Interactive Control System Research Articles

Exploring the Impact of Positive Levers of Control on Organisational Resilience: The Mediating Role of Open Innovation

This study explores how positive control levers (belief systems and interactive control systems) affect organisational resilience, focusing on the role of open innovation as a mediator. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered to business managers and analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The sample comprised 349 Moroccan industrial companies. The results demonstrate that positive control levers significantly impact open innovation and organisational resilience. Additionally, open innovation acts as a mediator, indirectly influencing the relationship between positive control levers and organisational resilience. This study contributes to the limited empirical research on management control systems by highlighting the importance of positive control tools and open innovation in developing sustainable organisational resilience.

Bio-inspired e-skin with integrated antifouling and comfortable wearing for self-powered motion monitoring and ultra-long-range human-machine interaction

Electronic skin (e-skin) inspired by the sensory function of the skin demonstrates broad application prospects in health, medicine, and human–machine interaction. Herein, we developed a self-powered all-fiber bio-inspired e-skin (AFBI E-skin) that integrated functions of antifouling, antibacterial properties, biocompatibility and breathability. AFBI E-skin was composed of three layers of electrospun nanofibrous films. The superhydrophobic outer layer Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-silica nanofibrous films (PVDF-SiO2 NFs) possessed antifouling properties against common liquids in daily life and resisted bacterial adhesion. The polyaniline nanofibrous films (PANI NFs) were used as the electrode layer, and it had strong “static” antibacterial capability. Meanwhile, the inner layer Polylactic acid nanofibrous films (PLA NFs) served as a biocompatible substrate. Based on the triboelectric nanogenerator principle, AFBI E-skin not only enabled self-powered sensing but also utilized the generated electrical stimulation for “dynamic” antibacterial. The “dynamic-static” synergistic antibacterial strategy greatly enhanced the antibacterial effect. AFBI E-skin could be used for self-powered motion monitoring to obtain a stable signal output even when water was splashed on its surface. Finally, based on AFBI E-skin, we constructed an ultra-long-range human-machine interaction control system, enabling synchronized hand gestures between human hand and robotic hand in any internet-covered area worldwide theoretically. AFBI E-skin exhibited vast application potential in fields like smart wearable electronics and intelligent robotics.

DELAY RED FLAG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY: CONTROL ANALYSIS WITH FOUR LEVER OF CONTROL

Despite extensive research on construction delays, this persistent issue continues to challenge the global construction industry. This case study aims to enhance the theoretical and practical understanding of management control systems (MCS) in construction firms by identifying the primary causes of project delays and examining the MCS components involved. A qualitative case study was conducted at a national private construction company (Jakons) to identify delay factors and propose solutions by linking them to MCS. The study focused on two Jakons projects that experienced delays, with primary data collected through interviews with five key informants directly engaged in MCS for the projects. Analysis of the interviews revealed common delay causes related to the project owner, consultants, labor, and materials. These causes were then connected to MCS practices and assessed using the four Levers of Control (LoC) framework, including Belief, Boundary, Diagnostic, and Interactive control systems. The study identified areas for improvement in MCS related to communication management, coordination, competence, and risk management that impact schedule delays. These findings provide valuable guidance for construction practitioners in planning and managing projects and offer insights to reassess MCS strategies to mitigate delays and achieve timely project completion.

Adapting To The New Normal: Assessing Levers Of Control Implementation In Indonesian Organizations Post-COVID

This systematic literature review investigates the application of the Four Levers of Control (4LOC) framework in Indonesian organizations post-COVID-19. The research method involved a systematic search of electronic databases and analysis of relevant literature. Major findings indicate that effective implementation of the 4LOC framework contributes to organizational resilience, performance improvement, and competitive advantage across various sectors. Cultural factors, leadership styles, and strategic alignment emerge as critical determinants of success. The study underscores the versatility and effectiveness of the 4LOC framework in navigating challenges posed by dynamic environments. Conclusions highlight the importance of adaptive strategies, cultural sensitivity, and integrated control systems in driving sustainable growth and organizational success in Indonesia. Results indicate that LoC implementation has positively impacted organizational performance across sectors such as hospitality, start-ups, state-owned enterprises, government organizations, manufacturing, and the service industry. Notably, effective utilization of belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control systems, and interactive control systems has been instrumental in fostering innovation, resilience, and strategic alignment. These findings underscore the importance of robust management control systems in achieving organizational objectives and navigating uncertainties. The review concludes by recommending further research to explore longitudinal effects, contextual influences, and the role of emerging technologies in enhancing LoC implementation.

An interactive gesture control system for collaborative manipulator based on Leap Motion Controller

Gesture control is often used for the control of robotic manipulators. However conventional methods always focus on position control of robotic manipulators and use a fixed position to place gesture detection devices, which limits the flexibility to control and interact. This paper presents an interactive gesture control system based on Leap Motion Controller that can overcome these shortcomings. A coordinate transformation is performed between the position of the left palm detected by Leap Motion Controller and the tool center point (TCP) of the collaborative manipulator to obtain gesture data first. This gesture data is used to control the posture of a six-joint collaborative manipulator-Lite6. The position of gripper is controlled by grip level of the right palm. A controller is designed to manipulate a lift table on which Leap Motion Controller is placed to achieve adaptive ascending and descending movements to meet the needs of operators of different heights and arm spans. A modified Kalman filter is used to filter noise and smooth the signal captured by Leap Motion Controller. The experiments demonstrate that the system can operate stably and accurately control the position, posture, and gripper position of a collaborative manipulator in real time using human palms’ gestures.

The Role of Interactive Control System In Responding to Strategic Uncertainties of SEOJK PAYDI

SEOJK5/2022 as a novel PAYDI regulation had triggered strategic uncertainty for ABC, where 40% of income was supported by sales of PAYDI. SEOJK5/2022 has several points which change majority of product structures including PAYDI operations. This research discusses how ABC implements interactive control systems (ICS) to face strategic uncertainties, considering there were only few companies had succeeded to respond SEOJK5/2022 well. Qualitative case study method was used in this research, main data collected through interviews and questionnaires. The result concludes that ABC had emphasized the use of ICS in the emergent strategies formulation process, debate and dialogue were carried out intensively at various levels. ABC had succeeded in responding SEOJK5/2022 by making adjustments to all available PAYDI in the company before time limit. During the adjustment period, ABC increased their sales by emphasizing traditional insurance sales. This research contributes additional evidence to levers of control study in facing strategic uncertainties.

Extra-articular screw placement strategy in Stoppa approach based on three-dimensional reconstruction model

The study aimed to explore an extra-articular screw placement strategy in Stoppa approach. Radiographic data of patients who underwent pelvic computed tomography from January 2016 to June 2017 were imported into Materiaise’s interactive medical image control system software for three-dimensional reconstruction. Superior and lower margins of acetabulum and ipsilateral pelvic brim could be observed simultaneously through inlet-obturator view. A horizontal line from superior acetabular margin intersected pelvic brim at point “A” and another vertical line from lower margin intersected pelvic brim at point “B” were drawn, respectively. Lengths form sacroiliac joint to “A” (a), “A” to “B” (b), and “B” to pubic symphysis (c) were measured. Patients were divided into four groups depending on gender and side difference of measured hemi-pelvis: male left, male right, female left, and female right. Lengths of adjacent holes (d) and spanning different holes (e) of different plates were also measured. Mean lengths of a, b, c in four groups were 40.94 ± 1.85 mm, 40.09 ± 1.93 mm, 41.78 ± 3.62 mm, and 39.77 ± 2.23 mm (P = 0.078); 40.65 ± 1.58 mm, 41.48 ± 1.64 mm, 40.40 ± 1.96 mm, and 40.66 ± 1.70 mm (P = 0.265); 57.03 ± 3.41 mm, 57.51 ± 3.71 mm, 57.84 ± 4.40 mm, and 59.84 ± 4.35 mm (P = 0.165), respectively. Mean d length of different plates was 12.23 mm. Average lengths spanning 1, 2, 3 and 4 holes were 19.33 mm, 31.58 mm, 43.80 mm, and 55.93 mm. Our data showed that zones a and c could be safely inserted three and four screws. Penetration into hip joint could be avoided when vacant 3-hole drilling was conducted in zone b. Fracture line in zone b could serve as a landmark for screw placement.

Data Interactive Control System Based on Heterogeneous Database of Information Fusion and Internet of Things

Abstract To improve the data interaction control effect of a heterogeneous database and reduce packet loss rate and response time, a new heterogeneous database data interaction control system based on information fusion is designed. The system consists of hardware and software parts. The hardware part of the heterogeneous database data interaction control system is composed of a data extraction module, data sending and receiving module, encryption module, and data interaction control module. On the basis of completing hardware design, the system software is designed, a fuzzy similarity matrix is constructed by calculating the similarity among the evidence, the weight coefficient of each piece of evidence is calculated by calculating the support function of each piece of evidence, the evidence source model is modified by using discount rules, and Dempster–Shafer combination rules are transformed into matrix analysis. Combined with the modified evidence source model, information fusion of the heterogeneous database is carried out to complete the software design of the data interactive control system. The experimental results show that the data interaction control effect of the heterogeneous database in this system is good, and the packet loss rate and response time are low, improving the data interaction control effect.

Design Thinking Framework Toward Management Control System in Environmental Dynamism: An Innovation Perspective

Design thinking has been largely acknowledged as a technical advancement in business circles in terms of technology, innovation, creativity, and flexibility. Design techniques are becoming more and more popular among organizational executives as a cure-all for uncertainty and upheaval, so it is important to take environmental dynamism into account. However, with few exceptions, design thinking studies are most entrenched in considering various organization factors rather than environmental and control systems. The purpose of the present article is to shed insights into the relationship between design thinking and management control systems under the condition of a dynamic setting. Moreover, the article also presents design thinking as a strategic innovation concept that links to and works to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Further, we develop the framework that hypothesized design thinking relationship to diagnostic and interactive control systems (ICSs) in the domain of environmental dynamism and competitive advantage. A survey was conducted on research and development intensive firms varying from manufacturing to service. The results of this article revealed that design thinking is strongly linked with ICSs and sustainable competitive advantage. The present article suggests an imperative way toward integration of the concept of design thinking in businesses while considering environmental factors, given the growing scholarly interest in both design thinking and management control systems. The article also offers fruitful research directions and analyzes the ramifications of such directions for theory and practice.

Presenting the Interactive Control System Model in Knowledge-Based Companies

The aim of this study is to present a model of the interactive control system in knowledge-based companies. In the current research, three Type II knowledge-based manufacturing companies active in the field of advanced machinery and equipment production in East Azerbaijan Province were studied. Accordingly, this research follows a case study strategy, with data collection conducted from a defined statistical population. Additionally, the research employs a developmental research strategy. For the analysis of data obtained from questionnaires, the coding procedure, in line with statistical requirements, was conducted using the SPSS.V24 software, and the PLS.V3 structural equation software was used for both descriptive and inferential statistics, applying linear and multiple regression. The statistical population of this research includes managers of Type I and Type II knowledge-based manufacturing companies and faculty members from the University of Tehran's Department of Business Management, particularly those specializing in policy-making. The sampling method used in this study was snowball sampling. The results of the research indicate that regulatory uncertainties significantly impact the interactive control system of projects (0.896), technological uncertainties impact the interactive control system of projects (0.140), human and social uncertainties impact the interactive control system of projects (0.225), economic and market uncertainties impact the interactive control system of profit planning (0.476), environmental uncertainties impact the interactive control system of brand profitability (0.643), and strategic uncertainties impact the interactive control system of intelligence (0.821).

The Effects of Management Control Systems and Leadership Style on Company Performance

A management control system (MCS) is one of the tools used to evaluate performance at different organisational levels. This study employs the Levers of Control (LoC) dimension introduced by Simons in 1995, consisting of the belief system, boundary system, diagnostic control system, and interactive control system. Besides, leadership styles (transformational style and transactional style) are also believed to influence company performance. This study aims to investigate the role of MCS and leadership styles on company performance. The result finds that MCS and leadership styles have a significant positive impact on company performance. The findings also suggest that the transactional leadership style and the diagnostic control system could improve company performance.

Enhancing public sector enterprise risk management through interactive information processing.

Federal agencies are increasingly expected to adopt enterprise risk management (ERM). However, public sector adoption of ERM has typically focused on the economic efficiency of tax-financed activities based on control-based practices. This reflects an emphasis on quantifiable concerns that invariably directs attention to risk, that (by definition) relates to identifiable and measurable events, thereby downplaying uncertain and unknown aspects of public exposures. This is a potentially serious shortcoming as government entities often act as society's risk managers of last resort. When extreme events happen what were previously considered private matters can quickly turn into public obligations. Hence, there is a need for proactive assessments of the evolving public risk landscape to discern unpredictable-even unknowable-developments. The article reviews recent empirical studies on public risk management practices, effects of digitalization in public sector institutions, current strategic management research, and insights uncovered from a recent study of risk management practices in federal agencies. On this basis, the article explains how the ability to generate value from ERM can be enhanced when it intertwines with local responsive initiatives and central strategic risk analyses. It can form a dynamic adaptive risk management process where insights from dispersed actors inform updated risk analyses based on local autonomy and open exchange of information. This approach builds on specific structural features embedded in culture-driven aspirations to generate collaborative solutions. Its functional mode is an interactive control system with open discussions across levels and functions in contrast to conventional diagnostic controls that monitor predetermined key performance indicators (KPIs) and key risk indicators (KRIs). Backed by theoretical rationales and empirical research evidence, it is found that applications of ERM frameworks can produce positive results but is unable to deal with a public risk landscape characterized by uncertain unpredictable conditions with potentially extreme outcome effects. It is shown how interactive exchange of fast local insights and slow integrated strategic risk analyses supported by digitized data processing can form a dynamic adaptive system that enable public sector institutions to deal with emergent high-scale exposures. It is explained how the requirement for conducive organizational structures and supportive values require a new strategic risk leadership approach, which is contrasted to observed practices in federal agencies that are constrained by prevailing public governance requirements. The need to deal with uncertainty and unknown conditions demands a cognitive shift in current thinking from a primary focus on risk to also appraise complexity and prepare for the unexpected where data-driven methods can uncover emergent exposures through dynamic information processing. This requires strategic risk leaders that recognize the significance of complex public exposures with many unknowns and a willingness to facilitate digitalized information processing rooted in a collaborative organizational climate. If handled properly, adoption of ERM in public risk management can consider emergent dimensions in complex public exposures applying interactive information processing as a dynamic adaptive risk management approach incorporating digitized methods to solicit collective intelligence for strategic risk updating.

Analisis penerapan model four levers of control dalam meningkatkan kinerja karyawan divisi keuangan PT Pelabuhan Indonesia (Persero) Regional 4 Bitung

Four Levers of Control is a concept that focuses on achieving strategies in the management control system using four frameworks consisting of belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control systems, and interactive control systems. In facing the changes that occurred at PT Pelabuhan Indonesia (Persero) Regional 4 Bitung after the merger, an adequate control system is needed to control the performance of employees. This study aims to determine how the application of the four levers of control in improving the performance of employees of the finance division of PT Pelabuhan Indonesia (Persero) Regional 4 Bitung. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach and the data obtained comes from interviews and documentation. The results showed that the application of the four levers of control has been running quite well because it has fulfilled the four frameworks.

The associations between management control systems, organisational capabilities and performance

This study examines the associations between Simons’ (Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press, Brighton, 1995) positive systems (belief systems and interactive control systems) and two organisational capabilities (organisational resilience and workplace flexibility), and the subsequent impact of these capabilities on organisational performance. Based upon the survey responses received from the managers of 337 Australian organisations, we found that the use of both belief systems and interactive control systems are positively associated with the level of organisational resilience and workplace flexibility, which in turn, exhibit a significant positive effect on organisational performance. In addition, the two organisational capabilities are found to mediate the associations between the positive systems and organisational performance. The findings suggest that organisations should place greater emphasis on the use of positive systems and endeavour to develop and enhance organisational resilience and workplace flexibility to facilitate organisational performance.

Research and Analysis on V2G Technology and Its Application

In recent years, with the increasing popularity of new energy vehicles and the gradual increase in the number of charging piles, V2G technology has gradually emerged. Compared with the traditional grid charging system, which mostly uses natural energy, has unstable charging, and is difficult to interact with the grid, V2G technology uses new energy electric vehicles to interact with the grid, which has a better effect of adjusting the grid balance, peak shaving and filling, adjusting power consumption, and allowing more users to participate in power generation. This article studies the definition and principles of V2G technology, as well as its development history, relevant research and innovation achievements in this field. Secondly, the article expounds on the basic working principle and practical application of V2G, including interaction control systems, grid interaction, and virtual power plants. In order to verify the basic principles of V2G technology, this article constructs and simulates a Simulink circuit to convert the direct current of electric vehicles into alternating current of the grid by step-up inverters, further verifying the basic working principles of V2G.

The effect of management control system with four lever's of control model and remuneration on employees’ performance: A study at Brawijaya University

Purpose—This study applies contingency theory to examine the effect of the management control system (MCS) and remuneration scheme on Brawijaya University's employees' performance. The MCS in this study is understood following the Four Levers of Control (LOC), which includes belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control systems, and interactive control systems. Design/methodology/approach—For this analysis, the data collection method employed in this study was cluster random sampling of all employees except structural officials of Brawijaya University (UB). 355 respondents from Headquarters and 7 Faculties participated in this study. The data were collected, and the technique analysis used was SEM—PLS programs. Findings—Based on the analysis and discussion, the results of this study showed that employees’ performance was positively impacted by the boundary system, diagnostic control system, and remuneration. Employees’ performance could be improved by implementing an effective boundary system and diagnostic control system and providing fair and adequate remuneration. Employees’ performance was unaffected by the belief or interactive control systems. Practical implications—This study's Empirical evidence also showed that beliefs systems and interactive control systems do not affect the performance of UB employees. Originality/value — A management Control System with the LOC model (Simons, 1995) is implemented in private organizations. The researchers want to adopt the LOC model (Simons, 1995) in public organizations at Brawijaya University. This research is able to provide benefits for related officials in Universitas Brawijaya to implement a Management Control System with the LOC model as a means of controlling employee performance. Employees can be motivated to improve their performance with the management control system and the LOC model. Paper type — Case study

DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE ROBOT PROTOTYPE WITH AN INTERACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM

One of the most urgent tasks of robotics is to perform work in conditions where a person cannot work, in extreme conditions. At the same time, the goal is to find a person at a distance, often a considerable distance, in safe conditions. From this follows the need to create robots that will be able to work by themselves either in autonomous mode or in remote control mode. At the same time, the task of detecting sources of combustion, which can be solved by a mobile robot equipped with specific sensors, is extremely urgent. Therefore, the task of developing an interactive control system for such a robot becomes urgent. The subject of this study is a mobile robot control program. The purpose of this article is to improve the efficiency of the fire safety system through the development of a mobile robot with appropriate sensors, as well as an interactive control system. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: analyze the methods of creating prototypes of mobile robots, develop a structural diagram of a mobile robot, choose components, choose the necessary sensors based on the goals of ensuring fire safety, develop an automated control system based on a modern single-board computer and intuitively develop clear operator interface. Conclusions: as a result of research, a structural diagram of a mobile robot was developed, its components were selected, it was assembled, equipped with sensors, and software was created that allows you to control it interactively. The developed prototype of a mobile robot will reduce the risk of fires and the need for human intervention, ensuring an operational response to danger. In addition, a mobile robot with the ability to independently navigate and recognize danger will ensure the optimization of work processes at various enterprises, or to check dangerous areas, improve the safety of workers or people around and reduce material costs. The result of the work is a functioning robot prototype with an implemented interactive control system

Pengaruh Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen Dengan Four Lever’s Of Control Model Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Di Perusahaan Manufaktur Kota Semarang Dengan Tingkat Kreativitas Sebagai Variabel Mediasi

This study attempts to ascertain the impact of the management control system with the levers of control model, which comprises belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic systems, and interactive systems on employee performance with a mediating variable, namely the degree of employee creativity. This form of research, which is quantitative, makes use of primary data collected by sending questionnaires to industrial businesses in Semarang, Central Java, through Google Form. 84 firm managers, including top and intermediate managers, participated in the survey as respondents. Based on the probability sampling approach, sampling was computed. Three different multiple linear regression techniques were used in this study to test three different hypotheses: (1) the effects of management control systems on worker productivity; (2) the effects of management control systems on worker creativity; and (3) the effects of management control systems and creativity as mediating factors on worker productivity. The results of this study show that the management control system, which consists of components of the belief system and interaction system, has a substantial impact on improving employee performance and creativity. Employee productivity and creativity are unaffected by this, and neither are the boundary system and diagnostic system characteristics. The creative variable also has the power to limit the management control system's effect on employee performance. 
 Keywords : Belief Systems, Boundary Systems, Interactive Control Systems, Diagnostic Control Systems, and Creativity

Experimental Study on HMCVT Adaptive Control of Cotton Pickers

Aiming at the stability of the output speed and the poor adaptability of the transmission system during the operation of a cotton picker, a control strategy of hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) for cotton pickers based on gray prediction and fuzzy PID is proposed. Firstly, the hardware and software of the existing hydraulic mechanical coupling transmission test-bed of cotton pickers are designed, and the HMCVT human-computer interaction measurement and control system is built by using LABVIEW 2020 software. Then, combined with the transmission theory, the control strategy and gray prediction model are designed. Finally, the continuity test, transmission efficiency test, and adaptive control verification test are carried out. The results show that as the input speed increases, the peak time of the pump motor output speed is prolonged, while the overall speed regulation process is smoother, and the output speed process of the HMCVT system is continuous. As the displacement ratio of the variable pump increases, the transmission efficiency of the hydraulic system increases accordingly, but the highest efficiency is around 0.8. At a working speed of 10 km/h, the transmission efficiency of the HMCVT system of the cotton picker is more than 80%, and the high efficiency of the mechanical system in the whole system makes up for the low efficiency of the hydraulic system, and the transmission efficiency of the cotton picker is the highest at 15–25 km/h. The speed under the adaptive control strategy is better, with good robustness to sudden torque changes and speed fluctuations in the range of ±0.0125% under external load conditions. This study provides a reference for future adaptive control of transmission output speed for heavy-duty vehicles and construction machinery.

A novel control approach to improve the stability of hybrid AC/DC microgrids

Overall, voltage and frequency(V/F) stability are essential in microgrids (MGs) to ensure reliable and high-quality power supply for critical loads and to support the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) while maintaining the stability of the power system. Therefore, V/F stability is particularly important for causes such as load balancing, quality of power supply, renewable energy integration, and grid stability. This study aims to introduce an interactive control system for hybrid MGs (HMGs) based on distributed energy resources (DERs). Here, the defined control strategy objective is to ensure the four system parameters’ stability, including voltage/frequency (V/F) and active/reactive (P/Q) power for the units. In this study, the research innovation consists of two layers. The first layer aims to adjust the unit V/F, using an internal voltage and current controller loop combined in the power droop controller (PDC). The second layer is concerned with the steady-state error minimization, created in the first layer due to the droop controller performance. Therefore, the secondary distributed V/F control strategies are designed based on finite-time consensus theory (FTCT) owing to its resistance and stability against various load perturbations and system disturbances, which makes flexible convergence time possible according to different user preferences and operating conditions. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed method strategy. Furthermore, the values of improving the amplitude of oscillations and fluctuations for V/F components vary from 0.02pu-0.2pu and 0.178pu-0.216pu, respectively.