Interaction Of Electromagnetic Energy Research Articles

Water monitoring with hyperspectral techniques

1 - The poor of the world depends directly on water and other natural resources for their livelihoods. Water resources must therefore be managed in a sustainable manner in order to maintain the economic, social and environmental functions and to contribute to the livelihoods of people. 2 - Advancements in sensor technologies and processing algorithms have resulted in technical capabilities that can record and identify Earth surface materials based on the interaction of electromagnetic energy with the molecular structure of the material being sensed. 3 - Non-destructive and operative methodologies (NIR and Raman) will be tested through field surveys and laboratory analysis using Aquaphotomics approach. This approach requires precise measuring and mapping capabilities at field level of key data at a sufficient level of accuracy depending on the availability of equipment that must be also operated at a cost-effective way.

Curing starch based adhesives: microwave or conventional

The field of microwave material processing is inherently multidisciplinary linking electromagnetism and material science. There are a variety of manufacturing industries utilising microwave power as heating drying source, several cases incorporating hybrid-heating technologies in processes such as paper, rubber, polymers, foodstuff and brick. In reference to starch based adhesive bonding, microwave processing produced improved adhesive joint properties due to the incorporations of dielectric heating methodologies. Relative to the ageing steam heated hot plate, which has been plagued with inconstancies such as; operational efficiency, economics of scale, factory floor requirements and throughput, the science of microwave curing of wheat base starch adhesive is based on the relationship between the interaction of electromagnetic energy and the dielectric properties of the materials. Microwave heating possesses some unique characteristics, which are not found in other types of heating. In volumetric heating, heat is generated principally in the product and not on the kiln walls or atmosphere. Hence the heat losses from the oven walls to the surroundings are much lower and results in reduced running costs. The objective of this article is to establish a comparative material characterisation between microwave and conventionally cured wheat base starch adhesives, also to provide a bonding strength analysis. All references made to microwave heating also apply to microwave curing.

Interaction of electromagnetic energy with biological material — relation to food processing

For food scientists and technologists, the interaction of electromagnetic energy with enzymes, microorganisms and other food compounds is important in optimizing process efficiency and/or product quality. To be able to implement research findings on interaction of electromagnetic energy with matter, theories and experimental data from various disciplines are summarized and placed in a food processing context. Interaction of electromagnetic energy with an object can take place at microscopic and macroscopic levels. Energy penetration and the formation of (inhomogeneous) temperature profiles in the object as a whole have to be taken into account before interaction at cellular and molecular levels can be studied.

Backscatter measurements from a vegetation-like structure

Abstract There has been renewed interest in the remote sensing community in understanding the fundamentals associated with the interaction of electromagnetic energy with natural targets. This is especially true in the microwave frequency regime, where the size of the target geometry may be of the order of the probing wavelength. In order to assess properly the performance of scattering theories, both the system and target parameters must be well defined. This is a difficult task when dealing with distributed target structures such as vegetation. The attempt of this research is to construct an artificial model for the simulation of a vegetation canopy with well-defined target parameters. Backscatter measurements can then be correlated with a known target geometry. The scattering measurements present the X-band frequency response of the simulated target for three different canopy leaf distributions.

Some Electrical and Optical Aspects of Molecular Behaviour

The Commonwealth and International Library Mansel Davies Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1965. Pp. x + 190. Price 15s. This book is written for undergraduate and graduate students of physical chemistry. The author presents an integrated view of the interaction of electromagnetic energy with matter from zero frequency d.c. measurements through to optical frequency refractive index measurements.