Intention-behavior Gap Research Articles

Exploring gamers' crowdsourcing engagement in Pokémon Go communities

Purpose With the increasing popularity of online games like Pokémon Go, a new wave of crowdsourcing communities have emerged, allowing gamers to collaborate, communicate and share useful game-related information. This paper aims to examine the factors that influence gamers' crowdsourcing behaviour. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework is developed that combines the DeLone & McLean model, self-determination theory, and different levels of engagement behaviour. The online survey collected 371 responses that were analysed using Covariance Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM). Findings The results show that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation positively influenced gamers' crowdsourcing engagement intention. System quality and information quality were also confirmed to be positively associated with gamers' crowdsourcing engagement intention. Furthermore, crowdsourcing engagement intention was found to be positively associated with crowdsourcing content consumption, contribution, and creation. Practical implications The findings of this study are useful for the owners of Pokémon Go and other gaming-related crowdsourcing platforms in devising tailored strategies to increase the crowdsourcing engagement of gamers. Originality/value This study provides the first empirical evidence of factors motivating online gamers' crowdsourcing intention. This study also presents novel insight into online gamers' crowdsourcing intention by combining diverse theories which offer different perspectives and a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Contribution to the research on the intention-behaviour gap by modelling three behavioural outcomes (content creation, contribution, and consumption behaviour) of crowdsourcing engagement intention, is another important contribution of this study.

‘Surely I would have preferred to clear it away in the right manner’: When social norms interfere with the practice of waste sorting: A case study

Waste sorting is part of the transition to circular and sustainable economies, and households play an important role. This paper is based on qualitative studies with 12 Danish households and reveals that sorting has become part of everyday life practice. However, in certain situations, which comprise the empirical focus of this analysis, participants set aside their well-established sorting practices. They do so despite their belief that sorting is the proper way to discard waste. Rather than approaching this as a value-action gap in individual behaviour, we turn our attention to the socio-material surroundings and how these condition waste practices. The analysed empirical situations are social gatherings of different kinds. Approaching them as critical incidents, we evince how participants' perception of these situations and especially the associated norms orchestrating social interactions obstruct their normal principles and practices of sorting. This obstruction is depicted as the outcome of a situated negotiation between an ‘ethic of sorting’ and an ‘ethic of care’ related to personal relationships. We propose that the latter is likely to conflict with more types of sustainable consumption practices in a wider range of situations. Hence, the paper suggests an avenue for further research on how cultural norms connected to the way we care for our relationships may more generally be breaking the transition of everyday life practices towards more sustainability.

Assessing Causal Pathways and Targets of Implementation Variability for EBP use (Project ACTIVE): a study protocol

BackgroundAdvancing causal implementation theory is critical for designing tailored implementation strategies that target specific mechanisms associated with evidence-based practice (EBP) use. This study will test the generalizability of a conceptual model that integrates organizational constructs and behavioral theory to predict clinician use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques in community mental health centers. CBT is a leading psychosocial EBP for psychiatric disorders that remains underused despite substantial efforts to increase its implementation.MethodsWe will leverage ongoing CBT implementation efforts in two large public health systems (Philadelphia and Texas) to recruit 300 mental health clinicians and 600 of their clients across 40 organizations. Our primary implementation outcomes of interest are clinician intentions to use CBT and direct observation of clinician use of CBT. As CBT comprises discrete components that vary in complexity and acceptability, we will measure clinician use of six discrete components of CBT. After finishing their CBT training, participating clinicians will complete measures of organizational and behavior change constructs delineated in the model. Clinicians also will be observed twice via audio recording delivering CBT with a client. Within 48 h of each observation, theorized moderators of the intention-behavior gap will be collected via survey. A subset of clinicians who report high intentions to use CBT but demonstrate low use will be purposively recruited to complete semi-structured interviews assessing reasons for the intention-behavior gap. Multilevel path analysis will test the extent to which intentions and determinants of intention predict the use of each discrete CBT component. We also will test the extent to which theorized determinants of intention that include psychological, organizational, and contextual factors explain variation in intention and moderate the association between intentions and CBT use.DiscussionProject ACTIVE will advance implementation theory, currently in its infancy, by testing the generalizability of a promising causal model of implementation. These results will inform the development of implementation strategies targeting modifiable factors that explain substantial variance in intention and implementation that can be applied broadly across EBPs.

Understanding action control of resistance training among adults

BackgroundRegular muscle and bone strengthening activities through resistance training (RT) have been associated with numerous health benefits, particularly as adults age, yet participation is low. Effective promotion is likely founded on an understanding of theory-based correlates, yet almost all RT research has focused on college-aged convenience samples and employed social cognition models, which do not consider the intention-behavior gap. The purpose of this study was to explore RT from the perspective of the multi-process action control (M-PAC) framework in a large Canadian adult sample. MethodCanadian adults (N = 1338) completed M-PAC measures of reflective (instrumental attitude, affective attitude, perceived capability and opportunity), regulatory (planning and self-monitoring), and reflexive (habit, identity) processes as well as intention to engage in RT at baseline and RT behavior two-weeks later. ResultsThree intention-behavior profiles emerged: a) non-intenders who were not active (41.4%), b) unsuccessful intenders who failed to enact their positive intentions (32.9%), and c) successful intenders who engaged in RT (23.5%). A discriminant function analysis (p < .01) showed that instrumental and affective attitude, perceived opportunity and planning/self-monitoring distinguished between all three intention-behavior profiles, while perceived capability predicted the intention-RT profiles of females but not males (p < .01). By comparison, identity was particularly important to younger/middle-aged adults than older females (p < .01), while habit was associated with the intention-RT profiles of older adults but not younger/middle-aged adults (p < .01). ConclusionsThe findings support the importance of considering both intention formation and translation in RT. Behavior change techniques aimed at reflective, regulatory, and reflexive processes appear necessary. Additional considerations of targeting specific constructs by age and sex may maximize the potential effectiveness of RT interventions.

Determinants affecting consumers' attention to fish eco-labels in purchase decisions: a cross-country study

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of consumer altruism and other socio-cultural factors in predicting how much attention consumers pay to seafood eco-labels.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical investigation was carried out by administering an online questionnaire to a sample of Italian and Spanish people from December 2019 to April 2020. After carrying out the principal component analysis procedure, the work made use of an ordinal logistic regression.FindingsBoth Italian and Spanish consumers with an altruistic attitude, who feel that food produced in a sustainable way can protect the environment and workers, appear more likely to take an eco-label into account. In addition, in both countries, consumers with a higher level of education and in the older age range are more likely to read eco-labels before buying fish products.Research limitations/implicationsThe first limitation is mainly related to the sampling procedure, which is not probabilistic and does not allow for generalisation of the results. Furthermore, some indicators related to COVID-19 were not included as the planning stage of the research methodology occurred before the pandemic.Practical implicationsA better understanding of the main determinants predicting consumers' attention to seafood eco-labels could be crucial to promote effective marketing strategies aimed at increasing consumer interest and awareness in sustainable seafood and eco-labels.Originality/valueExploring the role of consumers' altruism in how much attention is paid to seafood eco-labels appears to be a new approach that emphasises the role of altruism as a variable capable of bridging the “value-action gap”.

Unprepared: Thinking of a trigger warning does not prompt preparation for trauma-related content

Background and objectivesTrigger warnings have been described as helpful—enabling people to “emotionally prepare” for upcoming trauma-related material via “coping strategies.” However, no research has asked people what they think they would do when they come across a warning—an essential first step in providing evidence that trigger warnings are helpful. MethodsHere, participants from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (n = 260) completed one of two future thinking scenarios; we asked half to think about coming across a warning related to their most stressful/traumatic experience; the others thought about actual content (but no warning) related to their most stressful/traumatic experience. ResultsThe warning condition did not produce differences in coping strategies, state anxiety, or phenomenology (e.g., vividness, valence) relative to the content condition. Only one key difference emerged: participants who imagined encountering a warning used fewer positive words, when describing how they would react. LimitationsAlthough measuring actual behavior was not our aim, hypothetically simulating the future may not capture what actual future behavior would look like (i.e., an intention-behaviour gap). ConclusionsOne potential explanation for the consistent finding in the literature that trigger warnings fail to ameliorate negative emotional reactions is that these warnings may not help people bring coping strategies to mind. Although, further empirical work is necessary to fully substantiate this potential interpretation.

The Intention-Behavior gap in Ethical Consumption: Mediators, Moderators and Consumer Profiles Based on Ethical Priorities

Ethical consumers do not always convert their beliefs into purchasing decisions and the impact of influencing variables on the intention-behavior (I-B) gap in ethical consumption remains unresearched. The answers of 364 respondents expressing their intentions regarding ethical consumption and of 346 having ever purchased ethically show that the I-B relationship is mediated by Plans and Habits and moderated by Commitment and Sacrifice, although this was not a full moderation. This study identifies four profiles of ethical consumers, considering the hierarchy of ethical choices and the fact that ethical issues are prioritized as primary and secondary concerns. This paper is the first to measure the mediation and moderation variables regarding the I-B gap in ethical consumption, discussing intervention and priorities to close the gap: promoting ethical consumption as a social norm, expanding the distribution of prioritized ethical products, and mitigating the barriers that entail sacrifices to purchasing ethically.

Positive emotions explain increased intention to consume five types of alternative proteins

Transitions in consumer diets towards a more ‘meat-less’ diet are stated to result in various health and environmental benefits. Consumption of alternative proteins provides one of the alternatives towards more meat-less diets. Alternative proteins receive a lot of attention, however it is unclear whether consumer acceptance is changing over time. Moreover, changing consumers’ dietary habits is harsh. The current study explores with a longitudinally study whether trends are visible in consumer acceptance of alternative proteins, and which drivers are relevant to understand acceptance of alternative proteins over time.An online survey was conducted in the Netherlands resulting in two types of samples: a longitudinal sample (500 respondents) that answered the same survey in 2015 and 2019, and cross-sectional samples that answered the survey in 2015 (2,461 respondents) or in 2019 (2,000 respondents). The survey addressed a range of possible drivers, including personal norms, food innovation traits (i.e. food neophobia and domain-specific innovativeness), food-choice motives and positive and negative emotions. Respondents were randomly divided into five groups and presented with specific questions on: fish, seaweed, insects, legumes and cultured meat.The results reveal an increase in the intention to consume seaweed, legumes, and cultured meat over time, though self-reported consumption remains stable indicating an intention-behaviour gap. Positive emotions appear to be the most relevant driver for intention (beyond all other included variables), and intentions in turn are the most relevant driver of consumption. Thus indicating the relevance of positive emotions as joy, content and pride. Implicating that interventions, promotions and communications should not only focus on cognitive added values as environmental impact though also include affective communication messages, e.g., consumption of alternative proteins feels good.

Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Identify Variables Related to Academic Help Seeking in Higher Education

Universities admit and enrol increasingly diverse student cohorts with varying academic entry standards. To increase student success, universities offer academic support to students, however, often students do not engage in or access this academic support. Building on the Theory of Planned Behavior and a comprehensive literature review, this study aims to identify personality variables, background variables and variables related to the Theory of Planned Behavior that can predict academic help seeking in higher education to inform the design of engaging and accessible academic support. Quantitative data were collected via an online survey across a range of different disciplines and undergraduate year levels at an Australian university. Structural Equation Modelling revealed that public stigma, self-stigma, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, gender and the Theory of Planned Behavior variables perceived behavioural control, subjective norm and attitude towards help seeking play a role in predicting intentions to seek academic help, and academic help-seeking behaviour. Findings indicate that 20% of the variance of help-seeking intentions but only 5.7% of the variance of academic help seeking could be explained. Findings are discussed as to how they can inform interventions to increase help-seeking intentions and behaviour. Finally, this study explores how to overcome the present intention-behaviour gap.

What motivates Vietnamese enterprises to upgrade in global value chains? Closing the intention-behavior gap

PurposeUpgrading in global value chains (GVCs) has become a crucial strategy for enhancing competitive advantage and attaining higher profitability, especially among firms in developing countries. Drawn from the sociological approach, this study treats GVC upgrading as an entrepreneurial act and examines factors affecting firms' intention to move up in their chains based on the theory of planned behavior. The authors also further test the moderating effects of firms' knowledge about rule of origin and governmental supports on the intention-behavior gap.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth interviews with eight Vietnamese business managers were implemented to support the development of hypotheses and measurement scales. Afterwards, the authors conducted a survey on decision-makers of 402 Vietnamese firms which currently have export-import activities to collect quantitative data for testing the hypothesized relationships.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that both attitudes, behavioral control and social norms have significant positive impacts on the intention to upgrade in GVCs. In turn, such intention could further activate actual behaviors to move up in their chains. However, those who have better knowledge about rule of origin and receive governmental supports either in terms of finance, credit or technology have a higher probability of demonstrating actual behavior to upgrade in GVCs once their intentions are formed than those who do not.Practical implicationsThis research provides valuable implications for policymakers in accelerating firms' actions to upgrade within their chains, hence, actively enhancing not only organizational performance but also significantly contributes to the national economic development.Originality/valueWhile most of the previous studies examine the preconditions for firms to participate and upgrade in their GVCs, there is limited attention on determinants of firms' own intention and actual behavior to upgrade in their chains once they have participated in the GVC. Specifically, this research not only contributes to the existing knowledge regarding factors affecting firms' intention to upgrade in their chains but also closes the gap between the intention and the actual GVC upgrading behavior.

Applying temporal self-regulation theory to identify correlates of soft plastic recycling in Australia

ABSTRACT Objective Rigid plastics are accepted by Australian recycling facilities but soft forms are not. Further, single-use soft plastic may only be used once but can take 400 years to break down. As only 12% of plastic is recycled, increasing recycling of soft plastic will decrease negative environmental impacts. This study aims to assess the applicability of temporal self-regulation theory to identify factors that correlated with soft plastic recycling. Method Participants (N = 318) completed a cross-sectional online questionnaire measuring connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations, intention, habit, self-control and behaviour. Results Connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations accounted for significant variance in intention (R2 = .13, p < .001). Intention and habit accounted for significant variance in behaviour (R2 = .39, p < .001). Habit at low levels moderated the relationship between intention and behaviour but self-control was not a significant moderator between intention and behaviour. Conclusions Findings provide partial support for temporal self-regulation theory to assess a pro-environmental behaviour. Collecting soft plastic for recycling is largely explained by habit and intention. Moderating effects suggest that strong habit may compensate for weaker intention to carry out the behaviour and vice-versa. Results indicate potential for transferability of the theory for other areas of behavioural research and can inform interventions to encourage soft plastic recycling. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) When used to predict environmental behaviours the theory of planned behaviour has shown good predictive ability but also an intention behaviour gap. (2) Temporal self-regulation theory is used to explain and predict health behaviours and has been successful in closing the observed intention-behaviour gap in the theory of planned behaviour, a key theory in the field. (3) There is a need to effectively recycle soft plastic due to the global increase in plastic pollution and high soft plastic production rates but lack of infrastructure and knowledge regarding how to recycle soft plastic, potentially contributing to overall low plastic recycling rates. What this topic adds: (1) This study is the first to apply temporal self-regulation theory to environmental psychology with partial support for the theory in explaining behaviour. This suggests that temporal self-regulation theory may have utility in environmental psychology. (2) This study explains variance in recycling behaviour and demonstrates ways researchers could intervene to change behaviour. (3) This study is the first to investigate soft plastic recycling behaviour and has identified some of its correlates and directions for future research, which can inform knowledge and interventions to increase rates.

Forgoing plans for alcohol and cannabis use in daily life: Examining reasons for nonuse when use was planned in a predominantly white college student sample.

The reasons for college students to abstain from alcohol and cannabis use on a given day can inform efforts to prevent or intervene in those behaviors. Research on reasons for alcohol nonuse remains in its nascent stages and no study to date has examined reasons for cannabis nonuse on a given day. Here we examine reasons for nonuse among college students after they planned to use alcohol and/or cannabis. College students (N=341; Mage =19.79; 53% women; 74% White) from 3 universities completed 54days of data collection across which approximately 50% were nonuse days. Each morning, participants indicated whether they planned to use that day; nonuse reasons were assessed the next morning, if applicable. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to disentangle within- and between-person effects. On a given nonuse day (at the within-person level), "work" and "school" were reasons associated with having no plan to use alcohol and "to feel in control" was linked to having no plan to use cannabis. "Did not want to get high" was related to forgoing plans (did not use when originally planned) for alcohol use at the within-person level. At the between-person level, "no desire" was associated with no plans for alcohol or cannabis use and "did not want to get high" was related to no plans for cannabis use. "School" and "could not get" were related to forgoing plans for alcohol and cannabis use, respectively, at the between-person level. An examination of earlier intentions for alcohol and/or cannabis use on nonuse days yielded novel findings on the intention-behavior gap. Reasons for nonuse can inform intervention and prevention strategies (e.g., those involving social norms or just-in-time adaptive efforts) for alcohol and cannabis use on college campuses.

운동 의도가 의도-행동 불일치에 미치는 영향에서 자기조절능력 및 자기통제의 조절효과

Purpose: The first purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the timing of recognition of benefits and costs for exercise depending on the level of exercise behavior. Also the second purpose is to ensure the self regulatory capacity and self control have moderating effects on the relationship between exercise intention and intention-behavior gap. Methods: 100 women whose age are 20s were recruited for the research participants. The group of contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance were formed based on the Transtheoretical model, with 25 participants per group. Data were collected from 3 cognitive tests, questionnaires and text messages. Result: First, it has been shown that all groups are aware of the costs for exercise before the benefits. However, the recognition of benefits for exercise in the maintenance group was faster than in the preparation group. The temporal disjunction between benefits and costs was shown to be small in the maintenance group. Second, the exercise intention has a significant negative effect on intention- behavior gap. That is, the higher the intention, the lower the intention-behavior gap. Third, the reaction time on incongruent condition of the Stroop test, total move score and initial time of the Tower of London have moderating effects on the relationship between exercise intention and intention-behavior gap. Fourth, sub-factors of self control did not show any moderating effects on the relationship between exercise intention and intention-behavior gap. Conclusion: Temporal Self-Regulation Theory was partially validated through this paper. These results suggest that an individual’s executive function could be a significant variable to predict exercise intention - behavior gap on exercise.

Making Sustainable Consumption Decisions: The Effects of Product Availability on Product Purchase Intention

Lack of product availability is cited in the literature as a major factor that prevents consumers from purchasing sustainable products. Yet, little empirical research exists to document the potential behavioral consequences that result from lack of product availability, such as when consumers intend to purchase sustainable products but none are immediately available (see intention-behavior gap). Based on a survey of 630 consumers, this study examines how product availability affects consumer purchase intention for sustainable products within a behavior-intention model. The alternative mode of product acquisition, online rental, is offered to consumers to assess its moderating effect on purchase intention when the product is not physically available at the point-of-sale (POS). Using an experimental research design, we find that consumer purchase intention is positively affected by product availability. Additionally, rental is found to be an ineffective moderator, as consumers prefer traditional ownership over partial ownership when considering the purchase of sustainable products.

A Vax4HPV Mobile Application for Parents of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine-Eligible Children: Iterative Formative Assessments.

Although the human papillomavirus vaccine is efficacious, 40% of 13-year-old adolescents have been vaccinated for human papillomavirus. Implementing theory-based, user-centered applications can address this suboptimal coverage. This formative usability test aimed to develop a theory-based, user-centered interface to stimulate and inform parents' decision making on human papillomavirus vaccination and to help them act upon that decision. Iterative formative assessments were conducted through four focus groups of parents of children aged 9 to 14 years (N = 15). Participants discussed the desired content and features of a vaccine for human papillomavirus smartphone application while reviewing application prototypes. The discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then underwent qualitative content analysis. Four of the discovered themes were related to the content desired by parents: sources of information, facilitators of human papillomavirus vaccination, addressing the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and gender-neutral content. The remaining three themes concerned the application's desirable designs and features: clear and descriptive interfaces, accessibility to broad groups of end users, and closing the intention-behavior gap. The need for adolescent human papillomavirus vaccination was generally well received by participants. This study found that theory-based, user-centered applications offering directions to appropriate clinics and human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations offered by nurses, can mitigate hesitancy by providing information via preferred routes and closing intention-behavior gaps.

Bracketing sustainability: Carbon footprinting March Madness to rethink sustainable tourism approaches and measurements

Amidst a backdrop of a global climate emergency, tourism continues to contribute to Earth's carbon footprint. In recognition of the negative environmental impacts of sport and event tourism, this study quantifies the carbon footprint of the 2019 National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament by considering the travel of fans and teams, food, waste, lodging, and stadium operations. The footprint is approximated at 210 million kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents. Broken down, this equates to about 500 kg per participant. Travel is responsible for nearly 80 percent of that total which underscores the positive relationship between distance traveled and greenhouse gasses emitted in tourism. This paper presents a valuable linear model by which carbon footprints can be calculated with accessible data. This will, in turn, allow for the democratization of sustainability models for industries and organizations to introspectively quantify their environmental impact as an initial assessment for internal purposes or comparison to outside audits. This study's results demonstrate the need to make mega sport-tourism events like March Madness more sustainable. However, this can only be done by tourism managers closing the environmental value-action gap that too often manifests as inaction. By leveraging quantitative frameworks such as this study's methodology, sport and event managers can more easily use readily available data to evaluate their event's environmental impacts and thus begin to actionably mitigate their negative contributions to global climate change in more targeted ways.

What Predicts the Physical Activity Intention-Behavior Gap? A Systematic Review.

Intention is theorized as the proximal determinant of behavior in many leading theories and yet intention-behavior discordance is prevalent. To theme and appraise the variables that have been evaluated as potential moderators of the intention-physical activity (I-PA) relationship using the capability-opportunity-motivation- behavior model as an organizational frame. Literature searches were concluded in August 2020 using seven common databases. Eligible studies were selected from English language peer-reviewed journals and had to report an empirical test of moderation of I-PA with a third variable. Findings were grouped by the moderator variable for the main analysis, and population sample, study design, type of PA, and study quality were explored in subanalyses. The search yielded 1,197 hits, which was reduced to 129 independent studies (138 independent samples) of primarily moderate quality after screening for eligibility criteria. Moderators of the I-PA relationship were present among select variables within sociodemographic (employment status) and personality (conscientiousness) categories. Physical capability, and social and environmental opportunity did not show evidence of interacting with I-PA relations, while psychological capability had inconclusive findings. By contrast, key factors underlying reflective (intention stability, intention commitment, low goal conflict, affective attitude, anticipated regret, perceived behavioral control/self-efficacy) and automatic (identity) motivation were moderators of I-PA relations. Findings were generally invariant to study characteristics. Traditional intention theories may need to better account for key I-PA moderators. Action control theories that include these moderators may identify individuals at risk for not realizing their PA intentions. Prospero # CRD42020142629.

Theory of Planned Behavior Analysis of Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on the Intention-Behavior Gap.

BackgroundAs COVID-19 continues to spread globally, it is important to understand psychological factors that may influence compliance with social distancing.PurposeThe present study examined whether Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs were associated with social distancing, with a focus on exploring moderators of the intention–behavior relationship.MethodsUsing a longitudinal design, U.S. adults (N = 507) self-reported TPB constructs and social distancing behavior at baseline and 3 months later. Participants were from 48 U.S. States and the District of Columbia and were on average 50.39 years old (SD = 15.32, range = 18–80). The majority were Non-Hispanic White (71.6%), had a bachelor’s degree or higher (55.3%), and resided in suburban areas (55.8%).ResultsWhile positive attitudes toward social distancing increased over time (p = .002), subjective norms weakened (p < .001) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) remained stable (p = .22). Interestingly, despite an increase in intentions from baseline to follow-up (p < .001), there was a significant decrease in social distancing behavior over time (p < .001). Consistent with the TPB, baseline attitudes (p < .001), subjective norms (p < .001), and PBC (p < .001) for social distancing were all associated with baseline intentions to social distance. In turn, baseline intentions were significantly associated with social distancing behavior at follow-up (p < .001). Younger adults (p < .001) and non-White participants (p = .002) displayed a greater intention–behavior gap relative to older and White participants. In contrast, participants with more stable intentions over time displayed a stronger intention–behavior relationship (p < .001).ConclusionsTargeting individuals’ attitudes, norms, and PBC may effectively promote protective behaviors intended to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and similar viral outbreaks. Future research should examine effective strategies for translating social distancing intentions into actions.

Elaborating on the consumer’s intention–behavior gap regarding 5G technology: The moderating role of the product market-creation ability

The Existent theories of information and communication technology (ICT) expose behavioral intention as the key predictor in technology usage behavior. Still, the evidence divulges only a low influence on this relationship. This disparity is named the ‘intention–behavior gap’, and we believe that it requires more theoretical analysis to better understand this gap. This research aims to find novel factors to overcome these constraints and perceive the mechanism of how intentions lead to actual behavior. In the technology user's context, this study has acknowledged product market creation ability as an encouraging factor to overcome such limitations. Data was collected from Chinese consumers (n = 327) in Beijing and was examined employing the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. The outcomes confirm that intentions have a positive impact on the usage behavior of 5G technology. The outcomes demonstrate that the market creation ability of the 5G technology products moderate and encourage the intentions and usage behavior relationship. Policy-makers and managers who aim to make positive changes in the behavior of technology users are motivated to consider the inferences of this study.

The features and mission of sport psychology in China

This review presents readers with an overall picture about what China sport psychologists are doing and what concerns they have in their research and practice. Firstly, organisational structure, important academic activities, and accreditation system of China sport psychology are introduced. Next, we present the three research areas of China sport psychology, i.e., competition psychology, exercise psychology, and psychology of physical education. In addition, three mental training models proposed by Chinese sport psychologists are discussed, i.e., the comprehensive model for psychological development, adversity training model, and psychological development system for Chinese athletes. In the last section of this review, the authors analyze prospective research areas for sport psychology, including perception and decision making in sport, neuro-efficiency and neuro-plasticity, self-control and sport performance, athletes’ mental health, dose effect of mental health promotion through exercises, moderators on the relationship between exercise and mental health, and the intention-behavior gap in physical and mental health promotion through exercise.