Gender Interaction Research Articles

Beyond Gender: Exploring the Intersectional Dynamics in Political Interest Among Youth

One of the most persistent and puzzling inequalities across Western democracies is that women are less interested in politics than men. We know that political interest is developed—or not—at an early age, and that it becomes a key determinant of political involvement during adulthood. Due to its early development, recent research suggests focusing on gendered political socialization patterns to understand why women display lower levels of political interest than men. A recent systematic literature review on political interest confirms that the gap is already present at an early age. In addition, the review shows that research and evidence on the potential intersectionality of inequalities on young people’s political interest is surprisingly scarce. In this article we present novel evidence on the interaction of gender with an additional source of political inequality: immigration background. In doing so we use the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU) dataset, a longitudinal survey that follows a sample of adolescents with foreign-born parents that can be compared to natives in four countries. The analyses follow the latest recommendations regarding the use of interactions to evaluate claims of intersectionality. The results of our preliminary tests indicate that girls with an immigrant background are more interested in politics than girls without personal or family immigration background. Furthermore, the results are compatible with an intersectional approach by which being both a girl and having an immigration background has an independent positive relationship with political interest. Finally, we do not find significant differences between first- and second-generation immigrant girls.

GIG ECONOMY SHAKEUP : HOW IT’S RESHAPING JOBS, PAYCHECKS AND THE WORLD’S ECONOMY

The gig economy has arisen as a dynamic yet intricate factor in worldwide labor markets, providing workers with more flexibility but also posing substantial challenges concerning job security, wages, and legal protections. This research uses a bibliometric review of 980 academic articles and investigates significant elements influencing the gig economy, such as actual salaries, inflation rates, joblessness, data utilization, and gender interactions. Five primary groupings were detected, each illustrating the intricate connection among these variables. The results show that although the gig economy offers flexible work options, it also worsens problems like income inequality, exploitation, and gender disparities. Utilizing data-driven strategies and organizing labor movements are becoming more crucial in addressing these issues, providing gig workers with resources to enhance their work environments. This article discusses the economic and social impacts of the gig economy, and suggests policy suggestions to promote a fairer and more comprehensive job market for all employees.

Effect of an Educational Initiative for Sustainability on Pre-Service Teachers’ Ethical Decision-Making Skills, Motivation to Learn Science, and Learning Atmosphere in the Classroom

Using a pre-post design, this study investigated an educational sustainability initiative’s impact on ethical decision-making, science motivation, and classroom environment perceptions among 60 pre-service teachers at Sakhnin College in northern Israel. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The results indicated significant improvements in ethical decision-making skills, moderated by baseline moral reasoning. Motivation to learn science also increased, influenced by perceived content relevance and intrinsic motivation, with socioeconomic status and teaching experience acting as moderators. A three-way interaction of gender, religiosity, and collaborative group work involvement predicted improvements in the classroom atmosphere. These findings suggest that sustainability education enhances ethical reasoning, motivation, and classroom dynamics, with demographic factors playing important roles. The study highlights the value of collaborative learning environments in teacher education and the relevance of sustainability topics in fostering critical thinking about ethical issues. It demonstrates how sustainability can inspire teachers to embed values of responsibility and cooperation into their practice, enhancing the quality of the educational environment and encouraging a broader commitment to sustainability within the educational system. These findings highlight the value of sustainability education in enhancing pre-service teachers’ ethical reasoning, motivation, and classroom dynamics, offering insights for teacher-education programs to foster responsibility and cooperation among future educators.

El derrumbe de la meritocracia: Feminismo en América Latina desde un punto de vista interseccional, Desafíos en el acceso a derechos de las trabajadoras sexuales en América Latina: Estudio de caso de Chile y Colombia en los últimos 5 años.

In Latin America, sex workers face various challenges to accessing their rights due to discrimination and inequality, including gender-based violence, harassment, and control in their workplaces. Females belonging to marginalized groups such as transgender, Afro-descendant, and indigenous women face additional obstacles due to the intersection of gender with other social categories. For the past five years, feminist research has focused on the context of sex workers in Chile and Colombia, highlighting the importance of an intersectional approach to addressing these challenges. This approach considers the interaction of gender with factors such as race, social class, and sexual orientation. It is crucial for understanding and addressing the inequalities and discrimination these women face in their daily lives. Female representation in decision-making processes is necessary to implement a beneficial approach to feminist research that aims to analyze the main obstacles encountered in an intersectional feminist research perspective for activist action and policy making. The study proposes to analyze the importance of intersectional feminist research for activist action and decision-making in public policies concerning sex workers in Chile and Colombia. The analysis will occur in three stages. Firstly, it will examine the main challenges women face in accessing their rights in Latin America, focusing on sex workers in Chile and Colombia. Secondly, it will explore the significance of intersectional feminist research in activist action and decision-making related to public policies concerning sex workers. Finally, it will identify strategies and policy proposals to promote access to rights for sex workers in both countries.

Unipolarity in understanding gender equality: ignoring male aspects in global politics

The presented scientific research reveals a significant imbalance in approaches to ensuring gender equality. An analysis of global trends shows that excessive focus on women's issues creates significant obstacles to achieving genuine gender parity. It is noteworthy that the systematic disregard of masculine aspects in socio-political discourse significantly complicates the implementation of an integrated approach to gender issues. This scientific work focuses on the need to rethink the current paradigm, where the exclusively feminist agenda dominates, which contradicts the principles of comprehensive equality. The subject of the research is to focus on a comprehensive analysis of strategic initiatives and policy documents of supranational structures (in particular, the European Union and the United Nations) in the context of gender issues. The fundamental objective of this scientific work is a critical understanding of the current imbalances in gender policy, followed by the development of scientifically sound tools for the effective implementation of masculine components in the existing system of gender regulation of international organizations. To achieve these goals, various methods were used, including comparative analysis, content analysis, and structural analysis of discourse, which made it possible to identify dominant approaches to gender issues and assess the extent to which men's issues were included in official documents. The results of the study indicate that ignoring issues of masculine identity and gender discrimination creates significant obstacles to the formation of an effective system of gender-legal relations. This problem is aggravated by the emergence of interpersonal confrontations and social tensions in the field of gender interaction. Moreover, there is a disorientation of individuals in the context of behavioral patterns characteristic of both sexes, which leads to discriminatory practices against young people and an escalation of conflict potential in intersex relationships. In the context of modern scientific research, the issue of gender parity requires methodological transformation and rethinking of basic conceptual provisions. The integration of cross-cultural components into the system of social stratification analysis makes it possible to form a multidimensional model of equality that takes into account the ethnocultural and demographic characteristics of various social groups. Of particular importance is the modernization of existing approaches to migration policy through the prism of gender differentiation, which contributes to the creation of an effective mechanism for ensuring equal opportunities on a global scale.

KESAN MODUL PENCEGAHAN BULI TERAPI KOGNITIF TINGKAH LAKU TERHADAP KECERDASAN EMOSI DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI MALAYSIA

This experimental study aims to measure the effects of Small Group Guidance Counseling with the Bullying Prevention Module (SGGCBPM) and Large Group Guidance Counseling with the Bullying Prevention Module (LGGCBPM) using the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach onvEmotional Intelligence (EI) among school students. The study involved form two students from two secondary schools in the Kuala Muda district of Kedah and the Maran district of Pahang. A total of 90 subjects were selected and divided into two treatment groups and one control group. ThevSofian Emotional Intelligence Inventory (SEII) were utilized. The subjects were divided into three groups: (i) SGGC-BPM with 30 students divided into three small groups (R1a = 10, R1b = 10, R1c = 10), (ii) LGGC-BPM with 30 students in one large group (R2 = 30), (iii) the control group with 30 students (C1 = 30). The treatment groups underwent group guidance sessions for nine weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods, MANOVA, MANCOVA, and Post Hoc Tukey at a significance level of 0.05. The study found that both SGGCBPM and LGGCBPM treatments were effective in improving the dependent variables of EI in the treatment groups compared to the control group. However, the SGGCBPM treatment was more effective than LGGCBPM. The study also revealed that gender factor and gender interaction did not influence the treatment effects. This research contributes to guidance and counseling services by successfully developing a module focused on prevention, oriented towards the CBTBPM approach, to enhance EI among students.

KESAN MODUL PENCEGAHAN BULI TERAPI KOGNITIF TINGKAH LAKU TERHADAP PEMIKIRAN POSITIF SIHAT DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI MALAYSIA

This experimental study aims to measure the effects of Small Group Guidance Counseling with the Bullying Prevention Module (SGGCBPM) and Large Group Guidance Counseling with the Bullying Prevention Module (LGGCBPM) using the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach on Healthy Positive Thinking (HPT) among school students. The study involved form two students from two secondary schools in the Kuala Muda district of Kedah and the Maran district of Pahang. A total of 90 subjects were selected and divided into two treatment groups and one control group. The Healthy Positive Thinking Inventory (HPTI) were utilized. The subjects were divided into three groups: (i) SGGC-BPM with 30 students divided into three small groups (R1a = 10, R1b = 10, R1c = 10), (ii) LGGC-BPM with 30 students in one large group (R2 = 30), (iii) the control group with 30 students (C1 = 30). The treatment groups underwent group guidance sessions for nine weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods, MANOVA, MANCOVA, and Post Hoc Tukey at a significance level of 0.05. The study found that both SGGCBPM and LGGCBPM treatments were effective in improving the dependent variables of HPT in the treatment groups compared to the control group. However, the SGGCBPM treatment was more effective than LGGCBPM. The study also revealed that gender factor and gender interaction did not influence the treatment effects. This research contributes to guidance and counseling services by successfully developing a module focused on prevention, oriented towards the CBTBPM approach, to enhance HPT among students.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DISEASE BURDEN AND QUALITY-OF-LIFE TRAJECTORIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS LIVING WITH MULTIMORBIDITY

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and is associated with higher multimorbidity. Despite gender disparities and differences in HF research participation and health outcomes, differences in the trajectories of their lives have not been studied enough. This study aimed to examine the 1-year trajectories of disease burden and quality of life (QoL) for older adults with multimorbidity. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of HF and one or more conditions among common chronic conditions in older adults. The study prospectively collected socio-demographic, clinical, and outcome data at baseline, 30-day, and 1-year follow-up using an electronic patient portal among adults aged 50 years and older living with multimorbidity. Disease burden and QoL data were collected using a modified disease burden impact scale and the EuroQoL (EQ)-5D-5L. Linear mixed-effect models were used for statistical analyses. A total of 200 patients (102 women and 98 men) completed surveys at the three time points. Participants’ mean±SD age was 71±9.5 years; men were older than women. The disease burden decreased at the 30-day follow-up (23.7±14.9) and the 1-year follow-up (24.6±15.7) compared to baseline (26.3±16.3). In an unadjusted analysis, disease burden was higher in women than men (beta=2.516; p=0.017). QoL was not significantly different by gender and time. After adjusting for age and social support, there were no significant gender differences in disease burden and QoL trajectories and no time and gender interaction. There is a need for gender-based research on multimorbidity to promote health equity.

Peer Problems and Prosocial Behavior Among Icelandic Children and Adolescents with ADHD and/or Autism: Gender and Age Differences.

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders tend to have more social difficulties than typically developing children. The aim of the current study was to examine parent and teacher-reported effects of age and gender on social functioning in a large clinical sample of children and adolescents with ADHD, autism, or co-occurring ADHD and autism using a cross-sectional study design. This nationwide clinical sample included 2132 Icelandic children and adolescents (35% girls, 65% boys) aged 5-18 years referred for a neurodevelopmental diagnostic assessment (ADHD and/or autism) in Iceland. Social functioning was measured using the Prosocial behavior and Peer problem subscales on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by parents and teachers. Results revealed that autistic youth and youth with co-occurring ADHD and autism experienced more peer problems and showed less prosocial behavior than youth with ADHD only. According to parents and teachers, girls were found to experience more social difficulties compared to boys. Interaction for age and gender, although only significant for teacher reports, indicated that younger girls with neurodevelopmental disorders experience more peer problems and show less prosocial behavior than older girls. In contrast, boys with neurodevelopmental disorders experience similar issues at all ages. The results suggest different patterns of social difficulties for boys and girls with neurodevelopmental disorders. Future research should examine different developmental pathways of social challenges for boys and girls. Implications for developing and providing clinical interventions appropriate developmental stages are discussed.

The Analysis of the Impact of Gender and Age in Competitive Sports: A Case Study of Olympic Swimming Finals from 2012 to 2024

The elite swimming performance progression is impacted by variable factors such as training advancements, athlete demographics, and physiological traits. A deep understanding of influencing factors and performance trends allows for the development of optimized training strategies and maximizing athletes overall performance. This study conducts a comprehensive investigation into the influence of gender and age on Olympic swimming performance across the 2012 to 2024 Olympic Games, with a detailed analysis of performance trends in various strokes and distances. Data from the top eight finalists in each event were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis, employing t-tests and ANOVA to assess progression patterns and age-related shifts. The findings demonstrate that both female and male swimmers exhibited comparable rates of performance progression over the Olympic cycles, with no statistically significant differences in gender-based performance trends. However, notable exceptions were observed in specific events, such as stagnation in the mens 100m freestyle and womens 200m butterfly during certain periods. The age analysis revealed a general upward trend in the ages of competitors, though younger swimmers were more prevalent in endurance events, while older athletes excelled in sprint disciplines like the 50m freestyle. While the Olympic year did not significantly influence age trends, stroke type and distance were identified as key determinants of age variation among competitors. These results provide nuanced insights into the interaction of gender and age with elite swimming performance, with potential implications for optimizing training protocols and talent development in competitive swimming.

Enhancing Drug Recommender System for Peptic Ulcer Treatment

Drug Recommender Systems (DRS) streamline prescription process and contribute to better healthcare. Hence, this study developed a DRS that recommends appropriate drug(s) for the treatment of an ailment using Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) as a case study. Patients’ and drug data were elicited from MIMIC-IV and Drugs.com, respectively. These data were analysed and used in the design of the DRS model, which was based on the hybrid recommendation approach (combining the clustering algorithm, the Collaborative Filtering approach (CF), and the Knowledge-Based Filtering approach (KBF)). The factors that were considered in recommending appropriate drugs were age, gender, body weight, allergies, and drug interactions. The model designed was implemented in Python programming language with the Flask framework for web development and Visual Studio Code as the Integrated Development Environment. The performance of the system was evaluated using Precision, Recall, Accuracy, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and usability test. The evaluation was carried out in two phases. Firstly, the CF component was evaluated by splitting the dataset from MIMIV-IV into a 70% (60,018) training set and a 30% (25,722) test set. This resulted in a precision score of 85.48%, a recall score of 85.58%, and a RMSE score of 0.74. Secondly, the KBF component was evaluated using 30 different cases. The evaluation for this was computed manually by comparing the recommendation results from the system with those of an expert. This resulted in a precision of 77%, a recall of 83%, an accuracy of 81% and an RMSE of 0.24. The results from the usability test showed a high percentage of performance of the system. The addition of the KBF reduced the error rate between actual recommendations and predicted recommendations. So, the system had a high ability to recommend appropriate drug(s) for PUD.

An exploratory qualitative study of the experiences of women in volunteer non-player roles in Australian community football clubs.

Women are underrepresented in volunteer non-player roles in community sporting clubs, particularly in traditionally male sports such as football (soccer), where participation rates for men and boys remain higher than women and girls. Experiences of women volunteering in community sporting clubs are not well-represented in research literature. By exploring women's experiences volunteering in community Australian Football clubs, the present research aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators of women's participation in volunteer non-player community sport club roles. Our intention is that our findings will provide empirical basis for the design of efficacious evidence-based interventions and initiatives to help close the gender gap of volunteerism rates and experiences, thus facilitating equal opportunities for women to access associated individual social, physical, and mental health benefits of sports volunteering. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with six women from four Australian Football clubs, to determine barriers and facilitators to volunteering. Reflexive thematic analysis of barriers generated six themes: high expectations of self, intersectionality (of gender with motherhood or race), constrained resources, interpersonal disconnection, lack of organisational support and structure, and gender role assumptions and stereotypes. Analysis of facilitators produced six themes: having or building confidence, positive reinforcement, social connection, deliberate efforts to engage women, role autonomy and shaping, and supportive culture within a club or governing body. Findings revealed that impacts on women's development in non-player roles exist at the individual level, including the interaction of gender, race, and parental status, but also extend beyond this to personal, interpersonal, organisational, and sociocultural factors. Given our research findings we make seven recommendations for governing bodies and community football clubs to enhance volunteering gender equity: 1. Establish support for women by dividing work evenly among volunteers; 2. Provide clear descriptions of non-player roles; 3. Match the skill sets of new women volunteers to suitable roles; 4. Implement mentorship programs to aid collaboration among women who volunteer; 5. Educate communities about gender biases and assumptions; 6. Monitor and seek feedback on gendered task allocation to ensure women's unpaid labour is not disproportionate to men's; and 7. Promote and publicise women in non-player roles to enhance women's visibility and acceptance in community football clubs.

Prevalence of mental disorders and their associations with age at diagnosis and time since diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer.

Despite advancements in cancer treatment, understanding the long-term mental health implications for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors remains an underexplored area. This study aims to examine the prevalence of mental disorders and their correlations with age at diagnosis and time since diagnosis among NPC survivors. A total of 1872 NPC patients were surveyed from September 2020 to June 2021 in this cross-sectional survey. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations of age at diagnosis and time since NPC diagnosis with the risk of mental disorders. Additionally, the potential nonlinear trend between these factors was examined using restricted cubic splines. Analyses were conducted both overall and stratified by gender. Gender interaction was also examined. The prevalences of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders were 32.4, 33.2, and 61.5%, respectively. Age at NPC diagnosis was significantly associated with an elevated risk of depression (adjusted OR (aOR): 1.75 for 30-39 years old; 2.33 for 50-59 years old; 2.59 for ≥60 years old) and sleep disorders (aOR: 2.41 for 40-49 years old; 1.95 for 50-59 years old; 2.26, for ≥60 years old), compared to patients diagnosed with NPC at age < 30 years. Conversely, the risk of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders exhibited negative associations with the time since diagnosis, compared to patients <3 months. Notably, significant nonlinear associations were observed between time since diagnosis and the risk of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders, which showed an initial increase, with the highest risk occurring at approximately 3.0 (ORmax: 2.7), 1.5 (ORmax: 2.1), and 4.0 (ORmax: 1.9) months since NPC diagnosis, followed by a gradual recovery to a lower risk level at around 12 months. No gender interactions were observed. The prevalence of mental disorders is notable among NPC survivors, showing a positive correlation with age at diagnosis while displaying a negative correlation with time since diagnosis, thus indicating the need for psychological support, especially within the initial several months following NPC diagnosis.

Corneal stromal mapping characteristics in normal corneas using anterior segment SD-OCT.

This study investigated how normal corneal stromal profiles change with age, sex, and corrected intraocular pressure (IOP). A retrospective observational analytical study was conducted in Jordan, employing anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography AS-OCT, a measured corneal stromal thickness (CST) in 134 eyes across the central 6-mm corneal diameter. People between the ages of 18 and 79 were included, and the mean CST values were linked to age groups, IOP, and cis-gender populations, with the exclusion of certain eye conditions. The central stroma was thinnest at 484.6 (±32.6) μm, contrasting with the outer peripheral superior zone's maximum thickness at 549.3 (±40.6) μm. A positive correlation between CST and the 30-49 age group was noted. In conclusion, this study highlights a centrifugal CST distribution, with the central stroma being the thinnest and the superior stroma being the thickest. AS SD-OCT, employing novel algorithms, proves vital in refractive surgery planning and corneal disease diagnosis. The research offers valuable insights into age, gender, and IOP interactions with corneal stromal characteristics, enhancing clinical strategies for corneal pathologies in the Jordanian population.

Influence of Acuity Circles on Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Interaction of Gender and Race in Liver Transplantation

ABSTRACTThe impact of liver transplant allocation policy using acuity circles (ACs) on interactions between race and gender on waitlist mortality or receipt of deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) is unknown. Using data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), we examined adults listed for DDLT from April 3, 2017, to October 4, 2022 (30 months pre‐ and post‐AC). Fine‐Gray sub‐distribution hazard model explored AC indicators by race and gender interactions and their effect on receipt of DDLT or waitlist mortality. Also explored was AC's impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis and receipt of DDLT or waitlist mortality. 59 592 patients (30 202 pre‐AC, 29 390 post‐AC) included. For both receipt of DDLT and waitlist mortality, there were no 3‐way (AC by race by gender) interactions, indicating that the effects of race and gender on DDLT or waitlist mortality were consistent pre‐ and post‐AC. Irrespective of AC implementation, Black and Hispanic women were less likely to receive DDLT and had an increased risk of waitlist mortality compared to White women. White, Black, and Hispanic men had lower waitlist mortality risk and greater likelihood of receiving DDLT compared to their female race/ethnic counterparts. Patients with HCC had a significantly greater chance for DDLT than non‐HCC, although post‐AC this effect was attenuated. Patients with HCC were also at greater risk of waitlist mortality pre‐ and post‐AC compared to those without HCC however, the waitlist mortality post‐AC was attenuated only for those patients without HCC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show the interaction of gender and race on waitlist mortality and access to transplantation since the implementation of AC, showing continued disparate outcomes for women both within and across racial groups.

The Impact and Interactions of Race and Gender on Healthcare Use and Spending Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Studies examining the effects of social determinants of health on healthcare use in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are scarce. We aimed to assess healthcare spending among different racial/ethnic groups and genders in adults with IBS. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of adults diagnosed with IBS between 2016-2021 using Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database . We analyzed total annual and IBS-specific costs, utilization and costs of individual services, and prescriptions. We compared outcomes across racial/ethnic groups and by gender after adjusting for covariates and examined race-gender interactions. Among 95,319 adults with IBS, healthcare spending varied significantly by race and gender. Total all-cause and IBS-specific costs were lower in men than in women and in Asian and Hispanic patients than in White patients. Compared to White patients, Black patients had higher total IBS-specific costs, all-cause prescriptions costs, IBS-related radiology and laboratory costs, and emergency department (ED) care whileAsian and Hispanic patients incurred lower costs for ED care, hospitalizations, and all-cause prescriptions. Endoscopy costs were lower in racial minority groups. Women had higher spending for most services compared to men, but gender differences in most IBS-related services were small. All-cause hospitalization and endoscopy costs were higher in men, but IBS-specific hospitalization and endoscopy costs were higher in women. Gender disparities in all-cause individual services also varied by race. Overall and IBS-related spending is higher in women, but gender differences in IBS-related care are small. Racial/ethnic comparisons show reduced spending in Asian and Hispanic patients, increased ED care in Black patients, and variations in spending patterns. Gender disparities differ by race.

Forgotten Children

Fetal and infant skeletal remains in anatomical collections remain an underutilized yet important source of information on the interactions of gender, class, and religion during pregnancy and infant loss. The W. D. Trotter Anatomy Museum at the University of Otago in New Zealand, founded in the nineteenth century, houses more than 2,000 models and anatomical “specimens,” with many of the skeletal remains lacking provenience information. This research aimed to both provide an inventory of the fetal and infant skeletal remains and identify through archival analysis the social context of those whose remains were obtained by the museum. An osteological analysis was carried out to assess the minimum number of individuals (MNI), estimate age-at-death, and provide evidencefor pathology and dissection. The results are interpreted in the context of the archival accession data and historical information at the time to provide the social context in which these people lived and therefore information that may be related to their deaths and acquisition of their bodies by the university. Most of the infants within the collection died around the time of full-termbirth, and some individuals have evidence for developmental pathology, birth trauma, and/or postmortem dissection. The historical context and legislation around body donation suggests structural inequality played a role in the acquisition of these infants’ remains from mothers (primarily poor and/or unmarried women) and that these remains went through a process of commodification and objectification and were retained as developmental teaching “specimens” and examples of pathology.

Struggle over visibility on Douyin: How transnational influencers who create content about Myanmar strategically negotiate the cybercriminal identity

The evolution of social media platforms has provided opportunities for diasporic Chinese individuals and foreigners settled in China to transition into content creators, utilizing their transitional creator identities to negotiate algorithmic visibility and cultivate audiences with an appetite for novel or cosmopolitan interpretations of Chineseness. However, due to the stigmatization of Burmese individuals as cybercriminals, transnational influencers creating content about Myanmar has encountered a complex phenomenon fraught with challenges. In this exploratory study, we focus on the visibility labour among three transnational influencers creating content about Myanmar, examining their strategies for managing digital visibility on Douyin and negotiating the cybercriminal associations linked to their Burmese heritage. Through our netnographic research, we identify the intricate interaction of nationalism, gender, sexuality, and entrepreneurship in shaping their identity negotiation and pursuit of digital visibility.

The Criteria of Actor and Actress Selection in Islamic Film: An Analytical Study

The lack of adherence to Islamic guidelines regarding gender interaction in the casting of actors and actresses for Islamic films is one of the primary issues facing the industry. This study aims to define film from Western and Islamic perspectives, explore Islamic views on the film industry based on Maqasid Shariah, and investigate the criteria and role of actor selection in portraying Islamic culture, values, and themes in films and its impact on audience reception. The researcher uses qualitative method through library research, as well as carried out an interview question to gather data and conduct an analysis. The main finding of this study is that the selection of actors with a religious background has a positive effect on the audience's acceptance of the message conveyed. The research also highlights the importance of actors maintaining high moral standards both on and off-screen. Furthermore, the study suggests that filmmakers and actors may choose to consult with Islamic scholars or advisors during the production of Islamic films. This collaboration ensures accuracy and sensitivity to religious nuances in the storytelling. To be able to create an Islamic film that truly adheres to Sharia law, actors, authors, and directors are required to work together.

Global Comparisons of Age, Gender and Socioeconomic Status Differences of Physical Fitness Health Risk in South African Primary School Children: Longitudinal Data from the NW-CHILD Study.

Global physical fitness (PF) levels have declined over the past 50 years, contributing to early health risks in children although it is still unclear how age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES) impact PF risk. This study aimed to identify unique health risks related to age, SES and gender that might influence muscular fitness (MF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of primary school children in South Africa. Children (N = 349, boys = 165; girls = 184) of low (n = 201) and high SES (n = 148) underwent three time point measurements at 6, 9 and 12 years spanning seven primary school years. MF was assessed with the strength sub-test of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) and CRF with a 20 m shuttle run. Relationships between biographical data, anthropometric data and PF were analysed using mixed linear regression models. After controlling for covariates, findings from unadjusted interaction models were used, revealing significant (p < 0.05) two-way age and SES interactions in standing long jump (SLJ), push-ups, wall-sit, sit-ups and VO2max and age and gender interactions (p < 0.001) in sit-ups, push-ups and VO2max. Universal cut-points are considered valid monitoring guidelines of PF risk in South African school children. For comparison, standardised global protocols for sit-ups and push-ups should be prioritised and intervention strategies should focus on improving PF in girls, older children from the age of 9 and children from low SES backgrounds.