search for the presence of circumstellar envelopes, and discuss the characteristics of these stars.Methods.The BCD spectrophotometric system is a powerful method to obtain stellar fundamental parameters from direct measurements of the Balmer discontinuity. To this end, we wrote the interactive code MIDE3700. The BCD parameters can also be used to infer the main properties of open clusters: distance modulus, color excess, and age. Furthermore, we inspected the Balmer discontinuity to provide evidence for the presence of circumstellar disks and identify Be star candidates. We used an additional set of high-resolution spectra in the Hαregion to confirm the Be nature of these stars.Results.We provideTeff, logg,Mv,Mbol, and spectral types for a sample of 68 stars in the field of the open clusters NGC 6087, NGC 6250, NGC 6383, and NGC 6530, as well as the cluster distances, ages, and reddening. Then, based on a sample of 230 B stars in the direction of the 11 open clusters studied along this series of three papers, we report 6 new Be stars, 4 blue straggler candidates, and 15 B-type stars (called Bdd) with a double Balmer discontinuity, which indicates the presence of circumstellar envelopes. We discuss the distribution of the fraction of B, Be, and Bdd star cluster members per spectral subtype. The majority of the Be stars are dwarfs and present a maximum at the spectral type B2-B4 in young and intermediate-age open clusters (&lt;40 Myr). Another maximum of Be stars is observed at the spectral type B6-B8 in open clusters older than 40 Myr, where the population of Bdd stars also becomes relevant. The Bdd stars seem to be in a passive emission phase.Conclusions.Our results support previous statements that the Be phenomenon is present along the whole main sequence band and occurs in very different evolutionary states. We find clear evidence of an increase of stars with circumstellar envelopes with cluster age. The Be phenomenon reaches its maximum in clusters of intermediate age (10–40 Myr) and the number of B stars with circumstellar envelopes (Be plus Bdd stars) is also high for the older clusters (40–100 Myr).

Thermoanalysis and Its Effect on the Multimode Beam-Wave Interaction for a 0.24-THz, Megawatt-Class Gyrotron

The detailed analyses of heat transfer and its effect on the cold cavity, effective conductivity, and beam-wave interaction for a 0.24-THz megawatt-class gyrotron is presented in this paper. In the heat transfer analysis, the commercial finite-element method software ANSYS was used, in which Fluent was selected to simulate the thermal analysis, and Static Structural was selected to simulate cavity mechanics. For the cavity cooling system, 50 uniform axial wedge grooves in the outside surface of the cavity were considered, in which the total external loaded coolant flow rate is 40 L/min. The thermal analysis result shows that the maximum temperature is about 260 °C in the center section of the cavity. The deformed cavity was obtained by the structural analysis. After ANSYS simulation, the cold and the hot cavities with deformation were simulated by the in-house developed time-dependent, self-consistent multimode interaction code, in which the distributed conductivity caused by the distributed temperature was used. For the cold cavity, the electric field profile is not changed significantly, but the diffraction quality factor and resonant frequency are reduced by 60 and 0.191 GHz, respectively. The output power is not changed seriously, but the oscillation frequency is decreased by 0.18 GHz.

New Version of “PaWaIC” Helix-TWT Particle-Wave Interaction Code Based on Pseudospectral Analytical Time-Domain Technique With Collocated Space and Time-Marching Scheme: “PaWaIC-PSATD-CSaT”

Pseudospectral solvers (i.e., demonstrating equations in spatial Fourier domain) have extraordinary accuracy that makes them attractive in numerical modeling research. In this paper, we introduce a new and efficient version of recently introduced code “PaWaIC” based on pseudospectral analytical time-domain implementation named “PaWaIC-PSATD-CSaT. ” This new code is validated by a traveling wave tube product measurement results and the previous version code “PaWaIC-PSAOFDTD” (with pseudospectral arbitrary-order accurate temporal and spatial derivatives finite-difference time-domain technique). We show that for a unique grid cell size and time step length, the new code PaWaIC-PSATD-CSaT realizes the phase velocity of the tube better than the earlier version PaWaIC-PSAOFDTD while still has a fast simulation time. As well, we demonstrate the ability of the new code for pulse amplification response of wideband tubes by a single-run simulation.

In the Eye of the Beholder? Parent-Observer Discrepancies in Parenting and Child Disruptive Behavior Assessments

This study examined parent-observer discrepancies in assessments of negative child behavior and negative parenting behavior to shed more light on correlates with these discrepancies. Specifically, we hypothesized that informant discrepancy between observers and parents on child behavior would be larger when parents reported high levels of negative parenting (and vice versa) because high levels of these behaviors might be indicators of negative perceiver bias or patterns of family dysfunctioning. Using restricted correlated trait–models, we analyzed cross-sectional observation (coded with the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System) and survey data (Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Parenting Practices Interview) of 386 Dutch parent-child dyads with children aged 4–8 years (Mage = 6.21, SD = 1.33; 55.30% boys). Small associations between parent-reported and observed child and parenting behavior were found, indicating high discrepancy. In line with our hypothesis, this discrepancy was higher when parents self-reported more negative parenting or more negative child behavior. Parent-observer discrepancy on negative child behavior was also predicted by child gender. For boys parents reported higher levels of negative child behavior than were observed, but for girls parents reported lower levels of negative child behavior than were observed. These findings suggest that informant discrepancies between observers and parents might provide important information on underlying, problematic family functioning and may help to identify those families most in need of help.

PENERAPAN PRINSIP - PRINSIP PARENT CHILD INTERACTION THERAPY UNTUK MENURUNKAN SIBLING RIVALRY PADA REMAJA

This research was carried out to obtain an intervention program design by using Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) principles which could decrease sibling rivalry in adolescent who has younger sibling with intellectual disability.This research involved two pairs of mother and child (adolescent) who were sampled through use of purposive sampling and tried out by using quasi experimental method with A-B-A design. The data were obtained through interviews, observation, and questionnaire. The measurement tools were Sibling Rivalry questionnaire and Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System III (DPICS-III). There was decline in sibling rivalry and increase in mother’s ability to apply PCIT skills. Meanwhile the qualitative data showed that PCIT skills mastered and applied by the mothers in daily basis parenting made the children to feel respected and could decrease jealousy, anger, and rivalry feeling with their siblings. Keywords: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Sibling Rivalry, Sibling Relationship, Adolescent, Intellectual Disability.

Combining Recurrence Analysis and Automatic Movement Extraction from Video Recordings to Study Behavioral Coupling in Face-to-Face Parent-Child Interactions.

The analysis of parent-child interactions is crucial for the understanding of early human development. Manual coding of interactions is a time-consuming task, which is a limitation in many projects. This becomes especially demanding if a frame-by-frame categorization of movement needs to be achieved. To overcome this, we present a computational approach for studying movement coupling in natural settings, which is a combination of a state-of-the-art automatic tracker, Tracking-Learning-Detection (TLD), and nonlinear time-series analysis, Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis (CRQA). We investigated the use of TLD to extract and automatically classify movement of each partner from 21 video recordings of interactions, where 5.5-month-old infants and mothers engaged in free play in laboratory settings. As a proof of concept, we focused on those face-to-face episodes, where the mother animated an object in front of the infant, in order to measure the coordination between the infants' head movement and the mothers' hand movement. We also tested the feasibility of using such movement data to study behavioral coupling between partners with CRQA. We demonstrate that movement can be extracted automatically from standard definition video recordings and used in subsequent CRQA to quantify the coupling between movement of the parent and the infant. Finally, we assess the quality of this coupling using an extension of CRQA called anisotropic CRQA and show asymmetric dynamics between the movement of the parent and the infant. When combined these methods allow automatic coding and classification of behaviors, which results in a more efficient manner of analyzing movements than manual coding.

Methodological considerations for observational coding of eating and feeding behaviors in children and their families

BackgroundBehavioral coding of videotaped eating and feeding interactions can provide researchers with rich observational data and unique insights into eating behaviors, food intake, food selection as well as interpersonal and mealtime dynamics of children and their families. Unlike self-report measures of eating and feeding practices, the coding of videotaped eating and feeding behaviors can allow for the quantitative and qualitative examinations of behaviors and practices that participants may not self-report. While this methodology is increasingly more common, behavioral coding protocols and methodology are not widely shared in the literature. This has important implications for validity and reliability of coding schemes across settings. Additional guidance on how to design, implement, code and analyze videotaped eating and feeding behaviors could contribute to advancing the science of behavioral nutrition. The objectives of this narrative review are to review methodology for the design, operationalization, and coding of videotaped behavioral eating and feeding data in children and their families, and to highlight best practices.MethodsWhen capturing eating and feeding behaviors through analysis of videotapes, it is important for the study and coding to be hypothesis driven. Study design considerations include how to best capture the target behaviors through selection of a controlled experimental laboratory environment versus home mealtime, duration of video recording, number of observations to achieve reliability across eating episodes, as well as technical issues in video recording and sound quality. Study design must also take into account plans for coding the target behaviors, which may include behavior frequency, duration, categorization or qualitative descriptors. Coding scheme creation and refinement occur through an iterative process. Reliability between coders can be challenging to achieve but is paramount to the scientific rigor of the methodology. Analysis approach is dependent on the how data were coded and collapsed.ConclusionsBehavioral coding of videotaped eating and feeding behaviors can capture rich data “in-vivo” that is otherwise unobtainable from self-report measures. While data collection and coding are time-intensive the data yielded can be extremely valuable. Additional sharing of methodology and coding schemes around eating and feeding behaviors could advance the science and field.

Fusion product losses due to fishbone instabilities in deuterium JET plasmas

During development of a high-performance hybrid scenario for future deuterium–tritium experiments on the Joint European Torus, an increased level of fast ion losses in the MeV energy range was observed during the instability of high-frequency n = 1 fishbones. The fishbones are excited during deuterium neutral beam injection combined with ion cyclotron heating. The frequency range of the fishbones, 10–25 kHz, indicates that they are driven by a resonant interaction with the NBI-produced deuterium beam ions in the energy range ⩽120 keV. The fast particle losses in a much higher energy range are measured with a fast ion loss detector, and the data show an expulsion of deuterium plasma fusion products, 1 MeV tritons and 3 MeV protons, during the fishbone bursts. An MHD mode analysis with the MISHKA code combined with the nonlinear wave-particle interaction code HAGIS shows that the loss of toroidal symmetry caused by the n = 1 fishbones affects strongly the confinement of non-resonant high energy fusion-born tritons and protons by perturbing their orbits and expelling them. This modelling is in a good agreement with the experimental data.

Esotropia and Exotropia Preferred Practice Pattern®

Esotropia and Exotropia Preferred Practice Pattern®

PaWaIC-PSAOFDTD: Particle-Wave Interaction Code With Pseudospectral Arbitrary-Order Accurate Temporal and Spatial Derivatives FDTD Technique for Helix TWT

Numerical modeling and simulations have been essential for rapid developments of vacuum electronic devices. Pseudospectral solvers have interesting capabilities to be considered, but up to now, they have not been extensively used for the modeling of vacuum tubes. In this paper, we present a novel 1-D time-domain numerical scheme which has the great aptitude of considering geometrical dispersion characteristic of helix traveling-wave tube (TWT) in time domain. This ability is interesting for one-run investigation of time-domain events such as pulse excitation of wideband tubes. The numerical model is extended to have simultaneously arbitrary order of accuracy in space and time derivations; so we achieve a code which presents a very low level of numerical dispersion error, without forcing a notable numerical calculation burden. To validate our new simulation tool, we have studied the experimental results of a TWT product, and successfully compared the results to the impulse response of the new 1-D code.

Add-On Function Development of Design and Analysis System for Hydraulic Support Column Standardization

Background: Hydraulic powered support is a vital equipment of integrated mechanized mining face, used for the protection of people in coal mine underground. Its performance affects the working condition of the whole working face directly. Objective: To improve the its design efficiency and compensate for the lack of experience in designing column, the patent of the Hydraulic Column Design System is designed to provide an optimized model by the expert system according to the operating condition and help designers to finish the cylinder design rapidly and easily. Methods: The patent of analysis system contains a user interface, three kinds of databases and several message responses. The user interface was developed based on the Visual C++ environment. The databases were written in C++ and APDL language which include three databases that are calculation, selection and strength check databases. Besides, to improve the accuracy of design, finite element analysis has been adopted in the system which is run through interface program and completes the stress analysis automatically. Results: Stability and strength analysis on the 8.2m hydraulic support designed by the system showed that the diameters and lengths of the designed cylinders in accord with the national standard and the requirements of movement. The maximum stress exerts on the joint of outer cylinder and middle cylinder and the maximum stress value is 659Mpa which is smaller than the material strength 1170Mpa. Conclusion: The hydraulic column design system is better suited for hydraulic column design. The designed size of column varies from 180mmto 760mm. Meanwhile, by verification, only one point five hours are needed to finish the same work with the system and it can save 94.5% time compared to the traditional method on column design in the same condition effectively. Keywords: ANSYS, design system, finite element analysis, hydraulic support, human-computer interactive code, visual C++.

Parent Training and Skill Acquisition and Utilization Among Spanish- and English-Speaking Latino Families

In the U.S., there is a growing Latino population, in which parents primarily speak Spanish to their children. Despite the evidence that language preference is associated with level of acculturation and influences parenting practices in these families, no study has compared how Spanish-and English-speaking Latino families acquire and utilize the skills taught during parent-training programs such as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Twenty-seven mother-infant Latino dyads received a home-based adaptation of the Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) phase of PCIT as part of a larger randomized control trial. Most infants were male (63%), and their average age was 13.7 months (SD = 1.43). Most families (52%) lived below the poverty line. The Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-Third Edition (DPICS-III) was employed to evaluate PCIT skills at baseline and post-treatment, as well as at 3- and 6-month follow-up, assessments. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses among Spanish-speaking (55%) and English-speaking (45%) families to examine differences in acquisition and utilization of do and don't skills at each assessment while controlling for mother's education. Results yielded no group differences in the acquisition rate of do or don't skills at any time point. However, Spanish-speaking mothers used significantly more don't skills than English-speaking mothers at each assessment. Specifically, Spanish-speaking families used significantly more commands at baseline, post-treatment, and the 6-month followup assessments, as well as more questions at post-treatment and at the 6-month follow-up assessments. These findings highlight the importance of addressing cultural values such as respeto to ensure culturally robust parent-training programs for Latino families.