Intermedia Agenda Setting Research Articles

트위터의 매체 간 의제설정 : TV 토론 방송과 트위터의 여론 형성 과정에 관한 연구

본 연구는 기존의 대중매체를 통한 정보전달의 두 번째 단계로서의 트위터의 여론형성에 대한 탐색적 연구로서, 정당의 대중매체를 통한 메시지가 화자, 발언의 목적, 발언의 주제에 따라 트위터 이용자들이 어떤 여론을 형성하며 메시지를 재확산 시키고 있는지를 2012년 3차 대선토론 프로그램을 통해 탐구하고자 했다. 연구결과, TV토론이 트위터 이용자로 하여금 "대선후보 토론"이라는 공통된 의제에 주목시키고 트위터 상에서 관련 논의를 증가시켰다는 점에서 광의적으로는 매체 간 의제설정이 기능했다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 실제로 TV토론에서 정책 주제가 주로 다루어진 데 반해 트위터에서는 후보의 인간적 특성에 대한 논의가 주로 이루어졌으므로, TV토론과 관련된 세부적인 주제에 있어서 트위터는 TV토론과 독립적으로 분리된 별개의 여론을 형성하는 것으로 이해될 수 있다. 또한 트위터의 여론은 상대후보의 정치적 이상이나 인간적 자질에 대한 공격을 통해 다른 이용자들의 공감을 얻는 과정으로 형성이 되고 있었으며, 이데올로기와 도덕성이 주요 이슈인 것으로 나타났다. This study attempts to explore the inter-media agenda setting effect between television and Twitter based on the framework of the two-step flow theory. Twitter's increasingly important role in political communication can be effectively addressed by examining the process by which Twitter users form their opinions on television debate program. Content analyses of Twitter discussions after television debate of the Korean presidential candidates provided interesting insights into how Twitter's opinion leaders reflect on the televised debates. The results show that Twitter mentions rather focus on personality traits of the candidates while television debates emphasize the candiates' policy issues. Specifically, Twitter users mainly concentrated on the political ideology and morality of the candidates. In sum, Twitter seems to have its own way of influencing the public opinion separately from the television.

Agendamento intermidiático nas eleições 2012: relações entre redes sociais online e webjornais regionais em duas capitais brasileiras

O artigo tem como objetivo discutir o agendamento intermidiático entre as redes sociais dos candidatos à prefeitura de Belo Horizonte e Vitória e a cobertura dos webjornais regionais Em.com.br e Gazeta Online nas
 eleições municipais de 2012. Iniciamos uma discussão sobre as origens e a evolução das reflexões e pesquisas sobre agendamento e, em seguida, voltamo-nos para suas especificidades nas campanhas eleitorais contemporâneas.
 Após uma observação sistemática das matérias publicadas pelos dois webjornais e das postagens dos perfis oficiais dos candidatos, apresentamos as principais tendências do agendamento intermidiático nas campanhas das duas capitais. Na análise, destacamos significativas diferenças:
 em Vitória nota-se um forte agendamento intermidiático entre as redes sociais e os webjornais, enquanto em Belo Horizonte destaca-se um alinhamento de ambos com a agenda de campanha dos dois principais candidatos.
 
 Palavras-chave
 Agendamento. Intermídia. Eleições. Webjornais. Redes sociais online

Agenda Trending: Reciprocity and the Predictive Capacity of Social Networking Sites in Intermedia Agenda Setting across Topics over Time

In the contemporary converged media environment, agenda setting is being transformed by the dramatic growth of audiences that are simultaneously media users and producers. The study reported here addresses related gaps in the literature by first comparing the topical agendas of two leading traditional media outlets (New York Times and CNN) with the most frequently shared stories and trending topics on two widely popular Social Networking Sites (Facebook and Twitter). Time-series analyses of the most prominent topics identify the extent to which traditional media sets the agenda for social media as well as reciprocal agenda-setting effects of social media topics entering traditional media agendas. In addition, this study examines social intermedia agenda setting topically and across time within social networking sites, and in so doing, adds a vital understanding of where traditional media, online uses, and social media content intersect around instances of focusing events, particularly elections. Findings identify core differences between certain traditional and social media agendas, but also within social media agendas that extend from uses examined here. Additional results further suggest important topical and event-oriented limitations upon the predictive capacit of social networking sites to shape traditional media agendas over time.

Framing the 2008 Iowa Democratic Caucuses

This study identifies patterns of second-level intermedia agenda setting in the framing of the 2008 race for the Democratic U.S. presidential nomination through a content analysis of four major news sources, nine prominent political blogs across the partisan spectrum, and the press releases of the three leading candidates. A comparison of cross-lagged correlations in the four weeks prior to the Iowa caucuses reveals that the news media and the Hillary Clinton campaign had an intermedia agenda-setting effect. Rather than controlling the campaign narrative, political bloggers mostly followed the lead set by the journalists.

Agenda Trending: Reciprocity and the Predictive Capacity of Social Network Sites in Intermedia Agenda Setting across Issues over Time

This study examines the transformation of agenda setting in the converged user/producer media environment by comparing the topical issue agendas of two traditional media outlets (NY Times and CNN) with the trending agendas of two social network sites (Facebook and Twitter). Time-series analyses identify the extent to which traditional media inform the agenda for social media as well as reciprocal agenda-setting effects of social media topics entering traditional media agendas. Findings illustrate core differences between certain traditional and social media agendas, but also situate within social media agenda trends that extend from media uses considered here. Additional results further suggest important topical and event-oriented limitations upon the predictive capacity of social network sites to shape traditional media agendas over time.

Intermedia agenda-setting in the age of globalization: A multinational agenda-setting test

This study explores mass media’s agenda-setting function in a context of increased globalization to determine whether the theory, which was built upon intra-nation environments, functions in the global setting. It matches public agendas with media agendas to investigate agenda-setting effects in 11 countries worldwide, then compares media agendas across countries to consider whether inter-nation intermedia influence exists. Results suggest a general pattern of the agenda-setting function of mass media in the countries examined. The study finds evidence of inter-nation intermedia influence and thus presents a new way to look at the intermedia agenda-setting relationship – moving this research from comparisons within a local area to cross-national intermedia comparisons. Furthermore, this study checks for evidence of directional inter-nation intermedia agenda-setting. The findings suggest a complex inter-nation intermedia relationship and imply that, in the age of globalization, the simple ‘powerful West’ reasoning derived from the old days may need to be rethought and updated.

Creating, Perpetuating, or Negating a Fabricated Controversy: Tracking Flows of Influence between Traditional Media and the Political Blogosphere

On August 4, 1961, Barack Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. However, a sizable portion of voting-age Americans adhere to the belief that Obama was born outside the U.S. According to a recent CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll on the “birther controversy,” since the release of Obama’s long-form birth certificate, the number of polled Americans who doubt his birthplace declined but remains notable at 17%.This content analysis examined coverage of the birther controversy to determine the role different media have played in perpetuating, sustaining, or dispelling its claims. Based conceptually in the realm of intermedia agenda setting, this study tracked trends in the amount and type of coverage this issue received from five conservative blogs, five mainstream news blogs, and seven outlets representative of traditional mainstream news media.A total of 427 stories were coded from a four-year period. Significant positive correlations were found between the amount of coverage of the issue in conservative blogs and the traditional mainstream media (rs=.764, pThe substantial correlations found in this study between conservative blogs, mainstream media blogs, and traditional mainstream media indicate the potential for echo chambers to exist across ideologically dissimilar media. The various outlets showed similar agendas regarding the birther issue, and, in large part, coverage of the issue rose and fell together across all three media sources.

The Annual Earnings Press Release's Dual Role: An Examination of Relationships with Local and National Media Coverage and Reputation

This study analyzed annual earnings press releases and local and national newspaper coverage of those earnings for 207 of Fortune's America's Most Admired companies to explore intermedia agenda setting and relationships with reputation. The annual earnings press releases were found to have the greatest relationship with the positive content in local media coverage and negative content in national media coverage. The reputation, as determined by sophisticated investors, was related to the neutrality of the annual earnings press release in combination with the length of local and national newspaper coverage.

Shaping the Agenda of Local Daily Newspapers: A Methodology Merging the Agenda Setting and Community Structure Perspectives

Community structure research investigates the influence of the local community and specific demographic groups in the community on the degree of emphasis that particular public issues receive in a local newspaper. In contrast to this internal source of influence, intermedia agenda setting emphasizes the external influence of other news media and the national journalistic culture on the news decisions of local daily newspapers. To invoke a cliché, the agenda-setting and community structure perspectives are opposite sides of the same coin and should be considered in tandem. The research design and procedure for statistical analysis presented here, which involves the simultaneous investigation of the influence resulting from community structure and intermedia agenda setting, is a path for new research that can present a detailed explication of the balance between local and national influence on the issue agenda of local daily newspapers.

Using Time Series Analysis to Measure Intermedia Agenda-Setting Influence in Traditional Media and Political Blog Networks

Using time series analysis to gauge intermedia agenda setting in a sample of eighteen U.S. political blogs, two elite traditional news entities, and their eleven political newsroom blogs across three issues in 2007, this study reveals that traditional media were unable to set political blog agendas. Ideologically diverse political blog networks were also able to set traditional media's online news agenda, and, to a lesser extent, their newsroom blog agenda. Findings point to a dilution of traditional media's singular agenda-setting influence and to greater interdependence between traditional media and political blogs than suggested by hyperlink studies.

Candidate attribute agendas and intermedia agenda setting in the 2007 presidential election in Korea

Candidate attribute agendas and intermedia agenda setting in the 2007 presidential election in Korea

Me(di)a Culpa?: The “Missing White Woman Syndrome” and Media Self-Critique

This textual analysis explores media self-critique in response to news coverage of missing women. The study finds evidence of intermedia agenda setting and news repair. Critiques emphasize race, and racism is identified as the primary cause of the Missing White Woman Syndrome. But class, age, and appearance are not investigated in any depth, and more subtle aspects of the phenomenon go unexplored. Findings indicate that critiques themselves may face the constraints and influences true of any news work.

Health News Agenda Building: Journalists' Perceptions of the Role of Public Relations

This study uses a nationwide survey of health journalists (N = 774) to explore the agenda-building process in health news, examining how journalists develop story ideas, value expert source characteristics, and perceive the acceptability of using public relations materials. Results indicate that intermedia agenda setting may be a stronger influence on agenda building than are information subsidies, and that journalists rate characteristics associated with public relations training as important in expert sources. Also, journalists who take an audience advocate role are more accepting of news releases than those who take a skeptic role.

The Contingency of Intermedia Agenda Setting: A Longitudinal Study in Belgium

This large-scale study investigates how intermedia agenda-setting effects are moderated by five factors: (1) lag length; (2) medium type; (3) language/institutional barriers; (4) issue type; and (5) election or non-election context. Longitudinal analyses of daily attention to twenty-five issues in nine Belgian media across eight years demonstrate that (1) intermedia agenda setting is mainly a short-term process; (2) newspapers have stronger influence on television than vice versa; (3) language/institutional barriers suppress influence; (4) size of influence differs across types of issues; and (5) intermedia agenda setting is largely absent during election times.

Intermedia Agenda Setting in Television, Advertising, and Blogs During the 2004 Election

This study examined whether the candidate-controlled public relations tools of political ads and candidate blogs were successful in influencing the issue and news agenda of the major television news networks during the 2004 presidential election. Data showed strong correlations between blogs and the media agenda. Advertisements did not correlate with the media agenda. Cross-lag analyses showed that the media set the candidates' agenda. The authors suggest intermedia agenda setting occurred as the media transferred their agenda to campaign blogs.

Review and Criticism: Research Pioneer Tribute—Maxwell McCombs: Agenda-Setting Explorer

Max McCombs is widely known among communication scholars, for he has devoted almost four decades to building agenda setting from a successful hypothesis into a robust and popular theory of how news influences the salience of issues. From the initial McCombs and Shaw (1972) Chapel Hill study, done during the 1968 presidential election and published in Public Opinion Quarterly, this theory has engendered more than 400 published studies. What McCombs calls the invisible college of agenda-setting scholars includes researchers from every settled continent. British scholars Blumler and Kavanagh (1999) once observed, Among the field's master paradigms, agenda setting may be most worth pursuing (p. 225). McCombs's contribution to communication theory extends beyond the elucidation of agenda setting itself; he has helped reestablish scholarly appreciation for the power of media in influencing public perceptions of the political world. Acknowledging and expanding on Walter Lippmann's (1922) insights in Public Opinion, he has shown that media messages have great influence on the pictures in our heads. The Chapel Hill study's correlations between the media agenda and the public agenda offered a finding that has become scholarly history. Lowery and Defleur (1995) list the early agenda-setting studies among 15 milestones in communication research. Magnitude of Contribution To understand the magnitude of McCombs's contribution to communication theory, it should be remembered that from the 1940s through the 1960s, prevailing scholarly wisdom held that media exerted little influence. In The People's Choice, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet (1948) had shown that social processes, and not media messages, the prime influencers in the 1940 election. In a later study titled Voting, Berelson, Lazarsfeld, and McPhee (1954) found the surface effects of newspapers and radio in the political campaign were not impressive (p. ix). Klapper (1960) offered the observation that mass communication ordinarily does not serve as a necessary and sufficient cause of audience effects, but rather functions among and through a nexus of mediating factors (p. 8). From his early days as a New Orleans Times-Picayune reporter, however, McCombs knew that news stories influenced people. He and Shaw designed their 1968 Chapel Hill study to seek news influence in a different realm: voters' perceptions of the most important problems of the day. As McCombs would later explain, he and Shaw sought media influence at the cognitive level, rather than at the affective or behavioral level. They found gold in this initial study (McCombs & Shaw, 1972). Correlating the media agenda (as measured by content analysis) with the public agenda (as measured by a survey of voters), yielded a .967 rank order correlation on major campaign issues, and a .979 correlation on minor issues. The study revealed two other interesting conclusions. McCombs and Shaw designed their research specifically to attack the prevailing wisdom that voters' selective attention to news stories, as cued through social processes, would nullify media influence. They showed conclusively how voters' perception of the importance of issues was determined by media attention to those issues (in terms of numbers of stories), rather than by the voters' selective attention. The landmark agenda-setting study also showed a high degree of correlation among the various media. That is, television news, magazines, and newspapers all agreed significantly on how much coverage they gave to the various issues of the day. Both CBS and NBC network news agendas, for example, had a .66 correlation with the New York Times agenda. As news channels proliferated, this finding served as an important benchmark for future research on inter-media agenda setting. The Charlotte Study Having established high correlations between the media agenda and the public agenda, McCombs and Shaw set out to establish time-order, the second condition necessary for determining causal influence of media messages. …

INTER-MEDIA AGENDA SETTING AND GLOBAL NEWS COVERAGE

For several decades, media scholars have attempted to identify the key variables that shape the complicated international news selection process. At the heart of the research lies the question of what make a nation or an international event newsworthy? Research findings point to several key determinants of international news coverage including deviance, relevance, cultural affinity and location in the hierarchy of nations. The current study suggests that the newsworthiness of international events may result from an inter-media agenda-setting process. The current analysis points to significant correlations between the international news agenda of the morning New York Times and the international news agendas of three evening television news programs. The current study argues that inter-media agenda setting should be considered in future studies on the international news selection process.

Intermedia Agenda Setting in the 1996 Presidential Election

This study of the 1996 presidential election analyzed political television advertisements, three major newspapers, and television network newscasts to determine what—if any—intermedia agenda-setting influences existed. The study analyzed 116 political advertisements, 818 newspaper stories, and 101 network news stories. Support was found for the influence of the major party candidate advertisements on the news agenda. Specifically, some influence of the traditional party challenger was found on the network television newscasts and all three of the major newspapers analyzed. Also, as in previous campaigns, the majority of news coverage focused on the political horse race.

Two Levels of Agenda Setting Among Advertising and News in the 1995 Spanish Elections

This study had two goals: to replicate research by Marilyn Roberts and Maxwell McCombs on intermedia agenda setting in a Spanish election and to explore that pattern of intermedia relationships at both the first and second levels of agenda setting. Similar to Roberts and McCombs' findings in a Texas gubernatorial election, the newspaper agenda in Spain did influence the agenda of issues in television news. At the second level of agenda setting, two agendas of descriptive attributes were examined, the substantive agenda and the affective agenda of candidate attributes. For substantive attributes, newspaper political advertising influenced both the television and newspaper news agendas. TV news, in turn, influenced the TV political advertising agenda. Examination of the affective agenda revealed mostly reciprocal relationships.

A Cook, a Cardinal, His Priests, and the Press: Deviance as a Trigger for Intermedia Agenda Setting

Certain events, seen as newsworthy because they involve deviance, serve as triggers for intermedia agenda setting on side issues with very specific results in terms of both volume and valence of ensuing stories, not directly related to the triggering events themseves. This content analysis examines one such case. Media reports of deviant acts by members of the clergy have risen dramatically in recent years. This study examines the changes in trends, in the aftermath of deviant acts by individual members of the clergy, given that such acts are “triggering events” for further negative stories.