Intention State Research Articles

Temporal Based Approach for Face Information: A Modified Solution to AAM

To gain High efficiency, Accurate alignment and for Handling Face Deformations we use Temporal Matching Active Appearance Model (TM-AAM). The major component in judging a person's intention, personality and effective state are facial expressions and human face is a rich source of information for the viewer. The Specialty of TM-AAM is that it can generalize to any valid example as it contains a statistical model of the shape and grey level appearance of the object of interest. Robust and fast deformable image matching can be done by TM-AAM by combining texture and shape models. Image matching can be done by measuring the residuals and use the model for current parameter changes prediction to yield a better fit. This technique is widely used in high surveillance cameras, fugitive identification, security checks and for medical interpretations.

Are Soda-Swilling Teens More Apt to Be Violent?

Are Soda-Swilling Teens More Apt to Be Violent?

P01-288 - The development of a pro-forma for the assessment of suicide intent and mental state in selfharmers by casualty doctors

IntroductionPatients presenting with self harm account for a significant proportion of attendances to the emergency department. NICE guidelines recommend these patients must undergo full psychosocial and risk assessment with mental state examination.Objectives/AimsAims included to investigate the demographic factors of those presenting to the emergency department with self harm and explore methods of self harm. Also, to review the psychiatric history, exploration of suicide risk factors and assessment of suicidal intent, the mental state examination and referral for further treatment.We also wished to make recommendations to improve the history taking process should this be proved necessary.MethodsData was collected retrospectively from February to August 2009. Twenty-five casualty cards were collated at random for patients who presented with self harm. Evidence of exploration of the objectives were investigated.ResultsSuicide risk factors and suicidal intent were poorly documented. The mental state examination was not documented in all cases. 18 were referred for psychiatric review.ConclusionsPsychosocial and risk assessment of those presenting to the emergency department with self harm is poor. As a result of this study, We have designed and introduced a proforma to be completed by doctors in the emergency department. This incorporates the mental state examination and is to aid the assessment of suicidal intent in patients presenting with self harm. The effectiveness of this proforma will be assessed with a re-audit planned in 3 months time.

Longitudinal association of adolescents’ sense of coherence with tooth‐brushing using an integrated behaviour change model

To determine the association between adolescents' sense of coherence (SOC) and their tooth-brushing behaviour. This 18-month longitudinal study involved a representative sample of 8th-graders (n = 1025) from 11 randomly selected public high schools in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire included respondents' socio-demographic profiles, vulnerability to depression, smoking status, dental treatment attendance pattern, frequency of and motivation for tooth-brushing. Based on the responses to the question on readiness to change brushing behaviour and in line with the integrated change model, respondents were also categorized as being in the pre-contemplation, contemplation or preparation/action stages. Respondents' SOC was measured using a six-item adapted Antonovsky SOC scale. Data analysis included chi-squared analysis, t-tests and step-wise multiple logistic regression. At baseline, 72.6% (n = 744) of the respondents reported that they were not consistently brushing twice daily. Of those who did not brush twice daily and were followed up on (n = 578), those living with their mother at baseline not only presented with a greater increase in their SOC over time (follow-up minus baseline), but they were also more likely to be brushing twice daily at the time of the follow-up (15.4% versus 10.6%; P = 0.04). Adding baseline intention state to a multivariate model attenuated the influence of baseline SOC to a statistically insignificant level. However, increasing within-subject SOC changes (beta = 0.16; P < 0.01), living with the mother (beta = 0.11; P < 0.05), smoking (beta = -0.14; P < 0.05), being depression vulnerable (beta = -0.23; P < 0.01) and in the preparation/action stage (beta = 0.13; P < 0.05) remained associated with the transition to twice-daily tooth-brushing. In planning oral health promotion interventions, it should be considered that children's psychological predisposition and family environment might significantly influence their tooth-brushing behaviour.

The Expressive Dimension of Equal Protection

In brief, the article argues that it is the expressive character of state action that ought to determine whether laws or policies violate Equal Protection. In other words, courts should focus on the message conveyed by enactment of a law or on the meaning expressed by adoption of a policy. Courts must then determine whether this meaning or message comports with the government's obligation to treat each person with equal concern. This view differs from current doctrine, according to which it is the of the legislature or other state actor that is determinative. In general, absent invidious intent state action does not raise Equal Protection problems. My view also differs from the views of the Supreme Court's Equal Protection critics, who argue that it is the effect of state action that ought to matter. In the article, I stake out a middle ground - or third way - through this bifurcated Constitutional field. I argue that it is what state action expresses that ought to determine whether that action is constitutional. In order to determine when discrimination violates Equal Protection, I focus on paradigm cases: Brown v. Board of Education and Plessy v. Ferguson, primarily. Since as a legal community, we are far more certain that Brown was rightly decided and Plessy wrongly decided than we are that any particular account of what makes discrimination wrong is correct, I mine these cases for insight into the heart of the Equal Protection violation. In the article, I explain that the best understanding of these cases shows that it is the social meaning or expressive content of the law at issue that matters most. To complete the theory, the article addresses several objections to this account - most importantly that meaning or expressive content is elusive. What a law expresses to me may well be different from what it expresses to someone else. While I frankly acknowledge that this will be the case, I argue that the meaning that matters for Equal Protection cases is an objective meaning which I define as that content that real people discussing the issue under ideal conditions would agree upon. Now clearly such ideal conversational conditions do not obtain in the real world. That being so, the judge must do the best she can by listening closely and well to the views of others regarding what laws and policies mean to them.

Mens Rea in Tort Law

In ethical terms, intention is widely felt to be the strongest basis for the attribution of personal responsibility for conduct and outcomes. By contrast, in tort law intention is a much less important ground of liability than negligence. This article analyses the meaning of intention in tort law and its relationship to other concepts such as voluntariness, recklessness, motive, and belief. It also discusses difficulties associated with proving intention and other mental states, and the idea of a general principle of tort liability for intention. The key to explaining the relatively minor role of mens rea in tort law is found to lie in the emphasis tort law gives to the interests of victims, and to social values, in constructing its concept of responsibility. This approach also helps to explain the greater importance of mens rea in criminal law.

Autonoetic Awareness, Executive Social Skills, and the Appreciation of Intention: Figurative Reasoning in Amnesia, Confabulation, and Schizophrenia

This paper presents a cognitive neuropsychological model of the appreciation of unfamiliar abstract speech. The model elaborates upon the proposals of Bottini et al. (1994) by suggesting that we come to appreciate unfamiliar metaphorical speech in the autonoetically aware state. The specific executive skills of (1) an "as if" processor (2) a shared relevance seeker and monitor are harnessed to retrieval of information from personal long-term memory or imagination. The same cognitive system is assumed to handle other forms of indirect speech which need disambiguation as well as situations in which the intention or belief state of another has to be inferred. Predictions concerning the behavioural consequences of malfunctions occurring at different stages within the system are set out. Method: To illustrate the behavioural consequences of differential system dysfunction, data collected from four case studies are presented. Each case performed two tasks. These entailed the appreciation of true/false functional sentences and unfamiliar metaphors. The sentences both required the need to reason analogically and were matched for syntactic complexity and number of words. Results: Clear similarities were seen in the performance of the new metaphors test between a patient with Korsakoff syndrome and consequent amnesia and one with negative feature schizophrenia. The same test also highlights similar processing deficits in a case of Korsakoff syndrome with amnesia and confabulation and a schizophrenic patient with formal thought disorder. By proposing different loci for system malfunctions within and across diagnoses the characteristic clinical and/or cognitive features of the illnesses or syndromes are addressed. The importance of recognising the implications of specific cognitive dysfunctions across diagnoses for understanding the cognitive profiles of individual cases and the clinical aspects of the illness/syndrome is stressed. Finally, the utility of the model for explaining how we process other situations that require an appreciation of others' intentions, thoughts, and beliefs is discussed.

Understanding intention in normal development and in autism

This study aimed to establish whether or not young children and young people with autism can understand the mental state of intention. Participants were exposed to personal experience of unintended outcomes, to test if they could distinguish intended vs. unintended actions. Recognizing accidental outcomes was more difficult for normal 4‐year‐olds than 5‐year‐olds, and more difficult for young people with autism, compared with comparison groups. Such findings suggest that the theory of mind deficit observed in people with autism is not restricted to understanding epistemic states, but also extends to understanding intention. The results are also compatible with an action‐monitoring deficit. Future research needs to test these two accounts against each other., 15 April 1996, 9 October 1997

Real-time estimation of sentence structure from prosody

New methods are proposed by which the sentence structure of utterances can be estimated from the prosody under real-time conditions. The conventional Hough transform algorithm is modified so that it will be able to extract approximated straight lines of pitch patterns in real time. The sensitivity of the approximation can be established at will. So, parallel transform processes with different sensitivities can give multilevel components of an utterance structure and can make a tree in real time. The tree is not exactly a grammatical one, but rather a psychological one or one of the speaker’s intentions. Using this structure, a sentence tree matching algorithm is developed to recognize the sentences. The trees are transformed to regular trees by adding dummy nodes to express trees as lists, and the editing distance of the tree is computed recursively by a list-matching technique. Each of the extracted lines of fine sensitivity are classified into codes by vector quantization. Speaker’s intention states or dialogue control information in the conversational speech will be related to certain sequences of the codes. One hundred and twenty-eight spontaneous conversations (total length is about 21 h) were collected from 64 subjects. The performance of the proposed methods was checked by the CORPUS.

Kaiser Bauxite Company v. The Government of Jamaica

296Arbitrators — Appointment — Arbitration clause submitting disputes to icsid contained in agreements — Arbitrators to be appointed by parties — State refusing to appoint arbitrator — Procedure in event of default of party to appoint arbitratorJurisdiction — Of tribunal — Agreement to arbitrate — Requirement of written consent — Arbitration clause submitting disputes to icsid contained in agreements — Whether arbitration clause sufficient written consent to arbitrateJurisdiction — Of tribunal — Unilateral notification by State of intention to exclude type of dispute from icsid jurisdiction operative in respect of prior consent to arbitrate Whether notificationNon-appearance — Company instituting arbitration proceedings — State failing to appear before tribunal — Procedure in default of appearanceJurisdiction — Of tribunal — Legal dispute arising from investment — Meaning of “investment”

Air armaments — are we on target?

The surprising sequence of recent world political events and changes of government attitude have focused attention on our current state of armaments, readiness, and future intention in the fields of national and NATO defence. This affords an ideal opportunity for a discussion on that vital part of our national capability, the conventional armament of our aircraft. While this is a field which may not always receive the attention applied to other, more technologically glamorous areas, it is one which is playing a progressively greater role in the current and future defence scenario. Developments along this route have changed particularly rapidly during the past few years, and seem set to do so for a decade to come.

Voluntary intoxication from phencyclidine. Will it raise a reasonable doubt of the mental capacity of a person charged with a crime requiring specific intent or mental state?

Voluntary intoxication from phencyclidine. Will it raise a reasonable doubt of the mental capacity of a person charged with a crime requiring specific intent or mental state?

Nursing workload determination: development and trials of a package

We are developing a ‘packagebm’ for calculating nursing workload and hence numbers and grades of staff required to provide nursing care to a group of patients as related to their needs. At present, the study refers only to geriatric patients in hospital wards, but later will be extended to include patients in other medical specialities. The dominant factors which emerge as criteria for determining nursing workload are specified, and a parallel study on ‘standards of care ’ is also briefly described. The patients' ‘nursing needs ’ are identified and recorded by the nurses in charge of the care; prescriptions of the care requirements are made daily both for the ‘optimal ’ and ‘minimal ’ standards. Further data required for the workload calculations comprise:(a) results of work measurement: event times for items of direct care; activity sampling data for indirect and routine care;(b) patient descriptions from the medical and nursing staff, in terms of therapeutic intent, mental, physical and social state, an...