Interactive System Research Articles

Flexible Magnetoelectric Fiber for Self-Powered Human-Machine Interactive.

Flexible large strain sensors are an ideal choice for monitoring human motion, but the current use of flexible strain gauges is hindered by the need for external power sources and long-term operation requirements. Fiber-based sensors, due to their high flexibility, excellent breathability, and the ease with which they can be embedded into everyday clothing, have the potential to become a novel type of wearable electronic device. This paper proposes a flexible self-powered strain sensing material based on the electromagnetic induction effect, composed of a uniform mixture of Ecoflex and Nd2Fe14B, which has good skin-friendliness and high stretchability of over 100%. The voltage output of the magnetoelectric composite fiber remains stable over 5000 stretch-release cycles, reaching up to 969 μV. Based on this novel sensing material, a remote smart car control scheme for a human-machine interaction system was designed, enabling real-time gesture interaction.

Design of Interactive Artificial Intelligence for Early Cognitive Diagnosis

Due to the aging population in South Korea, the proportion of elderly people aged 65 and over is expected to increase from 14.9% in 2019 to 46.5% by 2067. The number of elderly people per 100 working-age population (15-64 years old) is also anticipated to rise to 102.4 by 2067. Population aging is recognized as a social issue, leading to problems such as increased chronic diseases, higher levels of elderly isolation, and insufficient medical infrastructure. To solve the problem of cognitive decline, such as dementia due to the aging of the population, research is actively being conducted in various fields, such as simulating cognitive ability and learning, inference, prediction, and problem-solving using artificial intelligence deep learning technology in the form of a fusion of artificial intelligence and realistic content technology. This study is on an interactive cognitive early diagnosis training system using artificial intelligence. The speech recognition technology for early cognitive diagnosis uses Selvas AI (Artificial Intelligence)'s speech recognition STT (Speech to Text)-TTS (Text to Speech). AI speech recognition interaction can increase psychological safety through conversation with users. It evaluates cognition (dementia) using MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)-K (DS), and it is a system that evaluates seven cognitive areas through the CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease)-K analysis system. The design of interactive artificial intelligence for early cognitive diagnosis aims to improve the cognitive function and daily living abilities of the elderly population.

Maternal childhood trauma, caregiving behavior, and child cognitive development in the context of drug addiction.

Exposure to childhood trauma confers intergenerational risk on child development. However, the mechanism linking a mother's childhood trauma with her child's cognitive development remains poorly understood. This study recruited 71 mother-child dyads affected by substance use disorder from local, community-based, outpatient substance use treatment programs. Maternal exposure to childhood trauma, caregiving behavior, and child cognitive development were assessed in each mother-child dyad. These were measured through a comprehensive biopsychosocial interview, an observed dyadic interaction coded using the Coding Interactive Behavior system, and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Screening Test, respectively. We hypothesized that compromised caregiving behavior would mediate a negative relationship between maternal childhood trauma and child cognitive development. Analyses did not support this hypothesis. Specifically, maternal childhood trauma was not significantly associated with child cognitive development nor the four dimensions of maternal caregiving behavior. However, caregiving behavior (specifically maternal sensitivity and limit setting) was associated with child cognitive development, when controlling for maternal childhood trauma and child age. The lack of associations observed suggests that protective factors may buffer the intergenerational impact of childhood trauma. Furthermore, the relationship between quality of caregiving and child cognitive development highlights the importance of interventions which foster sensitive caregiving behaviors that may bolster child cognitive development in the context of maternal substance use disorder and maternal childhood trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluating a phone-based Interactive Voice Response system for reducing misinformation and improving malaria literacy

ABSTRACT In Burkina Faso, malaria remains a major issue despite the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), especially in underserved communities. A study assessed a mobile phone-based Interactive Voice Response (IVR) service in local languages to improve malaria health literacy. A randomized trial compared users of the local language version with those using a French version. The results showed a 30.33% increase in knowledge, 21.77% in attitude, and 35.38% in practice among the local language group, while the French group had lower improvements. Key factors for adoption included usability, privacy, trust, and compatibility. Participants preferred local language and voice interfaces, with younger users favoring games and older ones preferring text-based interfaces. This study highlights the potential of local language IVR to effectively boost malaria health literacy and combat misinformation in underserved areas.

Team-centered IDAC: Modeling and simulation of operating crew in complex systems - Part 2: Simulation aspects and application

Complex systems operations, such as Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), generally require professional operating teams. Factors associated with teamwork, such as inappropriate communication and coordination, are important contributing factors to accidents and unsafe behavior. The impact of crew interactions on team effectiveness and, consequently, on the entire system, has yet to be fully and quantitatively explored in high-risk environments such as NPPs. Since a team is an interactive social system, team-specific issues must be studied and evaluated from a “team perspective”—based on team dynamics and processes. This paper is a part of a two-papers series that presents a simulation-based Team Model for NPP control room operations. Part 1 describes the theoretical fundaments of the model and details its elements. The current paper, Part 2, describes the simulation aspects and a full application of the method to an NPP four-steam generator feedwater system pipe break. It presents how to set up the simulation elements, such as hardware and humans within a team, using MATLAB Simulink. The method is demonstrated through a case study of an NPP four-steam generator feed water system pipe break. The results are discussed and assessed against theoretical and experimental findings.

Assessing the Effects of Sensory Modality Conditions on Object Retention across Virtual Reality and Projected Surface Display Environments

Haptic feedback reportedly enhances human interaction with 3D data, particularly improving the retention of mental representations of digital objects in immersive settings. However, the effectiveness of visuohaptic integration in promoting object retention across different display environments remains underexplored. Our study extends previous research on the retention effects of haptics from virtual reality to a projected surface display to assess whether earlier findings generalize to 2D environments. Participants performed a delayed match-to-sample task incorporating visual, haptic, and visuohaptic sensory feedback within a projected surface display environment. We compared error rates and response times across these sensory modalities and display environments. Our results reveal that visuohaptic integration significantly enhances object retention on projected surfaces, benefiting task performance across display environments. Our findings suggest that haptics can improve object retention without requiring fully immersive setups, offering insights for the design of interactive systems that assist professionals who rely on precise mental representations of digital objects.

Lightweight Mutually Authenticated Key Exchange with Physical Unclonable Functions

Authenticated key exchange is desired in scenarios where two participants must exchange sensitive information over an untrusted channel but do not trust each other at the outset of the exchange. As a unique hardware-based random oracle, physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can embed cryptographic hardness and binding properties needed for a secure, interactive authentication system. In this paper, we propose a lightweight protocol, termed PUF-MAKE, to achieve bilateral mutual authentication between two untrusted parties with the help of a trusted server and secure physical devices. At the end of the protocol, both parties are authenticated and possess a shared session key that they can use to encrypt sensitive information over an untrusted channel. The PUF’s underlying entropy hardness characteristics and the key-encryption-key (KEK) primitive act as the root of trust in the protocol’s construction. Other salient properties include a lightweight construction with minimal information stored on each device, a key refresh mechanism to ensure a fresh key is used for every authentication, and robustness against a wide range of attacks. We evaluate the protocol on a set of three FPGAs and a desktop server, with the computational complexity calculated as a function of primitive operations. A composable security model is proposed and analyzed considering a powerful adversary in control of all communications channels. In particular, session key confidentiality is proven through formal verification of the protocol under strong attacker (Dolev-Yao) assumptions, rendering it viable for high-security applications such as digital currency.

Recognition and Scoring Physical Exercises via Temporal and Relative Analysis of Skeleton Nodes Extracted from the Kinect Sensor

Human activity recognition is known as the backbone of the development of interactive systems, such as computer games. This process is usually performed by either vision-based or depth sensors. So far, various solutions have been developed for this purpose; however, all the challenges of this process have not been completely resolved. In this paper, a solution based on pattern recognition has been developed for labeling and scoring physical exercises performed in front of the Kinect sensor. Extracting the features from human skeletal joints and then generating relative descriptors among them is the first step of our method. This has led to quantification of the meaningful relationships between different parts of the skeletal joints during exercise performance. In this method, the discriminating descriptors of each exercise motion are used to identify the adaptive kernels of the Constrained Energy Minimization method as a target detector operator. The results indicated an accuracy of 95.9% in the labeling process of physical exercise motions. Scoring the exercise motions was the second step after the labeling process, in which a geometric method was used to interpolate numerical quantities extracted from descriptor vectors to transform into semantic scores. The results demonstrated the scoring process coincided with the scores derived by the sports coach by a 99.5 grade in the R2 index.

An unsupervised machine learning-based profile system of Chinese researchers

The construction of researcher profiles is crucial for modern research management and talent assessment. Given the decentralized nature of researcher information and evaluation challenges, we propose a profile system for Chinese researchers based on unsupervised machine learning and algorithms. This system builds comprehensive profiles based on researchers’ basic and behavior information dimensions. It employs Selenium and Web Crawler for real-time data retrieval from academic platforms, utilizes TF-IDF and BERT for expertise recognition, DTM for academic dynamics, and K-means clustering for profiling. The experimental results demonstrate that these methods are capable of more accurately mining the academic expertise of researchers and performing domain clustering scoring, thereby providing a scientific basis for the selection and academic evaluation of research talents. This interactive analysis system aims to provide an intuitive platform for profile construction and analysis.

Design of a Capacitive Tactile Sensor Array System for Human-Computer Interaction.

This paper introduces a novel capacitive sensor array designed for tactile perception applications. Utilizing an all-in-one inkjet deposition printing process, the sensor array exhibited exceptional flexibility and accuracy. With a resolution of up to 32.7 dpi, the sensor array was capable of capturing the fine details of touch inputs, making it suitable for applications requiring high spatial resolution. The design incorporates two multiplexers to achieve a scanning rate of 100 Hz, ensuring the rapid and responsive data acquisition that is essential for real-time feedback in interactive applications, such as gesture recognition and haptic interfaces. To evaluate the performance of the capacitive sensor array, an experiment that involved handwritten number recognition was conducted. The results demonstrated that the sensor accurately captured fingertip inputs with a high precision. When combined with an Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network (ACGAN) algorithm, the sensor system achieved a recognition accuracy of 98% for various handwritten numbers from "0" to "9". These results show the potential of the capacitive sensor array for advanced human-computer interaction applications.

Challenging questions in Saudi press conferences

Press conferences that host high ranking officials have not been a common practice in Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, since 2020 this has changed clearly as Ministers have begun to appear in regular press conferences, a new format that requires examination and comparison to see the extent to which it is in line with the previous findings of this kind of interaction in western contexts. The current paper concentrates on examining the practice of challenging officials. The questions from these press conferences have been categorized using a framework that assesses aggressiveness through four aspects: initiative, directness, assertiveness, and hostility. The results show that journalists score a high level in the first dimension, but achieve generally low scores in the other three dimensions. The overall results indicate that journalists display a degree of initiative-taking and bring some concerns of the public to officials, but with a high proportion of cautious and non-assertive questions, an interaction system that avoids a high level of confrontation toward officials.

Denifanstat for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial.

Denifanstat, an oral fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor, blocks de-novo lipogenesis, a key pathway driving progressive lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This study aimed to examine the safety and efficacy of denifanstat for improving liver histology in individuals with MASH and moderate to advanced fibrosis. This multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial was conducted at 100 clinical sites in the USA, Canada, and Poland. After a screening period of up to 90 days, participants aged 18 years and older with biopsy-confirmed MASH and stage F2 or F3 fibrosis were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either 50 mg oral denifanstat or placebo once per day for 52 weeks. Participants were dynamically allocated to treatment groups via a centrally administered interactive web-based response system and stratified by type 2 diabetes, region, and fibrosis stage. Investigators, patients, and the sponsor were masked to group allocation until database lock. The primary efficacy endpoints were a 2-point or greater improvement in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) without a worsening of fibrosis or MASH resolution with a 2-point or greater improvement in NAS without a worsening of fibrosis at week 52, assessed by intention to treat. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04906421, and is closed for enrolment. Of the 1087 individuals screened between June 2, 2021, and June 28, 2022, 168 eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive a dose of 50 mg denifanstat once per day (n=112) or placebo (n=56). All 168 participants (100 female, 68 male) received at least one dose of study treatment. In the ITT population, 42 (38%) of 112 participants in the denifanstat group had a 2-point or greater improvement in NAS without a worsening of fibrosis versus nine (16%) of 56 participants in the placebo group (common risk difference 21·0%, 95% CI 8·1-33·9; p=0·0035). 29 (26%) of 112 participants in the denifanstat group showed MASH resolution with a 2-point or greater improvement in NAS without a worsening of fibrosis compared with six (11%) of 56 participants in the placebo group (common risk difference 13·0%, 0·7-25·3; p=0·0173). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were COVID-19 (19 [17%] of 112 in the denifanstat group vs six [11%] of 56) in the placebo group, dry eye symptoms (ten [9%] of 112 vs eight [14%] of 56), and alopecia (21 [19%] of 112 vs two [4%] of 56). All adverse events considered to be related to the study drug were of grade 1 or grade 2. None of the serious adverse events (13 [12%] of 112 participants in the denifanstat group vs three [5%] of 56 in the placebo group) were considered drug-related. Treatment with denifanstat resulted in statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in disease activity, MASH resolution, and fibrosis. The results of this phase 2b trial support the advancement of denifanstat to phase 3 development. Sagimet Biosciences.

Domain decomposition with local time discretization for the nonlinear Stokes–Biot system

This work presents a domain decomposition method for the fluid-poroelastic structure interaction (FPSI) system, which utilizes local time integration for subproblems. To derive the domain decomposition scheme, we introduce a Lagrange multiplier and define time-dependent Steklov–Poincaré-type operators based on the interface conditions. These operators are employed to transform the coupled system into an evolutionary nonlinear interface problem, which is then solved using an iterative algorithm. This approach provides the flexibility to use different time discretization schemes and step sizes in subdomains, making it an efficient method for simulating multiphysics systems. We present numerical tests for both non-physical and physical problems to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this method.

Robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty outperforms manual technique in obese and overweight patients: a prospective comparative study.

With the increasing prevalence of obesity, there is growing awareness of the impact of overweight and obesity on total hip arthroplasty (THA). Research exploring the accuracy of acetabular component orientation in THA between robotic-assisted and manual techniques across different BMI categories is insufficient. This prospective study evaluated 221 patients who underwent THA with a Robotic Interactive Orthopaedic Arm system and 252 patients who underwent manual THA between March 2022 and January 2024. The patients were divided into four groups according to their BMI. We analysed whether there were differences in the accuracy of acetabular component positioning between robotic-assisted THA and manual THA across different BMI categories. In the overweight group, robotic-assisted THA achieved a significantly higher rate of abductions within the target range (73/6) than manual THA (62/28) (p = 0.000). Both abductions and anteversions within the target range were also significantly more frequent in the robotic-assisted THA group (69/10) than in the manual THA group (56/34) (p = 0.000). Among the obese patients, robotic-assisted THA showed a perfect record for anteversions within the target range (29/0), markedly outperforming manual THA (39/6) (p = 0.040). In the overweight (24kg/m² ≤ BMI < 28kg/m²) and obese (BMI ≥ 28kg/m²) groups, robotic-assisted THA demonstrates significantly greater accuracy in acetabular component positioning compared to manual THA. This indicates that robotic-assisted technology may provide a more precise positioning of the acetabular component in overweight and obese patients.

Gamification of virtual museum curation: a case study of Chinese bronze wares

Museums, which are among the most popular science institutions outside schools, are usually used to display and introduce historical culture and cultural relics to tourists. Text and audio explanations are used by traditional museums to popularize historical knowledge and science for tourists, and general interactive systems are based on desktops. This learning method is relatively boring in terms of experience. As a result, tourists have no desire or interest in actively exploring and learning about bronze ware, so they only have a basic understanding about bronze ware. Since most tourists are familiar with games, they are more likely to be attracted by game content and will actively explore and interact with it. In addition, a certain degree of reality is created by virtual reality technology and an immersive experience through head-mounted devices is provided to users. In this paper, we take Chinese bronzes as the research objects. We first use 3D laser scanners to obtain bronze models ; then, we build a virtual museum environment, and we finally design a virtual reality curation game based on this bronze digital museum. This game offers visitors an immersive museum roaming and bronze ware interactive experience. Through a combination of text, video learning, and games, visitors’ curiosity and desire to explore bronze ware are stimulated, and their understanding and ability to remember bronze ware knowledge can be deepened. In terms of cultural heritage, this game is also conducive to the spread of traditional Chinese bronze culture throughout the world.

Utilization of a Human Liver Tissue Chip for Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Induction Studies of Perpetrator and Victim Drugs.

Polypharmacy-related drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a significant and growing healthcare concern. An increasing number of therapeutic drugs on the market underscores the necessity to accurately assess new drug combinations during pre-clinical evaluation for DDIs. In vitro primary human hepatocytes (PHH) models are only applicable for short term induction studies due to their rapid loss of metabolic function. Though co-culturing non-human stromal cells with PHH has been shown to stabilize metabolic activity long-term, there are concerns about human specificity for accurate clinical assessment. In this study, we demonstrate a PHH-only liver microphysiological system (MPS) in the Liver Tissue Chip (LTC) is capable of maintaining long-term functional and metabolic activity of PHH from three individual donors, and thus a suitable platform for long-term DDI induction studies. The responses to rifampicin induction of three PHH donors were assessed using CYP activity and mRNA changes. Additionally, victim PK studies were conducted with midazolam (high clearance) and alprazolam (low clearance) following perpetrator drug treatment, rifampicin-mediated induction, which resulted in a 2-fold and a 2.6-fold increase in midazolam and alprazolam intrinsic clearance values respectively compared to the untreated liver MPS. We also investigated the induction effects of different dosing regimens of the perpetrator drug (rifampicin) on CYP activity levels, showing minimal variation in the intrinsic clearance of the victim drug (midazolam). This study illustrates the utility of the LTC for in vitro liver-specific DDI induction studies, providing a translational experimental system to predict clinical clearance values of both perpetrator and victim drugs. Significance Statement This study demonstrates the utility of the Liver Tissue Chip (LTC) with primary human hepatocyte (PHH)-only liver microphysiological system (MPS) for drug-drug interaction (DDI) induction studies. This unique in vitro system with continuous recirculation maintains long-term functionality and metabolic activity for up to 4 weeks, enabling the study of perpetrator and victim drug pharmacokinetics, quantification of drug-induced CYP mRNA and activity levels, investigation of patient variability, and ultimately clinical predictions.

Analysis of Robot–Environment Interaction Modes in Anguilliform Locomotion of a New Soft Eel Robot

Bio-inspired robots with elongated anatomy, like eels, are studied to discover anguilliform swimming principles and improve the robots’ locomotion accordingly. Soft continuum robots replicate animal–environment physics better than noncompliant, rigid, multi-body eel robots. In this study, a slender soft robot was designed and tested in an actual swimming experiment in a still-water tank. The robot employs soft pneumatic muscles laterally connected to a flexible backbone and activated with a rhythmic input. The position of seven markers mounted on the robot’s backbone was recorded using QualiSys® Tracking Manager (QTM) 1.6.0.1. The system was modeled as a fully coupled fluid–solid interaction (FSI) system using COMSOL Multiphysics® 6.1. Further data postprocessing and analysis were conducted, proposing a new mode decomposition algorithm using simulation data. Experiments show the success of swimming with a velocity of 28 mm/s and at a frequency of 0.9 Hz. The mode analysis allowed the modeling and explanation of the fluctuation. Results disclose the presence of traveling waves related to anguilliform waves obtained by the superposition of two main modes. The similarities of the results with natural anguilliform locomotion are discussed. It is concluded that soft robot undulation is ruled by dynamic modes induced by robot–environment interaction.

Port-Hamiltonian Structure of Interacting Particle Systems and Its Mean-Field Limit

Port-Hamiltonian Structure of Interacting Particle Systems and Its Mean-Field Limit

Continuous glucose monitoring-based metrics and the duration of hypoglycaemia events with once-weekly insulin icodec versus once-daily insulin glargine U100 in insulin-naive type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of ONWARDS 1

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can provide a comprehensive assessment of glycaemic control. This exploratory analysis of the ONWARDS 1 trial assessed CGM-based metrics and CGM-derived hypoglycaemia duration in insulin-naive individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with subcutaneous once-weekly insulin icodec (icodec) versus once-daily insulin glargine U100 (glargine U100). ONWARDS 1 was a 78-week (52-week main treatment phase and a 26-week treatment extension phase plus a 5-week follow-up), randomised, open-label, treat-to-target, phase 3a trial done at 143 sites (outpatient clinics and hospital departments) across 12 countries. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c: 7·0-11·0%) who had not previously received insulin were randomly assigned (1:1) via an interactive web-response system to once-weekly icodec or once-daily glargine U100. Double-masked CGM data were collected during treatment initiation (weeks 0-4), midtrial (weeks 22-26), end of main phase (weeks 48-52), end of extension phase (weeks 74-78), and follow-up (weeks 78-83). Secondary and exploratory outcomes were CGM-based metrics, including the mean percentages of time in glycaemic range (TIR; sensor glucose 3·9-10·0 mmol/L [70-180 mg/dL]), time in tight range (TITR; 3·9-7·8 mmol/L [70-140 mg/dL]), time above range (TAR; >10·0 mmol/L [>180 mg/dL]), and time below range (TBR; <3·9 mmol/L [<70 mg/dL] and <3·0 mmol/L [<54 mg/dL]), and CGM-derived hypoglycaemic episode durations (episodes defined by sensor glucose <3·9 mmol/L [<70 mg/dL for ≥15 consecutive minutes]). Analyses were done in the full analysis set (all randomly assigned participants). The ONWARDS 1 trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04460885, and is complete. Participants were enrolled and randomly assigned in ONWARDS 1 between Nov 25, 2020, and Dec 1, 2022 (n=492 in each treatment group). During treatment initiation, we observed no statistically significant differences in the mean percentages of TIR, TITR, TAR, and TBR with icodec versus glargine U100. During the midtrial, end of main phase, and end of extension phase periods, the mean percentages of TIR and TITR were statistically significantly greater and the mean percentages of TAR statistically significantly lower with icodec versus glargine U100. The mean percentages of TIR met the internationally recommended CGM target (>70%) with icodec but not with glargine U100 during the three periods. TBR (<3·9 mmol/L [<70 mg/dL] and <3·0 mmol/L [<54 mg/dL]) was low and below recommended targets (<4% and <1%, respectively) across all study periods in both treatment groups, with no statistically significant differences between treatment groups for the lower threshold (<3·0 mmol/L [<54 mg/dL]). During the follow-up period, mean percentages of TIR, TITR, TAR, and TBR did not statistically significantly differ with icodec versus glargine U100. The duration of overall hypoglycaemic episodes was similar between treatment groups throughout the trial (median duration ≤35 min). These CGM data support the long-term efficacy and safety of icodec versus glargine U100 during treatment and indicated no increase in the duration of individual hypoglycaemic episodes with icodec versus glargine U100 in insulin-naive individuals with type 2 diabetes. Novo Nordisk.

Exploring the Impact of Positive Levers of Control on Organisational Resilience: The Mediating Role of Open Innovation

This study explores how positive control levers (belief systems and interactive control systems) affect organisational resilience, focusing on the role of open innovation as a mediator. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered to business managers and analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The sample comprised 349 Moroccan industrial companies. The results demonstrate that positive control levers significantly impact open innovation and organisational resilience. Additionally, open innovation acts as a mediator, indirectly influencing the relationship between positive control levers and organisational resilience. This study contributes to the limited empirical research on management control systems by highlighting the importance of positive control tools and open innovation in developing sustainable organisational resilience.