Interregional Scale Research Articles

Synthesizing Hopewell Archaeology

Once every generation or so, a major volume has appeared that has made a profound difference in the way both the archaeological profession and the general public thinks about Hopewell in eastern North America. In the 1960s, Caldwell and Hall produced an edited volume entitled Hopewellian Studies that widely introduced the concept of a Hopewell interaction sphere. In the late 1970s, Brose and Greber's Hopewellian Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference brought together, for the first time, a wealth of case studies from across the continent, defining the full geographic extent of Hopewell. In the mid-1990s two volumes appeared, A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, edited by Pacheco, and Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, edited by Dancey and Pacheco, that refined this broad perspective, and simultaneously began to document the settlement systems of the people who created Hopewell, in the heartland and beyond. Two new volumes have just appeared, and are likely to have a similar impact. Syntheses of Hopewell archaeology have been dominated by edited volumes in recent years, replacing an earlier tradition of single-authored works, such as Gerard Fowke's masterful Archaeological History of Ohio ( 1 902) or the overviews of Shetrone ( 1 930) and Thomas (1894), the latter two encompassing sites far beyond Hopewell, but remaining great sources of insight and description about this culture. The two volumes examined here reflect something of a return to the earlier tradition. The Hopewell Episode is the work of one scholar (Byers), while Gathering Hopewell is clearly a team effort, albeit one whose approach was greatly shaped by the theoretical and methodological perspective of one person (Carr). While edited volumes provide varying perspectives, there is a lot to be said for the extensive exploration of a topic using one approach or overarching theoretical framework. These two new volumes do not disappoint in this regard. Gathering Hopewell, edited by Chris Carr and Troy Case, is a book that I predict will, as its message becomes known, have an impact as great as any of the earlier syntheses that have appeared. A superbly written, edited, and illustrated volume, sturdily and attractively produced by the publisher, it is well worth the price. Given that a paperback version is now being released, this volume is readily accessible, and there is no reason why it should not be on the shelf, and its general message in the heads, of anybody serious about North American prehistory. What is the message of this volume? That Hopewell life and practice, in all its richness and complexity, at the local and interregional scale, can be grasped and understood through archaeological research. For what I believe is the first time in American archaeology, a rich sense of hat a prehistoric culture could have been like (and given the analytical effort and evidence, probably was like) is presented in a level of detail and a richness of text comparable to that of the finest ethnographies, differing only in the sources and emphases of its interpretations. This is a scholarly and scientific product, solidly grounded in theory and data, but it is much more, a massive yet integrated constellation of information, ideas, and interpretations that I believe will challenge and inspire researchers interested in Hopewell for decades to come. Gathering Hopewell is dedicated to Stuart Struever,

Homo habitus: agency, structure and the transformation of tradition in the constitution of the TRB foraging-farming communities in the North European plain (ca 4500–2000 BC)

The current generally accepted view of the dispersal of farming into Europe is that farming groups in the eastern Mediterranean colonised selectively optimal farming areas. The role of contact between indigenous hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers was very important to the operation of this process. This general view of the spread of farming at a broad inter-regional scale gives us our understanding of the origins of the Neolithic but merits closer examination at the local and regional level, as increasingly it is becoming apparent that the causes and motivations may have differed. In this paper, Mesolithic to Neolithic communities with evidence of the transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer will be examined at a regional scale, in the central part of the north European plain, focussing on Kujavia. Additionally, the theory of structuration will be applied in order to elucidate the transition process at this level.

Diffusion of Scale Effects between European Regions

This paper develops a multi regional growth model of the second generation type with horizontal and vertical innovations. Technology goods are tradable between regions, creating a regional analogy of the weak scale effect introduced by Jones (2004). Per capita production in one region is a function of the weighted population sizes of trading partner regions. Thus the scale of partner regions diffuses between them. This result is empirically tested using data on the NUTS regions of the EU 15. A highly significant relationship is found between per capita GDP and an interregional scale variable, defined as a weighted sum of the populations of all EU 15 regions.

Martín Almagro Basch, Fernando Gil Carles y el Corpus de Arte Rupestre Levantino

The Corpus of Levantine Rock Art [CARL] (1971-1976) is a compilation, as yet unmatched in quality, of color photographs and contextual information on three quarters of the paintings known in Mediterranean Spain. Our reconstruction of its genesis is based on published literature, archival records, and oral history (the last of these constituting a particularly important source for the history of science). Its formation by the prehistorian M. Almagro Basch and the photographer F. Gil Carles illustrates the institutional, personal, and economic context of research in the Franco era. We emphasize Almagro’s contributions in studying, documenting and protecting the art and in resorting to an external purveyor within a scientific project. Gil Carles’s training, his work and his innovative classification of the material (described here for the first time) made him Spain’s first heritage photographer. The article shows how the combined efforts of the two made the CARL the only systematic Spanish photographic archive built on an interregional scale and with explicit criteria.

Oligocene dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of the southern North Sea Basin

The Rupelian (Lower Oligocene) and Chattian (Upper Oligocene) stratotype sections are both defined on the basis of the southern North Sea Basin sedimentary successions. The characterisation of biotic events occurring within the stratotypes (and equivalents) is vital for the recognition of these stages outside the North Sea Basin. Although the restricted marine setting of the North Sea Basin during most of the Paleogene clearly hampers ‘traditional’ calcareous microfossil calibration, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) are increasingly successful in the stratigraphic analysis and calibration of the marginal-marine North Sea Basin successions. Here we present a high-resolution Oligocene dinocyst biostratigraphic zonation scheme for the southern North Sea Basin based on previously published and new dinocyst studies from Belgium, northern Germany and The Netherlands. Eight (southern) North Sea Oligocene (NSO) dinocyst zones (biozones) and four subzones are here defined. Their application on a regional and inter-regional scale is discussed. The stratigraphic important Late Oligocene dinocyst taxon Triphragmadinium demaniae gen. and sp. nov. is formally described.

Evaluation of Interregional Transport Using the MM5–SCIPUFF System

Abstract Improved understanding of transport issues and source–receptor relationships on the interregional scale is dependent on reducing the uncertainties in the ability to define complex three-dimensional wind fields evolving in time. The numerical models used for this purpose have been upgraded substantially in recent years by introducing finer grid resolution, better representation of subgrid-scale physics, and practical four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) techniques that reduce the accumulation of errors over time. The impact of these improvements for interregional transport is investigated in this paper using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Second-Order Closure Integrated Puff (SCIPUFF) dispersion model to simulate the 1983 Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX-83) episode 1 of 18–19 September 1983. Combining MM5 and SCIPUFF makes it possible to verify predicted tracer concentrations against observed surface concentrations collected during the CAPTEX-83 study. Conclusions from this study are as follows. 1) Not surprisingly, a baseline model configuration reflecting typical capabilities of the late 1980s (70-km horizontal grid, 15 vertical layers, older subgrid physics, and no FDDA) produced large meteorological errors that severely degraded the accuracy of the surface tracer concentrations predicted by SCIPUFF. 2) Improving the horizontal and vertical resolution of the MM5 to 12 km (typical for current operational model) and 32 layers led to some improvements in the statistical skill, but the further addition of more advanced physics produced much greater reductions of simulation errors. 3) The use of FDDA, along with 12-km resolution and improved physics, produced the overall best performance. 4) Further reduction of the horizontal grid size to 4 km had a detrimental effect on meteorological and plume-dispersion solutions in this case because of misrepresentation of convection associated with a cold front by the MM5's explicit moist physics.

Impacts of IT Advances and E‐commerce on Transportation in Producer Services

ABSTRACT Producer services have been among the most rapidly growing industries, as measured by employment, in the United States and in Europe in recent decades. The production and delivery of these specialized forms of service industry work require the use of transportation and communications systems in a variety of ways, including the physical movement of people working in these industries, as well as the movement of the information related to the production and distribution of their work. Some of this work is performed in localized markets, requiring travel between clients and suppliers in local transportation modes, such as auto, bus, or other types of transportation. Other work is done by specialists who travel interregionally and globally to do their work, primarily traveling to their clients. There is little knowledge of how these production relationships have changed with the advent of the Internet and the widespread use of e‐mail in the business production process. Within the framework of this STELLA initiative, this paper outlines research needs in this area, and frames an approach that would produce badly needed knowledge about impacts on the producer services of the Internet and related e‐commerce initiatives on physical transportation systems at a local to interregional scale.

Early Cambrian phytoplankton diversification and appearance of trilobites in the Swedish Caledonides with implications for coupled evolutionary events between primary producers and consumers

The newly examined Lower Cambrian strata in the Laisvall-Storuman area, central Swedish Caledonides, yield diverse and stratigraphically significant phytoplanktic organic-walled microfossils (acritarchs) associated with the olenellid trilobites of Holmia sp. that appear to be at the lowermost horizon ever recorded in the Caledonides. The acritarchs, recovered throughout the Grammajukku Formation, are taxonomically reviewed in the context of regional and global trends of phytoplankton diversity. The assemblages are assigned to acritarch zones Skiagia ornata-Fimbriaglomerella membranacea and Heliosphaeridium dissimilare-Skiagia ciliosa, corresponding to the Schmidtiellus mickwitzi and Holmia kjerulfi trilobite zones. The records of acritarch radiations and appearances of trilobites and other faunas in Baltica, and on a more interregional scale, are biochronologically correlated, revealing tightly coupled evolutionary events among primary producers and consumers. The timing of early diversifications of trilobites in various faunal provinces is discussed and the relative age of the oldest known non-mineralized arthropods from the Zawiszyn Formation in Poland is estimated.

Deterioration of atlantic soft water macrophyte communities by acidification, eutrophication and alkalinisation

This review presents an overview of the most important succession patterns and underlying processes associated with the deterioration of soft water macrophyte communities in atlantic and boreo-atlantic regions. As acidification, eutrophication and alkalinisation are the dominant processes, this paper will focus on the successional changes caused by these processes. Observed differences in the succession between soft waters in different areas in Europe are discussed. Most attention has been given to vegetation changes related to acidification, as most research has been carried out on this topic. In acidifying formerly slightly calcareous aquatic systems, a transition takes place from isoetid and other soft water plant communities to vegetation dominated by submerged Sphagnum mosses and Juncus bulbosus forma fluitans. Regional surveys show that this transition is not very common in acidified lakes in Norway, Finland, Canada, and North America. However, the opposite seems to be true for some southern Swedish lakes, some Scottish lakes, lakes in the West European lowlands (The Netherlands and Germany) and also recently for some southern Norwegian lakes. The calcium bicarbonate content of the sediment seems to be an important explanatory variable, as well as the availability and form of inorganic nitrogen. In West European lakes, isoetids disappear during the acidification process. Elsewhere, although Sphagnum mosses and J. bulbosus develop, isoetids continue to coexist. In this paper, it is hypothesized that the succession seen in soft waters outside the West European lowlands has not yet reached the final stage in which isoetids disappear. Thus, the most dramatic deterioration of soft water macrophyte communities has occurred in the West European lowlands, where the number of isoetid sites has decreased dramatically. The West European systems are substantially smaller and shallower than those elsewhere. The morphology of soft water systems is important in determining the way eutrophication becomes manifest. In larger and deeper systems, planktonic algal growth causes a higher turbidity, whilst in smaller and shallower systems lemnids and ricciellids may expand. For a better understanding of the successional differences between soft waters on an interregional scale, further research and cooperation is needed, in which vegetation, physico-chemical and atmospheric deposition data are integrated.

Democracy and Globalization

One of the most conspicuous features of politics at the turn of the millennium is the emergence of issues which transcend national frontiers. Processes of economic internationalization, the problem of the environment and the emergence of regional and global networks of communication are increasingly matters of concern for the international community as a whole. The nature and limits of national democracies have to be reconsidered in relation to processes of social and economic globalization; that is, in relation to shifts in the transcontinental or interregional scale of human social organization and of the exercise of social power. This paper seeks to explore these changing circumstances and to examine, albeit tentatively, their implications for democratic theory.

Does Nitrogen Cycle?: Changes in the Spatial Dynamics of Nitrogen with Industrial Nitrogen Fixation

Industrialization of the N cycle after World War II made new spatial dimensions in the movement of N in agriculture and society possible. Nitrogen fertilizer consumption in the USA increased from less than 0.5 million tonslyr in 1940 to more than 11 million tons/yr in 1980. Not only were crop and animal productivity increased with the increased availability, but specialized crop production and animal production regions developed. With N fertilizer available, N in feeds imported to animal production regions does not have to be returned to sustain crop production. Therefore, understanding the biology of N in the farm-level N cycle in either type of production region will be insufficient to understand the consequences of the oneway transfers of N between production regions. An environmental issue associated with the industrialization of N fixation is the depletion of nonrenewable fossil energy reserves to produce and transport fertilizers and agricultural products. Another is the reduced efficiency of N use in crop production as a result of increasing N inputs and the extent of the areas planted to N-fertilized crops. Nitrogen accumulation in manure in animal production regions poses another threat to the environment. Resolving contentious environmental issues may depend on research and management approaches that are consistent with the new spatial dimensions of N movement and the interests of all stakeholders. Research Question Fertilizer N and animal manure are often implicated in the claims of environmental pollution from agriculture. This study attempts to evaluate the changes in agriculture and society that have taken place since fertilizer N became widely available. Understanding these changes may provide the basis for a comprehensive approach to reducing N losses from agriculture. Literature Summary The history of fertilizer use in the USA clearly documents the dramatic increase in fertilizer N use since the mid-1940s. Historic approaches to dealing with the movement of N in the environment and agriculture generally focus on N “cycling.” Recent developments in ecological theories suggest that observations of the world at different scales can provide new ways to organize information and stimulate new insights into every day activities. Study Description Agricultural statistics about fertilize N use, crop and animal productivity, and the locations of crop and animal production were evaluated to determine if N cycles within the existing managed pathways of agriculture and society. Applied Questions Does N cycle? Fertilizer N use in the USA increased from less than 0.5 million tons/yr to over 11 million in less than 50 yr. Also, the concentration of fertilizer N use moved from the southeastern USA to the north central USA. This change in fertilizer N use, especially for corn production, was accompanied by an increase in soybean production for the oilseed. Consequently, the basis for the concentration of animal production on few large farms outside the feed grain production areas was established. Even ruminant animal rations, such as for dairy cows, now emphasize concentrates, including corn and soybean oil meal. The spatial pattern of change in the relative importance of livestock and crop cash farm receipts to regional US agriculture was opposite to the new patterns in fertilizer N use. The difference between these two patterns reflects the ability to produce livestock and poultry outside the regions of intensive crop production. With the development of animal production regions, N no longer cycles within individual farm boundaries. Nitrogen in agriculture must be managed for efficient throughput in the crop production areas and for effective distribution as it accumulates in animal production regions. Will N cycling information help improve N management? Nitrogen management is no longer related only to the land base of an individual farm, but rather to the use of fertilizer N and animal feed as capital factors of production. Additional detailed farm-level N cycling information may provide limited improvements in N management to avoid unacceptable losses from agriculture. As an alternative, ways of measuring N movement in agriculture at regional and interregional scales must be researched. These new measurements and the resulting insights will complement new decisionmaking procedures that involve all the stakeholders in N management including farmers, community and business leaders, and the special interests of consumers and environmentalists. Current approaches to voluntary or regulatory change focus on farmer management of N recovery efficiency in crop production or different management of land-applied manure. With the separation of crop production and animal production, neither of these are adequate nor do they include all the stakeholders. Recommendation More emphasis should be placed on researching and monitoring the movement of N beyond the boundaries of individual farms and on developing comprehensive management approaches based on spatially extended N pathways, not just farm-level cycling. Better data for regional N budgets, new theories to organize large scale information, and new management procedures with multi-organizational participation to protect common water resources from N pollution should be developed.

Recent urban and population change in Poland

This paper documents recent changes in urban and population trends in Poland. These changes include a sharp decrease in the spatial mobility of the population, a transition from population concentration to deconcentration at inter-regional scale, and a weakening of the dominance of metropolitan core areas vis-à-vis metropolitan rings. Such trends typify many highly-urbanized countries today, and have been highlighted in recent geographical and planning literature. However, the current interregional, as well as intrametropolitan deconcentration trends in Poland are probably of transitional character and are likely to be discontinued in the 1990s. By then, rates of internal migration may be expected to increase again, since the large population cohorts bom in the 1970s will be entering the labour market. As a country at an intermediate, rather than late, urbanization and development level, Poland still seems rather distant from the point at which population deconcentration becomes the dominant trend at both the interregional and the urban scale.

Some Aspects of Rural Marketing Systems and Peasant Farming in Maridi District, Southern Sudan

It is well established by agricultural geographers that peasant farming is not exclusively 'subsistence-oriented' in the sense that all production is wholly for consumption--a certain proportion of the production may be available for sale in rural markets. The purpose of this paper is to assess briefly the role or importance of rural markets and how they, and transport systems, function to support agricultural specialization and trade. A nomenclature of rural markets and the organization of traders and their circulation patterns is elucidated as a mechanism of agricultural change and innovation diffusion, resulting in changing economic opportunities at intraand inter-regional scales. It is generally concluded that improvements in peasant farming systems must be accompanied by infrastructure development if rural marketing problems are to be

A reexamination of cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen δD measurements and some factors affecting plant-water D/H relationships

The method of Epstein et al. (1976) for analysis of D/H ratios of cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen has been modified. This modified “renitration” method yields δD values which are in agreement with those obtained by the sodium chlorite delignification method. Comparison of results obtained by the renitration method with the published results of Epstein et al. (1976) indicate some differences in the δD values of individual samples. However, the overall plant-water δD relationship determined by Epstein et al., is not greatly changed upon redetermination by the renitration method. Additional data from a variety of plants representing a wide geographical range reveal that relative humidity is an important variable in determining the δD value of cellulose C-H hydrogen on this inter-regional scale. The role of relative humidity can be reasonably explained by a leaf water model that assumes an isotopic steady-state during transpiration. These results reaffirm the conclusion of Epstein et al., that the δD variations of the source water are the dominant control of the δD variations of cellulose C-H hydrogen from naturally grown plants. Thus, there is an expectation that these cellulose δD variations can have climate significance.

The petrological characterisation of late Bronze Age ceramics from Knossos and Mycenae

This paper discusses the ceramic petrology of fine and coarse wares from Knossos and Mycenae. Many of the fine wares from Knossos contain foraminifera and are of sedimentary origin, while the majority of the coarse wares are of sedimentary origin. This suggests a differing emphasis of pottery production within the Knossos region. The clay sources for several of the Mycenae coarse fabrics are up to 30 km distant from Mycenae, and at least two fabrics were imported to the Argolid. Evidence is now accumulating that coarse wares circulated on a wider regional and inter-regional scale than hitherto suspected.

The role of multispectral imagery in elucidation of recent channel pattern changes in middle ganga plain

The mapability of Landsat images has opened up a new potentiality for study of channel pattern changes which was earlier not so easy due to nonavailability of suitable evidences at different timespans. Middle Ganga plain covering largely the northern part of Bihar and parts of eastern Uttar Pradesh is in a slate of perpetual flux due to large scale channel migration and avulsion resulting in devastating floods. Mosaic of three Landsat images has helped to study the channel changes which have occurred since 1935. The course of the river Ganga has beeh digitised along a basal line and two dimensional coordinates are taken at as many as more than fifty sample points for studying the magnitude and direction of channel changes during 1935–1975 period. The analysis shows that the main multiple channel river Ganga is under the huge hydrostatic thrust to be shifted towards south of its basin annually at a very high rate of 100 Meter per year all along the course except at its upstream near Ghazipur and at Monghyr where the shifting is towards north. The northward bend at Monghyr may be due to the presence of the Precambrian outliers here. For the multi-and single channelld tributaries of Ganga in channel behaviour is mainly in three directions—the lower water channels in the floodplain of Ganga are shifting to the south in conformity with that of their parent stream, the tributaries in Gogra-Gandak doab are shifting towards east but the shifting of the Kosi-Mahananda group of tributaries in the eastern part of the basin is towards west These channel pattern changes thus known at the interregional scale from the Landsat images may further be integrated with the study in hydrogeomorphology and their pertinent environmental impact.

Structuration De L'espace Problème Foncier et Aménagement Du Territoire

La dimension spatiale de l'articulation des modes de production, dans leurs différentes branches, est la constitution d'espaces régionaux inégalement développés. Sur cette base matérielle se développent à leur tour une nouvelle division du travail et de nouveaux schémas d'accumulation, différents selon les régions (‘centres’ ou ‘périphéries’). Au stade du capital monopoliste, celui-ci peut organiser à l'échelle interrégionale des ‘circuits de branche’ profitant au maximum des fractionnements du marché du travail. Cependant la localisation des activités économiques rencontre des contraintes extra-économiques, et notamment la propriété foncière. Non seulement le prix du sol n'est pas un guide suffisant du développement pour l'allocation de l'espace, mais encore la structure juridique de la propriété du sol, garantie des rapports sociaux hérités du passé, fait obstacle aux formes monopolistes d'appropriation de l'espace. C'est à ces deux niveaux que s'impose l'action de l'État dans l'aménagement du territoire.

Ethnic Studies: Teaching and Research Needs

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify problems in ethnic studies and to discuss several teaching approaches that we have used in an attempt to meet some of these needs. Some problems of research and teaching in the field of ethnic studies include: 1) lack of awareness of the current social meaning of ethnicity; 2) data deficiencies; 3) lack of sensitivity to problems of scale in spatial analysis; 4) the separation between teaching and research; and 5) limitations imposed by discipline-bounded viewpoints. The research-teaching approaches used in the effort to counter these problems were: 1) migration histories of students' families; 2) studies of ethnic settlement at interregional, intraregional, and intraurban scales; 3) the urban ethnic field trip; and 4) the metropolitan Detroit ethnic mapping project.

Recent geological cartographic work in Czechoslovakia

Mantle convection is a fundamental planetary process. Its plate mode is established and expressed by plate tectonics. Its plume mode also is established and expressed by interregional geological patterns. We developed both an event-based stratigraphic framework to illustrate the surface effects predicted by the plume model of Griffiths et al. (1989) and Griffiths and Campbell (1990) and a methodology to analyze continent-scale geological maps based on unconformities and hiatuses. The surface expression of ascending plumes lasts for tens-of-millions-of-years and rates vary over a few million years. As the plume ascends, its surface expression narrows, but increases in amplitude, leaving distinct geological and stratigraphic patterns in the geologic record, not only above the plume-head center, but also above its margins and in distal regions a few thousands-of-kilometers from the center. To visualize these patterns, we constructed sequential geological maps, chronostratigraphic sections, and hiatus diagrams. Dome-uplift with erosion (Şengör, 2001) and the flood basalts (Duncan and Richards, 1991; Ernst and Buchan, 2001a) are diagnostic starting points for plume-stratigraphic analyses. Mechanical collapse of the dome results in narrow rifting (Burke and Dewey, 1973), drainage-network reorganization (Cox, 1989), and flood-basalt eruption. In the marginal region, patterns of vertical movement, deformation and surface response are transient and complex. At first, the plume margin is uplifted together with the central region, but then it subsides as the plume ascents farther; With plume-head flattening, the plume margin experiences renewed outward-migrating surface uplift, erosion, broad crustal faulting, and drainage reorganization. Knickpoint migration occurs first inward-directed at ½ the rate of plume ascent and later outward-directed at the rate of asthenospheric flow. Interregional-scale unconformity-bounded stratigraphic successions document the two inversions. The distal regions, which did not experience any plume-related uplift, yield complete sedimentary records of the event; Event-related time gaps (hiatuses) in the sedimentary record increase towards the center, but the event horizon is best preserved in the distal region; it may be recognized by tracing its contacts from the center outwards. We extracted system- and series-hiatuses from interregional geological maps and built hiatus maps as proxies for paleo-dynamic topography and as a basis for comparison with results from numerical models. Interregional-scale geological maps are well suited to visualize plume-related geological records of dynamic topography in continental regions. However, geological records and hiatus information at the resolution of stages will be needed at interregional scales. The plume-stratigraphic framework is event-based, interregional, but not global, with time-dependent amplitudes that are significantly larger than those of global eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Global stratigraphic syntheses require integration of plate- and plume-stratigraphic frameworks before eustatic contributions may be assessed.