Interaction Of Electric Field Research Articles

Nitrogen-deficient C3N4 coupled with AgBr construction Z-scheme heterojunction form double electric field to promote photogenerated carrier separation enhancement hydrogen evolution

g-C3N4 is an excellent and affordable photocatalyst, but its weak built-in electric field slows down its photogenerated carrier separation rate. Meanwhile, modulating the interfacial electric field is also an effective way to increase the light-generated carrier separation efficiency. In this study, the built-in electric field of g-C3N4 is enhanced by using N vacancies (from 0.742 V to 0.868 V). Subsequently, the modified Nv-C3N4 (N0CN) is utilized to create a heterojunction with AgBr to generate a synergistic effect of built-in and interfacial electric fields (from 0.868 V to 1.032 V). The photogenerated carrier separation was significantly enhanced by the synergistic interaction of the dual electric fields, leading to a notable improvement in the photocatalytic efficiency of A-N0CN. The H2 production performance reached 1884.6 µmolg-1h−1, which was measured 1047 times higher than that of N0CN (1.8 µmolg-1h−1), A-CN (969.9 µmolg-1h−1) and CN (1.1 µmolg-1h−1), representing increases of 1.94 and 1713 times, respectively. This research offers a new perspective for catalyst design involving dual electric field synergy.

Macroscopic Room-Temperature Magnetoelectricity in Piezoelectric (Core)-Ferrimagnetic (Shell) Nanocomposites.

The magnetoelectric (ME) effect, which involves the interaction of magnetic and electric fields within a material, has a significant potential for various applications. Our study addresses the limitations of conventional magnetostriction-based ME materials by demonstrating an alternative approach that achieves substantial ME effects in core-shell-type nanocomposites at room temperature. By synthesizing ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particles, we identified a distinct ME mechanism. In magnetorheological (MR) fluids, the magnetic-field-induced aggregation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, combined with the piezoelectricity of PVDF, leads to a pronounced ME effect, significantly enhancing the performance and stability of MR fluids. This research highlights a crucial observation of distinct ME effects, which could suggest potential pathways for advancements in practical applications including microfluidics, vibration dampers, tactile technologies, and biomedical and bioengineering fields.

Synergistic Interactions of Bulk Polarization and Built-In Electric Field Inducing 2D/2D S-Scheme Homojunction Toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance.

The rational design of S-scheme photocatalysts, achieved by serially integrating two different semiconductors, represents a promising strategy for efficient charge separation and amplified photocatalytic performance, yet it remains a challenge. Herein, ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) and oxygen-doped ZnIn2S4 (O-ZIS) nanosheets are chosen to construct a homojunction catalyst architecture. Theoretical simulations alongside comprehensive in situ and ex situ characterizations confirm that ZIS and O-ZIS with noncentrosymmetric layered structures can generate a polarization-induced bulk-internal electric field (IEF) within the crystal. A robust interface-IEF is also created by the strong interfacial interaction between O-ZIS and ZIS with different work functions. Owing to these features, the O-ZIS/ZIS homojunction adopts an S-scheme directional charge transfer route, wherein photoexcited electrons in ZIS and holes in O-ZIS concurrently migrate to their interface and subsequently recombine. This enables spatial charge separation and provides a high driving force for both reduction and oxidation reactions simultaneously. Consequently, such photocatalyst exhibits an H2 evolution rate up to 142.9µmol h-1 without any cocatalysts, which is 4.6- and 3.4-fold higher than that of pristine ZIS and O-ZIS, respectively. Benzaldehyde is also produced as a value-added oxidation product with a rate of 146.9µmol h-1. This work offers a new perspective on the design of S-scheme systems.

A perturbative multi-mode model with finite parallel electric field for fast-ion-driven Alfvén eigenmodes

Abstract Alfvén eigenmodes are of great interest in any fusion device as they can be excited by fast ions in the plasma. If the modes grow to large amplitudes, they can cause transport and redistribution of the fast ions, thus limiting fusion performance. To save computational resources, the resonant kinetic interaction between the fast-particle species and the modes is often modelled by MHD-kinetic hybrid codes. Here, we present such a hybrid model which is applicable to three-dimensional magnetic fields, accounts for a finite parallel electric field and multiple MHD modes present at the same time. The model extends the one previously implemented in the CKA-EUTERPE code allowing for a better estimate of the damping due to the parallel electric field and nonlinear mode-mode interaction. The capabilities of our model are illustrated by applying the code to model nonlinear frequency chirping and fast-ion profile flattening.

Growth of Ba2CoWO6 single crystals and their magnetic, thermodynamic and electronic properties

This study explores the bulk crystal growth, structural characterization, and physical property measurements of the cubic double perovskite Ba2CoWO6(BCWO). In BCWO, Co2+ions form a face-centred cubic lattice with non-distorted cobalt octahedra. The compound exhibits long-range antiferromagnetic order belowTN= 14 K. Magnetization data indicated a slight anisotropy along with a spin-flop transition at 10 kOe, a saturation field of 310 kOe and an ordered moment of 2.17µB atT= 1.6 K. Heat capacity measurements indicate an effectivej= 1/2 ground state configuration, resulting from the combined effects of the crystal electric field and spin-orbit interaction. Surface photovoltage analysis reveals two optical gaps in the UV-Visible region, suggesting potential applications in photocatalysis and photovoltaics. The magnetic and optical properties highlight the significant role of orbital contributions within BCWO, indicating various other potential applications.

Non-stationary 3D Perturbation Theory for Describing Nonlinear Interaction of Electric Field with Matter in Inhomogeneous Plasma with Current. Vysikaylo’s Electric Field Shock Waves and Plasma Nozzles

In our works we theoretically prove that the cumulation (self-focusing) of charged particles in a inhomogeneous plasma (with current) is a universal property of cumulative-dissipative structures with characteristic sizes from 10-15 to 1026 m. Electrical phenomena are observed in non-uniform atmospheres and ionospheres of all planets of the Solar System. In this paper, the most complete theory of perturbations to describe phenomena in gas discharge plasma is formulated and, based on this theory, the most complete classification of ambipolar transfer processes in plasma with current and the classification of non-uniform plasma parameter profiles are given. We compare our theoretical results with existing experiments and results obtained in other areas of the natural sciences. In this work, we theoretically (Part 6.1) and experimentally (Part 6.2) we prove that shock waves of electric fields are focusing shells for inhomogeneous plasma cumulative-dissipative positively charged 3D structures. In the Part 6.1 of this work, we provide detailed theoretical justifications for the possibility of the existence of (locally self-focusing by ambipolar drift) Vysikaylo’s electric field shock waves caused by ambipolar diffusion due to a violation of the electrical neutrality of the plasma (in the presence of an electric current). Due to the greater mobility of electrons (ions are more massive), a structure with a positive space charge is formed in the electric field shock waves that self-form in the plasma (with current). Unlike Mach’s shock waves, in closed Vysikaylo’s shock waves transverse electric fields are generated due to the space charge. This makes the problem (in the electric field shock wave region) three-dimensional (in particular, spherically or cylindrical symmetric in this region). In Part 6.1, we will limit ourselves to the study of stationary one-dimensional profiles: 1) parameters in shock waves of the electric field and 2) processes of ambipolar drift, leading to local cumulation of positive charge in the shock wave of the electric field. In Part 6.1, the author will limit himself to obvious remarks arising from the properties of three-dimensional structures with a positive space charge. Based on laboratory 3D experiments (Part 6.2) and theoretical studies of gas-discharge plasma, we prove that ambipolar drift caused by different dependences of the mobility of electrons and positive ions in a simple plasma (with one type of ions) determines the dynamic processes of cumulation of plasma structures – 4D plasmoids in plasma (with current). 4D plasma structures are non-stationary three-dimensional structures. The author draws attention to self-formation in plasma structures (plasmoids) of stationary Vysikaylo’s plasma nozzles - analogues of Laval’s nozzles. A comparison of theoretical 1D and experimental 3D observations of discharge glow (this corresponds to changes in the main parameters) in gas discharge tubes will be presented in Part 6.2. In these experiments, a homogeneous plasma in a gas discharge tube is locally disturbed by a beam of fast electrons. This leads to the self-formation: 1) of electric field shock waves (a layer of positive volume charge) stopped by gas pumping and 2) of transition 3D profiles and Vysikaylo’s plasma 3D nozzles already in a quasi-neutral inhomogeneous plasma. In this work, we were the first to theoretically and experimentally study the processes of nonlinear ambipolar transport caused by the violation of electrical neutrality and 3D interaction of electric fields with matter (charged particles) in an inhomogeneous plasma with current. For the first time it has been proven that the coefficients of ambipolar diffusion due to the violation of electroneutrality are vectors determined by the electric field vector.

Crystal facet/interface anchored Janus activity of BiOBr in driving photocatalytic water splitting

Constructing Janus junctions is expected to provide a novel perspective for analyzing the intrinsic photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxyhalide. Herein, Janus-typed BiOBr(010)/BiOBr(001) homojunction with efficiently photocatalytic H2 evolution has been achieved by a hydrothermal synthesis. The experimental results show that the designed Janus-typed junction can effectively elevate the carrier lifetime, significantly enhance the photocurrent, and prominently reduce the overpotential. The potential difference (0.34 eV) between (010) facet and (001) facet can drive the carrier transport at the interface for Janus junctions. Theoretical calculations indicate that the designed Janus junction has a stable mechanical structure, providing certain support for the long lifetime of the photocatalyst in the photocatalytic process. The carrier distributions in the Janus junction exhibit the typical characteristic distribution. Interestingly, the photo-generated electrons are only localized in BiOBr(001) component, which embodies significantly a role of n-type semiconductor. This essentially activates HER activity (32 µmol/h g−1) of Janus junction. The holes preferentially localize in the BiOBr(010) component of Janus junction. This component undertaking p-type role reduces the free energy of the rate determining step (from OH* to O*) in the oxygen evolution process (0.88 eV). The Janus junction intensively suppresses the carrier recombination probability at the high symmetry point (reciprocal space) in BiOBr. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the adsorbed water is easy to decompose on the surface of Janus junction. The obtained results of the photocatalytic water splitting further confirm that the designed BiOBr(010)/BiOBr(001) has Janus characteristics, which are consistent with theoretical calculations and tracer tracing results. The diffusion characteristics of hydrogen also evidence that the interaction of the internal electric field in the Janus junction can drive the HER performance. Additionally, these results offer us a unique angle of view to regulate the charge carrier dynamics by the highly oriented facet coupling for the layered semiconductor.

Enhancing Low-Frequency Microwave Absorption Through Structural Polarization Modulation of MXenes

HighlightsMXene-based structural microwave-absorbing materials achieve an impressive reflection loss of − 47.9 dB in the low-frequency S-band, without the presence of magnetic materials and with low density.The elucidation of the mechanism behind the shift of the absorption band from high to low frequencies is attributed to the coupling of controlled multilevel polarization with induced electric field interactions.

Design insights into a junctionless nanosheet FET (JL-NSFET) for switching and Analog/RF applications: Device to circuit level assessment

- The advent in semiconductor technology paved the way for electronic industry to place in front row. The nanosheet (NS) device is a type gate all around (GAA) architecture provides an excellent gate electrostatic to suppress the short channel effects (SCEs) and scale it further below sub-7nm technology node. This paper provides a complete design insight from device to circuit of a two sheet NSFET with geometrical variations. All digital and analog/RF parameters are extracted and analyzed based on gate length (LG), sheet thickness (TNS), sheet width (WNS), and spacer material variations. As LG is varied from 8 nm to 12 nm, ION/IOFF is enhanced from 0.249 × 108 to 2.86 × 108 due to improved gate control over the channel region which is also reflected in DIBL to 40.82 % whereas, at lower LG analog/RF metrics are better. The TNS play a vital role in device characteristics, as TNS decreases the chance of interaction of electric field from source to drain decreases owing to full volume conduction and thereby ameliorated performance of JL NSFET. As TNS is varied from 7 nm to 5 nm, all electrical characteristics are improved and analog/RF parameters gm, Av, fT, TFP and GTFP are improved to 10.3 %, 18.4 %, 12.1 % 18.5 % and 54.04 %, respectively. Increase in WNS from 10 nm to 20 nm results into increased effective width of a device, it leads to higher ION current which further impacts on electrical and analog/RF parameters. The DIBL, gm, fT, GFP, TFP and GTFP are enhanced to 63.7 %, 37.9 %, 34.9 %, 9.7 %, 33.5 %, 9.1 %, respectively. The spacer materials are varying from Al2O3 (k = 18), HfO2 (k = 22), ZrO2 (k = 25) to TiO2 (k = 44), the electrical characteristics are better at higher-k whereas analog/RF performances are superior at lower-k. Further, digital circuit elements NOT, NAND and NOR gates are designed, simulated and the delays are examined as 4.25ps, 6.45ps and 5.12ps, respectively. The NML and NMH of NOT gate are noticed as 295 mV and 280 mV at 0.7 V of supply voltage. Furthermore, a common source (CS) amplifier is also simulated and gain of 3.3 is noticed. The aforementioned analysis revels the JL NSFET is best suitable candidate for future nanoscale applications.

Theoretical investigation of the giant magnetocaloric effect in Er0.7Tm0.3Al2

This study presents a theoretical investigation of the giant magnetocaloric effect recently reported in the intermetallic compound Er0.7Tm0.3Al2. Our model Hamiltonian includes the crystalline electrical field, exchange, and Zeeman interactions in both Er3+ and Tm3+ sublattices. A remarkable agreement was achieved between the theoretical calculations and experimental data concerning heat capacity, ΔST and ΔTad (magnetocaloric quantities). Additionally, the analysis of magnetic anisotropy and simulations for the rotating magnetocaloric effect in Er0. 7Tm0.3Al2 were performed. The maximum value for the rotating magnetocaloric effect was predicted around the temperature of spin reorientation transition from the <111>-easy to the <001>-hard magnetization directions.

An Exact Expression for Multidimensional Spectroscopy of a Spin‐Boson Hamiltonian

AbstractMultidimensional coherent spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize nonlinear optical response functions. Typically, multidimensional spectra are interpreted via a perturbative framework that straightforwardly provides intuition into the density matrix dynamics that give rise to specific spectral features. When the goal is to characterize system coupling to a thermal bath however, the perturbative formalism becomes unwieldy and yields less intuition. Here, an approach developed by Vagov et al. is extended to provide an exact expression for multidimensional spectra of a spin‐boson Hamiltonian up to arbitrary order of electric field interaction. The utility of this expression is demonstrated by modeling polaron formation and coherent exciton‐phonon coupling in quantum dots, which strongly agree with experiment.

Fundamental study of the interactions of electric fields and polystyrene beads for enabling pump-less particle handling within microfluidics devices

Fundamental study of the interactions of electric fields and polystyrene beads for enabling pump-less particle handling within microfluidics devices

Combined effect of rashba spin-orbit interaction, hydrostatic pressure and temperature on energy dispersion based ballistic conductance of InAs tunnel-coupled (double) quantum wire under exterior magnetic and electric field

In this work the change in energy dispersion curve and ballistic conductance for InAs tunnel-coupled double quantum wire (DQWR) under the influence of the external magnetic field, electric field, hydrostatic pressure, temperature, and Rashba spin-orbit interaction (SOI) are studied theoretically in detail. A constant magnetic field transverse to the fundamental plane is applied to the DQWR. The Landuer-Büttiker formalism is used to determine the transport characteristics, and the energy eigenvectors and eigenvalues are derived within the parameters of the diagonalization approach. The numerical results indicate that the energy spectra of the system are influenced by external factors such as magnetic field, electric field, temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and Rashba SOI, resulting in variations in lateral/vertical and downward/upward shifts. These factors also cause oscillatory patterns in ballistic conductance due to the oddity of energy subbands. These results have significant implications for the advancement of double-quantum wire-based devices.

IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION FOR CANCER TREATMENT: A REVIEW

Introduction: Prostate, pancreatic and liver cancers are a major cause of death in Europe and including Bulgaria. Some methods for treatment include the use of electric current to create pores in the cells' membranes, and can be used in combination with other techniques, while an electric field with enough strength causes irreversible electroporation (IRE) and is a separate technique. Material and methods:Search was conducted for scientific articles about electroporation and IRE. Results: Most important parameters reported in scientific articles are electric field distribution, tissue characteristics and interaction, electric pulse settings. Articles that report patient outcomes suggest several possible advantages of – retaining urinary and sexual functions, possible increase of overall survival rate, low rate of serious adverse events and promising results when applied with chemotherapy. However, there are some studies that do not corroborate these results. The technique is also used for the treatment of renal cancer, and there are researches indicating a potential for use in ovarian, cervical and breast cancer. Conclusion: Studies suggest the IRE method is safe and feasible for the treatment of prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer, but improvements in the protocols is needed to prevent a decrease of quality of life.

Tuning the spin transport properties of phosphorene superlattice under a uniform electric field and Rashba spin-orbit interaction

The spin-interdependent transport features for phosphorene superlattice, containing spin-flip and spin polarization are described under a constant electric field and extrinsic Rashba spin-orbit interaction utilizing the transfer matrix method. Our findings demonstrated the number of barriers at this structure acts the prominent role at the spin polarization and transmission probability, that can be applied in modeling optimum spintronic apparatus. Interestingly, the best outcomes for the transmission probability and spin polarization transpired in the five obstacles. Furthermore, an incoming electron with spin-up (down) can be transferred as an electron with spin-down (up) by adjusting the bias voltage and Rashba strength. Our findings can be utilized to create new nanostructures and maximize the performance of spintronic systems based on phosphorene nanoribbons.

Study on the effect of magnetic field on electrodeposition of NiCr alloy coating

Different NiCr coatings are prepared by magnetic field assisted electrodeposition on the surface of Q235B substrate. The influence of magnetic field intensity on thickness, surface roughness, hardness, surface morphology, composition, and corrosion resistance of NiCr coating is studied. The Lorentz force generated by the interaction of magnetic field and electric field will produce magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena near cathode surface to improve ions transfer rate and reduce the surface roughness, resulting in the increase of thickness and hardness. The electrodeposited NiCr coatings all show granular surface morphology. The metal cellular protrusions on the surface of NiCr coating prepared without magnetic field are nonuniform and agglomerated. The applied magnetic field is beneficial to refine the metal cellular protrusions and increase the chromium content in the NiCr coating, resulting in the enhancement of corrosion resistance. The NiCr coating obtained at the condition of 1T magnetic field has the largest thickness and the best corrosion resistance. However, when the magnetic field is increased to 1.5T, the chromium content in CoNi coating is reduced due to severe hydrogen evolution, resulting in the decrease of hardness and corrosion resistance.

Analysis of metamagnetic transitions in antiferromagnetic arrangements in the RRhIn5 (R[dbnd]Nd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) series using a four sublattice model

The RRhIn5 (RNd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) series of compounds crystallizes in the Ho2CoGa8 tetragonal type-structure, with P4/mmm space group. A Hamiltonian model of four magnetic sublattices is used to reproduce the metamagnetic transitions of these series, considering the crystalline electric field interaction and the exchange interaction in the molecular field approximation. The crystalline electric field parameters were extracted from literature sources, while the exchange parameters were adjusted to optimize the agreement between the proposed model and the experimental data. The four sublattice model presented here successfully describes the metamagnetic transitions that appeared, at the low magnetic fields, in the RRhIn5 (RNd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) series, in contrast to other molecular field model found in the literature that inadequately reproduces these transitions.

Theoretical investigation of magnetic and thermal properties in Dy1−x Sc x Ni2 series

We report on the thermal and magnetic properties of Dy1−xScxNi2 series compounds (x=0.1,0.3,0.5,and0.7), which were investigated through a model Hamiltonian including the exchange, Zeeman, and crystalline electric field interactions. We investigated the effect of Sc substitution on the Dy site on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of these compounds. Theoretical results were simulated for heat capacity, entropy, and the magnetocaloric effect quantities. Our model reproduced the decrease of the magnetic ordering temperature and of the isothermal entropy change peaks as Sc concentration increases. Our theoretical results were confronted with experimental data from the literature, showing good agreement.

Deformation transients of confined droplets within interacting electric and magnetic field environment

A theoretical exploration and an analytical model for the electro-magneto-hydrodynamics (EMHD) of leaky dielectric liquid droplets suspended in an immiscible confined fluid domain have been presented. The analytical solution for the system, under small deformation approximation in the creeping flow regime, has been put forward. The study of droplet deformation suggests that its temporal evolution is exponential and dependent on the electric and magnetic field interaction. Furthermore, the direction of the applied magnetic field relative to the electric field determines whether the magnetic force opposes or facilitates the interfacial net electrical force caused by the electric field. Validation of the proposed model at the asymptotic limits of vanishing magnetic field shows that the model accurately reduces to the case of the transient electrohydrodynamic model. We also propose a magnetic discriminating function (ϕM) to quantify the steady-state droplet deformation in the presence of interacting electric and magnetic fields. The change of droplets from a spherical shape to prolate and oblate spheroids corresponds to ϕM&amp;gt; 0 and &amp;lt; 0 regimes, respectively. It is shown that a substantial augmentation in the deformation parameter and the associated EMHD circulation within and around the droplet is achieved when aided by a low-magnitude magnetic field. The analysis also reveals the deformation lag and specific critical parameters that aid or suppress this lag behavior, discussed in terms of relevant non-dimensional parameters.

Contributions of deep learning to automated numerical modelling of the interaction of electric fields and cartilage tissue based on 3D images.

Electric fields find use in tissue engineering but also in sensor applications besides the broad classical application range. Accurate numerical models of electrical stimulation devices can pave the way for effective therapies in cartilage regeneration. To this end, the dielectric properties of the electrically stimulated tissue have to be known. However, knowledge of the dielectric properties is scarce. Electric field-based methods such as impedance spectroscopy enable determining the dielectric properties of tissue samples. To develop a detailed understanding of the interaction of the employed electric fields and the tissue, fine-grained numerical models based on tissue-specific 3D geometries are considered. A crucial ingredient in this approach is the automated generation of numerical models from biomedical images. In this work, we explore classical and artificial intelligence methods for volumetric image segmentation to generate model geometries. We find that deep learning, in particular the StarDist algorithm, permits fast and automatic model geometry and discretisation generation once a sufficient amount of training data is available. Our results suggest that already a small number of 3D images (23 images) is sufficient to achieve 80% accuracy on the test data. The proposed method enables the creation of high-quality meshes without the need for computer-aided design geometry post-processing. Particularly, the computational time for the geometrical model creation was reduced by half. Uncertainty quantification as well as a direct comparison between the deep learning and the classical approach reveal that the numerical results mainly depend on the cell volume. This result motivates further research into impedance sensors for tissue characterisation. The presented approach can significantly improve the accuracy and computational speed of image-based models of electrical stimulation for tissue engineering applications.