Intersystem Interactions Research Articles

Synchronization of Endogenous Somato- and Visceromotor Activities in Rats in Ontogenesis

It is shown in the experiments on rat pups at the age from neonatal to the end of the 3rd week that bursts of spontaneous somatosensory excitation characteristic of altricial animals at the early postnatal ontogenesis have a pronounced tendency for synchronization with oscillations of the electrical activity level in the antral part of the gastric wall and duodenum. These oscillations represent the so-called secondary rhythms that superpose basic rhythms and are responsible for intersystem interactions. Since the 2nd week after birth the synchronization level decreases essentially. Vagotomy performed at this period increases again the synchronization, which suggests the desynchronizing role of parasympathetic innervation in the process of development.

Concerning the amplitude modulation of the human EEG

Amplitude-modulated processes can be formally presented as a product of two or more sinusoids. This makes it possible to study them by means of analysis of multiplicative phenomena using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). To assess the contribution of amplitude EEG modulation to the dynamic of electrical activity of the human brain, the results of the FFT of simulated signals obtained by multiplication of oscillatory processes with different parameters were compared with the results of the FFT of a single EEG recording from a subject at rest. We studied the temporal dynamics of spectral components calculated with different spectral resolution under similar conditions for real and simulated signals. An attempt was made to analyze and interpret the amplitude-modulated EEG processes using the additive properties of the FTT. It was shown that processes of amplitude modulation are present in electrical brain activity and determine the synchronism of changes in time in the majority of frequency components of the EEG spectrum. The presence of the amplitude modulation in bioelectrical processes is of a fundamental nature, since it is a direct reflection of the control, synchronization, regulation, and intersystem interaction in the nervous and other body systems. The study of this modulation gives a clue to the mechanisms of these processes.

Formation of the Interaction between the Wave Components of the Main EEG Rhythms in Children up to Five Years of Age

Using the analysis of the interaction between EEG components [1], the authors studied the regularities of the formation of the EEG wave structure in 36 children aged 4 to 7 months, 2 to 3 years, and 4 to 5 years. The EEG of 4- to 7-month-old children had a relatively organized temporal structure, whose components were connected mainly with those of the slow-wave range. This structure is reproduced in most of the leads and is more stable in the anterior cortical areas than in the posterior ones. The waking 2- to 5-year-old children had two “functional” nuclei in the relation structure of the EEG components characterized by statistically significant enhancement in the probability of the consecutive appearance of waves of certain ranges. These nuclei include a slow-wave nucleus in the range of the Δ2–θ1-frequencies and an “alpha”-nucleus in the α1- and α2-ranges (θ2 and α1 2- to 3-year-old children) of the EEG frequencies. The relations between the components of the slow-wave nucleus begin to form in infants, prevail in 2- to 3-year-old children, and weaken by the age of 4 to 5 years. A trend is observed in 2- to 5-year-old children towards an increase in the average frequency of the waves that form the slow-wave nucleus. The temporal (strengthening interaction between the waves) and spatial organization of the interaction between the wave components of the “alpha”-nucleus is accelerated at the age of 4 to 5 years. The average frequency of the components forming this nucleus gradually increases with the children's age from 4 to 7 months to 4 to 5 years. Competitive relations exist between the two nuclei, characterized by a significant decrease in the probability of transitions between the components of different nuclei. The θ2-component may play a special role of the connecting link between the nuclei at the age of 4 to 5 years, the interwave transition from the Δ- to θ-frequencies and from the latter to the α-range being effected by a leaplike rather than smooth frequency increase. The character of local and spatial rearrangements of the EEG temporal structure detected in this study reflects a gradual morphofunctional maturation of the brain as a system that maintains the specific features of self-regulation mechanisms and coordination of the intersystem interactions at various stages of a child's development.

The development of the Intersystem Model

A nursing model has been developed which guides curriculum development and nursing practice at Azusa Pacific University School of Nursing; the Intersystem Model. It is a model which focuses on the interaction between nurse and patient/client and requires that the nurse assess the knowledge base, the values and the behaviours that are brought to a specific patient situation by both the nurse and the patient/client. Using the system concepts of supra and subsystems, person can be defined as the individual, the family or the community. An intrasystem assessment of the biological, psychosocial and spiritual subsystems of the person is carried out, as well as an assessment of the developmental environment. The developmental environment consists of all the events, factors and influences which have made the person what he is at the time he enters a specific encounter requesting nursing action for an illness situation he is unable to resolve independently. Positive and negative variables are identified and a score on sense of coherence is assigned. Sense of coherence is a construct which includes three components: comprehensibility, meaningfulness and manageability. In using the model, each component is scored from low to high. Through a collaborative process, a joint plan of care is developed in order to increase the sense of coherence the patient/client experiences about the health problem and the plan is evaluated by rescoring on sense of coherence. An example of how the Intersystem Model has been used with a diabetic patient in the community is presented, as well as diagrams illustrating the way the nursing process is carried out in intersystem interaction.

The use of high magnetic fields in the spectroscopy of simple atoms and molecules

This paper will briefly review the use of moderate and high magnetic fields in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Magnetically tuned anticrossing experiments between electronic states of different multiplicity (e.g. singlet-triplet and doublet-quartet) have considerably advanced our knowledge of intersystem interactions and separations. Systems studied include some of the simplest and most important atoms and molecules: He, H 2, He 2, CN, NO and O 2 +. Laser magnetic resonance experiments have also benefited from the use of high magnetic fields. Recent experiments on Rydberg states of He with CO 2 laser radiation have not only measured accurately zero-field separations and Zeeman tuning parameters but have also discovered an entirely new spectral lineshape caused by the motional Stark field seen by the atoms moving in the magnetic field. High magnetic fields have also been found to be useful in the study of atomic collisional processes, and some of these applications will be briefly surveyed.

On the interaction between charged linear harmonic oscillators

A systematic investigation, including the effect of retardation, is given for the interaction of two one-dimensional harmonic oscillators. The comment of Reinecke and Ruder [1], where a repulsive character for the force over a certain region of separation has been described, is shown to arise because of permanent moments implicit in the model. The calculation of the potential energy is made using quantum electrodynamics with all the intersystem interaction being mediated by photons: the method allows the calculation of the next term in inverse powers ofR.

Electron paramagnetic resonance in exchange-coupled systems with unlike spins. II. The intermediate-coupling regime

We analyze the transverse dynamic magnetic susceptibility of an isotropic exchange-coupled system with unlike spins in a uniform external field. An approximate theory for the susceptibility is developed which interpolates between results obtained previously in the limits of strong and weak intersystem coupling. The expression for the susceptibility involves both thermodynamic and relaxation parameters, both of which are shown to be related to various spin-spin correlation functions. When the equal-time correlation functions are evaluated by treating the intersystem interactions in the molecular-field approximation, the resulting expression for the susceptibility is equivalent in form to that obtained from Bloch equations derived by Barnes and Zitcova-Wilcox in their analysis of the resonance of magnetic impurities in metallic hosts.

The Theory of the Magnetic Quenching of Iodine Fluorescence and ofΛ-Doubling inΠ03States

A theoretical basis is given for Turner's proposal that the magnetic quenching of iodine fluorescence is a predissociation phenomenon. To this end it is shown that a magnetic field introduces matrix elements in the Hamiltonian function between the ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{+}$ and ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (or possibly the ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{+}$ and ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{0}}^{+}$) states, respectively stable and unstable in ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$. This confirms Mulliken's assignment of ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{+}$ to the upper state of the halogen visible bands. The magnetic field has a unique role for so-called ${0}^{+}$, ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ levels because perturbations between these particular states cannot arise from rotational distortion, the cause of the usual Kronig predissociation, or from electric fields unless they are very large or else markedly inhomogeneous. The magnetic quenching should be independent of the rotational quantum number (section 5) and should depend on field strength in the form $\frac{b{\mathfrak{H}}^{2}}{(a+b{\mathfrak{H}}^{2})}$. The observed mode of frequency dependence demands that in ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ the potential curves of ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{+}$, ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states, which are the two components of a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-doublet, be extremely close for certain values of $r$ or else actually cross each other. This crossing is shown to be theoretically possible under certain conditions. The possibility of magnetic predissociation in other molecules is also discussed. The predissociation due to collision observed by Turner, Kaplan, and others probably arises because electric fields can blend $u$ and $g$ states, and also ${0}^{+}$ and ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states if inhomogeneous.Incidental points in halogen band spectra are discussed. Schlapp's intensity theory confirms Brown's assignment of $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{1}$ to his new level in ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$. A calculation is given showing why the ${^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}}^{+}$ level in ICl appears derived from $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}(\mathrm{I})+^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{Cl})$ when configuration theory (the non-crossing rule) suggests $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}+^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$. An explicit mechanism is thus furnished for Brown and Gibson's interpretation of the predissociation of ICl published elsewhere in this issue.The writer's previous formulas for the width of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-doublets in $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0}$ states are extended to include investigation of the sign of the doublet and the perturbations from $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $^{5}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ states previously omitted although coordinate in importance with those from $^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$. The need of considering these inter-system interactions is caused by the fact that the doubling is a second rather than first order spin-orbit effect. The structural form of the secular determinants inclusive of spin-orbit terms is exhibited for molecules arising from $^{2}P+^{2}P$, $^{2}P+^{2}P^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and $^{2}P+^{2}S$.