Intensive Training Group Research Articles

Addressing Goals of Care—VitalTalk: Intensive Small Group Training (P01)

Addressing Goals of Care—VitalTalk: Intensive Small Group Training (P01)

Long-Term Effect of a Nonrandomized Psychosocial Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Hispanic/Latina Breast Cancer Survivors.

Background: There is a paucity of research on the long-term impact of stress-reduction in Hispanic/Latina breast cancer (BC) survivors, a growing minority. In this article, we assess the long-term efficacy of an 8-week training program in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on quality of life (QoL) in Hispanic BC survivors. Methods: Hispanic BC survivors, within the first 5 years of diagnosis, stages I to III BC, were recruited. Participants were enrolled in bilingual, 8-week intensive group training in MBSR and were asked to practice a- home, daily. They were also provided with audio recordings and a book on mindfulness practices. Patient-reported outcomes for QoL and distress were evaluated at baseline, and every 3 months, for 24 months. Results: Thirty-three self-identified Hispanic women with BC completed the MBSR program and were followed at 24 months. Statistically significant reduction was noted for the Generalized Anxiety Disorder measure (mean change −2.39, P=0.04); and Patient Health Questionnaire (mean change −2.27, P=0.04), at 24 months, compared with baseline. Improvement was noted in the Short-Form 36 Health-related QoL Mental Component Summary with an increase of 4.07 (95% confidence interval = 0.48-7.66, P=0.03). However, there was no significant change in the Physical Component Summary. Conclusions: Hispanic BC survivors who participated in an 8-week MBSR–based survivorship program reported persistent benefits with reduced anxiety, depression, and improved mental health QoL over 24 months of follow-up. Stress reduction programs are beneficial and can be implemented as part of a comprehensive survivorship care in BC patients.

Effects of mental and physical orofacial training on pressure pain sensitivity and tongue strength: A single-blind randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesThe main objective of this study was to analyze differences on pain pressure thresholds, tongue strength and perceived effort between various orofacial motor exercise training dosages of mental representation training through motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO), first in isolation and then in combination with real exercise performance. MethodsA single-blind randomized controlled trial was designed. 48 asymptomatic individuals were randomized into two groups: Intensive training group (IG) and Moderate training group (MG). Both groups performed a first session of MI and AO of orofacial exercises training and a second session of actual orofacial exercises combined with mental representation training, but with different dosage in terms of series and repetitions. Pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) in the masseter and temporal muscles and tongue muscle strength were the main variables. ResultsRegarding the PPT, ANOVA revealed significant between-group differences, where MG showed a significantly higher PPT than IG at post-day2, with a medium effect size. Both groups showed with-in group differences between pre and post intervention measures in the first session, but only the IG showed differences in the second. Regarding tongue muscle strength, ANOVA revealed significant within-group differences only in MG between the pre-day and post-day first intervention. ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that movement representation training performed in isolation may have a positive effect on PPTs and tongue muscle strength. In addition, the combination with the actual execution of the exercises could be considered effective, but it is necessary to take into account the training dosage to avoid fatigue responses.

P5548Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and exercise restrictions: time to let the shackles off?

Abstract Introduction Physical activity is well known to have many health benefits. However, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) might carry an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) during physical activity. This threat has to be considered in the risk versus benefit analysis of physical activity versus a more sedentary lifestyle. Current guidelines focus primarily on what level of activity should be entirely excluded and what level is considered safe. However, it does not quantify nor qualify the amount of physical activity which should actively be undertaken. We aimed to analyse current evidence in attempt to answer this question. Method For this review, we focused on non-athletes who made up the majority of HCM patients. However, we found that majority of the current evidence were geared towards athletes. In total, we analysed 27 papers. Results Obesity is a well documented aetiology of many diseases and patients with HCM have been observed to have higher BMI. When considering physical activity of patients with HCM, both patients and current guidelines tend to focus on avoidance of risk and restriction of exercise. This is understandable given the consequence of SCD in HCM patients. A retrospective review of 78 patients found that at the time of cardiac catastrophe, 46 of them were engaged in sedentary activities. This is further backed up by a UK study which found only 35 of 185 patients died during exertion. A meta-analysis of 3449 non-athletes found only 7.8% had SCD caused by HCM. These results suggest that prescribed exercise can be safe in non-athletes. A cross-sectional study of 187 HCM patients with left ventricular hypertrophy investigated if a history of vigorous exercise was associated with adverse events including ventricular arrhythmias. It found that vigorous exercise was not associated with ventricular arrhythmias. Saberi et al conducted the first randomised controlled trial (RCT) designed to investigate the effect of prescribed training in HCM patients. 136 patients were randomised into a normal activity group and a 16 week prescribed moderate- intensity training group. At 16 weeks, there was an absolute increase of 6% in the mean change in peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) between the groups. This was an important finding as the HF-ACTION trial found that every 6% increase in peak VO2 was associated with an 8% lower risk for cardiovascular mortality. Modified Mitchell's classification Conclusion Current guidelines on exercise for patients with HCM are very restrictive. The recommendations for level of exercise are focused on prohibition rather than encouraging a safe and sensible level of exercise. RESET-HCM is the first RCT of its kind which successfully shows that carefully guided exercise is not only safe but can also be beneficial for patients. With more studies targeting the role of exercise and activity in these patients, it is only a matter of time before our focus switches from restricting activity to sensible exercise prescription.

Effects of different intensities of endurance training on serum fibroblast growth factor level, glucose, and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats

Background and aims: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a myokine which is produced and secreted by skeletal muscle. Given the inconsistent results on the relationship between the intensity of training and the improvement of blood indices in diabetic patients, the current research investigated the effect of endurance training at different intensities on serum FGF21 level, glucose, and insulin resistance in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic male rats. Methods: To this end, 50 rats (with a mean weight of 23.28±25.05 g) were randomly divided into healthy (non-diabetic) control, diabetic control, as well as low, moderate, and high-intensity endurance training groups. Diabetes was induced in all rats by the injection of STZ. Three days after STZ injection, the blood samples were taken from the cut tip of the tails, and those rats with blood glucose levels above 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic and included in the study. The program included 8-week aerobic training at different intensities. The blood samples (5 cc) were directly collected from the hearts 48 hours after the last training session, followed by measuring the serum FGF21 level, glucose, and insulin. Finally, the analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for inter-group comparison and the significance level was considered <0.05. Results: Based on the results, the serum glucose level, insulin resistance, and FGF21 reduced after eight weeks of endurance training. The reduction of FGF21 in higher intensity endurance training group was greater compared to the other groups (P<0.05) and the reduction of glucose in moderate intensity group was more significant in comparison to that of the other groups (P<0.001). However, the insulin level increased, which was more pronounced in the moderate intensity training group compared to the other groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: Overall, both moderate and high-intensity endurance training led to a comparatively more effective reduction in blood glucose and insulin resistance. Therefore, these two parameters may have a protective effect on the complications associated with diabetes in the rats.

Effects of exercise on symptoms of anxiety, cognitive ability and sick leave in patients with anxiety disorders in primary care: study protocol for PHYSBI, a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAnxiety disorders are common and associated with reduced quality of life, impaired physical and mental health and an increased economic burden for society. While evidence exists for the effectiveness of exercise treatment for depression, there is a need for high-quality randomized clinical trials (RCT) with a focus on anxiety disorders. Further research is also warranted regarding outcomes of cognitive function, other health-related variables, dose-response effects, work ability and potential mechanisms.Method/designUsing a parallel, RCT design with three assessment points (baseline, post-intervention and one-year follow-up), we aim to assess the effect of a 12-week exercise intervention in primary care patients with anxiety disorders (n = 180), diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I; Swedish version 6.0.0d DSM-IV). Participants are randomly assigned to three physical exercise groups: one low-intensity training group, one moderate- to high intensity training group and one control non-exercise group. Assessments include measures of anxiety symptoms, cognitive function, physical health variables such as cardiovascular fitness, sick-leave and levels of hormones/cytokines in blood samples.DiscussionFindings from this study will provide novel insights regarding the effects of exercise treatment on not only anxiety symptoms but also other outcomes including mental and physical health, cognitive function, dose-response effects, work ability/sick leave and on biomarkers that may help explain underlying mechanisms.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03247270 August 8, 2017.

The Effect of Ankle TheraBand Training on Dynamic Balance Index Among Elite Male Basketball Players

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ankle TheraBand resistance training on dynamic balance index among elite male basketball players. Methods: This was a randomized trial performed on 24 male professional basketball players without lower extremity injury. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 8, including: (1) high-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (80% - 95% 1RM), (N = 8); (2) moderate-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (65% - 80% 1RM), (N = 8); and (3) control group with regular basketball training (N = 8). The groups were trained in three sessions for 8 weeks. Trial and error table for TheraBand resistance from American Physical Therapy Organization (APTA) 2012 was used to measure maximum 1RM in each participant. In addition, the dynamic balance index in the APSI (anterior - posterior stability index), MLSI (medial-lateral stability index) and OSI (overall stability index) were measured using Biodex stability system. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data (P < 0.05). Results: Results showed that the high-intensity resistance training and moderate-intensity resistance training significantly improved dynamic stability index in the anterior - posterior axis, medial - lateral axis and overall axis (P = 0.0001). No significant changes were observed in the anterior - posterior and medial - lateral axes after a detraining period (4 weeks), “durability rate”. However, the overall axis values of the dynamic balance index in the moderate intensity training group indicated a higher durability rate than the high intensity resistance training group after detraining (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the high and moderate intensity resistance training improved dynamic balance index, and even moderate intensity resistance training was effective after a period of detraining, so it can be recommended for basketball players.

Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Prediabetes

INTRODUCTION: Older adults have the highest rates of prediabetes and diabetes in the US. Exercise is a well-established method to improve glycemic control, however, the optimal dose (duration and intensity) of exercise required to improve glycemic control among older adults is unclear. PURPOSE:To compare the effect of 12 weeks of moderate vs. high intensity exercise training on daily glycemic control in older adults with prediabetes. METHODS: 15 older adults (66.4 ±5.1 yrs) with prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7-6.4% or fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dl) participated in a 12-week supervised aerobic exercise training intervention. Participants were screened prior to being randomized to the moderate (MOD: 60-65% HRmax) or vigorous (VIG: 80-85% HRmax) intensity training group. During the intervention, participants exercised 4 days per week (45 minutes/session) in their target heart rate range. Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) were worn for 1 week at baseline and during the 12thweek of supervised exercise training. Daily glycemic control was quantified over 24 hour periods (00:00 to 23:29) for each day the CGMs were worn during the week at baseline and after exercise training. We calculated mean, total area under the curve (trapezoidal method), and duration of hyperglycemia (percent time glucose ≥140mg/dL). Using linear mixed models with repeated measures, we determined the effect of exercise training and whether the effect of training varied by exercise intensity group. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Data are reported as mean±SD. SUMMARY OF RESULTS: There were no significant differences in any baseline participant characteristics (e.g. sex, age, BMI) between exercise training groups. At baseline, VIG had significantly lowermean (MOD: 136.0 ±18.4; VIG: 122.6 ±7.4 mg/dL), total area under the curve (AUC) (MOD: 3243.0 ±505.1; VIG: 2873.4 ±226.2 mg*hr/dL), and duration of hyperglycemia (MOD: 38.5 ±28.6%; VIG: 19.9 ±9.6%). After the intervention, there were no significant changes in mean glucose, AUC, or duration of hyperglycemia in either group. CONCLUSION: Regardless of exercise intensity,12 weeks of aerobic exercise training did not significantly change daily glycemic control in older adults with prediabetes, suggesting that changing other lifestyle factors may be needed to improve glycemic control in this population.

Long-term change of gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy; an observational study of repeated periods of intensive physiotherapy in a group setting

Purpose: To examine change in gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP) following repeated periods of intensive physiotherapy in real-life group-settings, with expected motor development taken into consideration.Material and methods: This prospective, observational study included 120 children with CP. They participated in 2–10 periods of intensive goal-directed, activity-focussed group training. The intervention model was pragmatic, taking GMFCS-level and other knowledge of the participating children into consideration. They typically attended groups of 4–6 children, lasting 2–2.5 h/d, 3 d a week over 6 weeks. Fifty children participated in at least four successive training periods. They were included in the analysis of longitudinal change, assessed by the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66), and analysed by repeated analysis of variance and multiple regressions.Results: Mean scores relative to age-related development curves improved after separate intensive training periods, but dropped somewhat between periods. Longitudinal change was explored in a subsample of 50 children who participated in at least four successive training periods. Statistical significant improvement (p < .05) in pre-test scores beyond age-related development curves was demonstrated from period 1–3, and 1–4 (mean 25 months, SD 11), including children at all levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).Conclusions: At least two periods of intensive group training was needed in children with CP to obtain improvement of gross motor function above what can be expected from natural development over time.

Effects of Physical Rehabilitation in Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7.

Today, neurorehabilitation has become in a widely used therapeutic approach in spinocerebellar ataxias; however, there are scarce powerful clinical studies supporting this notion, and these studies require extension to other specific SCA subtypes in order to be able to form conclusions concerning its beneficial effects. Therefore, in this study, we perform for the first time a case-control pilot randomized, single-blinded, cross-sectional, and observational study to evaluate the effects of physical neurorehabilitation on the clinical and biochemical features of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) in 18 patients diagnosed with SCA7. In agreement with the exercise regimen, the participants were assigned to groups as follows: (a) the intensive training group, (b) the moderate training group, and (c) the non-training group (control group).We found that both moderate and intensive training groups showed a reduction in SARA scores but not INAS scores, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, trained patients exhibited improvement in the SARA sub-scores in stance, gait, dysarthria, dysmetria, and tremor, as compared with the control group (p < 0.05). No significant improvements were found in daily living activities, as revealed by Barthel and Lawton scales (p > 0.05). Patients under physical training exhibited significantly decreased levels in lipid-damage biomarkers and malondialdehyde, as well as a significant increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme PON-1, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Physical exercise improved some cerebellar characteristics and the oxidative state of patients with SCA7, which suggest a beneficial effect on the general health condition of patients.

VitalTalk: Intensive Small Group Training—Addressing Goals of Care (P01)

VitalTalk: Intensive Small Group Training—Addressing Goals of Care (P01)

Suspension Training HIIT Improves Gait Speed, Strength and Quality of Life in Older Adults.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT) training program involving suspension exercises (TRX) on the muscle strength, body composition, gait speed, and quality of life of older adults. A total of 82 older adults were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a HIIT group (n=28), a continuous intensity training group (MIIT group, n=27), or a control group (CG, n=27). Compared to MIIT and CG, participants of the HIIT group showed significant post-intervention improvements in BMI (p=.002 and p<.001, respectively) and gait speed (p<.001 for both). Handgrip strength increase was also observed after HIIT (p=.002), but no differences were observed with MIIT and CG. Compared with MIIT and control groups, HIIT showed improvements in the SF-36 domains: general health (p<.001 for both) health changes (p<.001 for both), vitality (p=.002 and p=.001 respectively) and physical functioning (p=.036 and p<.001 respectively). Our results suggest that a HIIT training program with TRX have benefits in BMI, handgrip strength, gait speed, and quality of life in older adults.

Effect of Intensive Ankle Training Using Biofeedback on Normal Adults’ Ability to Control Weight Distribution

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether intensive ankle training using biofeedback to increase proprioceptive senses and ankle-joint muscle strength effectively improves the balance of normal adults. Method: This study included 20 voluntary participants with normal adults. The subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: the biofeedback intensive ankle training group (n=10) and the ankle training group (n=10). The biofeedback group used a visual biofeedback program. Subjects of the group that underwent ankle training only tried to keep their bodies balanced as well as possible on an Aero-Step. Both groups performed the exercise equally for three 30-minute sessions weekly for six weeks. The differences between the measurements before and after the experiment were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze the differences in variations between the groups. Results: The biofeedback group showed significant differences in the weight distributions A, B, C, D, LEFT, and HEEL and on the weight-distribution index. In contrast, the ankle training group showed significant differences in the weight distributions A, C, and LEFT. A comparison of the differences between the two groups found significant differences between them in the weight distributions A, B, C, D, LEFT, and HEEL. Conclusion: The biofeedback group showed a greater ability to control weight distribution. A longer experimental period involving more subjects would aid in developing exercise programs that are more diverse.

PL-011 Astaxanthin Reduces High Intensity Training Induced Myocardial Cell Apoptosis Via Activating Nrf2 in Rats

Objective Long-term intensive training may led to ischemia oxygen reaction and increase the ROS. Astaxanthin, as the super antioxidant, was investigated to against anti-oxidative stress. By supplementing the astaxanthin, we wanted to observe if it can mediated Nrf2 reduces myocardial cell oxidative injury in rats after high intensity training of 6 weeks. &#x0D; Methods 7-week SD male rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: control group ( C group，n =10)，high intensity training group ( HT group，n = 15)，astaxanthin and high intensity training group (HTA group，n = 15) . The rats in HTA group were given with astaxanthin 20 mg /kg·d and in HT group were given with oil during the training day．The serum cTnI，myocardial apoptosis index, the expression of myocardial BAX, Bcl2, Nrf2, HO-1, myocardial MDA，SOD and T- AOC activity were measured 24 hours after the last training．&#x0D; Results After 6-week tranning of high intensity, compared with group C, the serum cTNI, myocardial apoptosis index, the expression of BAX and myocardial MDA were significantly higher in group HT(P&lt;0.01).The Bcl2/Bax, the expression of HO-1, SOD and T-AOC activity were significantly declined (P&lt;0.01). After the intervention of 6-week astaxanthin, compared with group HT, the serum cTNI, myocardial MDA, the myocardial apoptosis index, the expression of BAX were significantly lower in HTA group (cTNI(ng/ml): 1.16±0.27 VS 2.47±0.39, P&lt;0.05; myocardial apoptosis index: 164.27±3.98 VS 196.20±9.65, P&lt;0.01; BAX: 58.40±5.95 VS 78.03±3.80, P&lt;0.01 ). Finally, Bcl2/Bax, SOD, T-AOC activity, the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly higher (Bcl2/Bax : 1.92±0.10 VS 1.19±0.18, P&lt;0.01; SOD(U/mg): 52.38±6.15 VS 38.32±3.36, P&lt;0.01; T-AOC(U/mg): 30.22±4.07 VS 23.76±3.20, P&lt;0.01; Nrf2: 93.61±8.53 VS 74.26±6.69, P&lt;0.01; HO-1: 84.99±13.78 VS 64.22±11.39, P&lt;0.05). &#x0D; Conclusions The supplement of astaxanthin can mediate Nrf2 signaling pathway, and elevate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Then it can increase the activity of SOD and T-AOC and reduce the myocardial oxidative level and myocardial apoptosis in rats caused by 6-week high intensity training. Finally, the structure and function of heart tissue are back to normal.

AEROBIC TRAINING IN OBESE ADOLESCENTS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

ABSTRACT Introduction: The prevalence of excess weight/obesity in adolescence has increased, and physical training may be effective in combating this scenario. Objective: To analyze the effect of different intensities of aerobic training on the body composition of obese adolescents undergoing multidisciplinary intervention. Methods: In this study, 107 pubertal (Tanner 3 and 4), obese (BMI=34.72±4.10 kg/m²) adolescents (14.85±1.44 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: high intensity training (HITG – ventilatory threshold I (VTI)); low intensity training (LITG – 20% below the VTI) and control group (CG), without intervention. The adolescents in the HITG and LITG underwent nutritional and psychological (1x/week) and clinical (1 x/month) follow-up and physical training (3x/week) for 12 weeks. Results: Reductions in fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (BFP) (p&lt; 0.001) and an increase in fat-free mass (FFM) (p&lt;0.001) were observed in all groups. There was a reduction in BMI only in the experimental groups (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The effects of multidisciplinary treatment on the body composition of obese adolescents occur independently of the intensity of aerobic physical training. Level of Evidence I; High quality randomized clinical studies with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

High Intensity Interval Training Does Not Improve Cardiorespiratory Parameters In Trained Young Soccer Players

Soccer performance is the result of technical, tactical, physiological and psychological attributes of the players. PURPOSE: The present study investigated the effect of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate intensity training (CONT) on selected parameters of the cardiorespiratory function in young trained soccer players. METHODS: Thirty Greek amateur soccer players (mean ± sd, age 19 ± 2,21y, Body mass 71.19 ± 2.5 kg) were randomized into a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n = 10), a continuous moderate intensity training group (CONT, n = 10) and a control group (Control, n = 10). The intervention for HIIT and CONT groups was 16 more training sessions, 2 per week while CONTROL group continued regular soccer training routine. The HIIT group training sessions consisted either of 15s sprints interspersed by 15s of recovery at 120%VO2max with 8 min total exercise time or they played 4x4 min (16 min total time) small-sided games (4v4) followed by 2 min recovery interval. The CONT group training sessions consisted either of 40 min continuous running at 70% VO2max or 10v10 full field soccer game for 40min. RESULTS: Mean values ± sd pre and post-training for Body weight, (HIIT: 69.49 ± 8.39 v 69.0 ± 8.8; CONT: 71.2 ± 10.93 v 70.2 ± 11.01 kg), %fat, (HIIT: 13.02 ± 2.41 v 12.12 ± 2.49, CONT: 13.75 ± 2.19 v 13.82 ± 2.21), VO2max, (HIIT: 55.08 ± 4.43 v 57.75 ± 5.63, CONT: 56.46 ± 4.61 v 58.41 ± 5.24 ml.kg-1.min-1), vVO2max (velocity at VO2max, HIIT: 15.9 ± 0.70 v 16.5 ± 0.52, CONT: 16.5 ± 1.51 v 16.7 ± 1.19 km.h-1) and vVT (velocity at ventilatory threshold, HIIT: 11.8 ± 0.87 v 12.5 ± 0.69, CONT: 12.4 ± 1.03 v 12.5 ± 1.13 km.h-1). VO max, vVO2max and vVT improved 4.6, 3.6 and 5.6% only after HIIT training but the difference didn’t pass statistical significance due to large sd of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the combination of the training regiments of this study did not improve cardiorespiratory parameters of endurance performance in already trained young soccer players. There was, though, a tendency for better adaptations favors the time efficient HIIT training.

VitalTalk: Intensive Small Group Training—Addressing Goals of Care (P02)

VitalTalk: Intensive Small Group Training—Addressing Goals of Care (P02)

The primary school teachers’ competence in implementing the 2013 curriculum

This study was conducted to analyze the competence of primary school teachers in implementing the 2013 curriculum. The 2013 curriculum has been implemented in almost all schools and there are still many unsuccessful implementations in several Indonesian schools. Therefore it is important to study the teachers’ competence in implementing the 2013 curriculum. A qualitative research design was carried out in this study by utilizing argumentative descriptive analysis. The data was collected by carrying out in depth interviews to the primary schools teachers who were selected by random sampling techniques. The results of this study indicated that primary school teachers have insufficient competence in implementing the 2013 curriculum especially in designing lesson plan, lesson plan implementation and assessment practices. Consequently, it is recommended that further intensive training and focus group discussion should be held to improve the teachers’ competence in implementing the 2013 curriculum.

Intensive Exercise Training Improves Cardiac Electrical Stability in Myocardial-Infarcted Rats.

BackgroundModerate exercise training has been shown to decrease sudden cardiac death post myocardial infarction. However, the effects of intensive exercise are still controversial.Methods and ResultsFourteen myocardial‐infarcted rats were divided into sedentary (n=8) and intensive training groups (n=6) and 18 sham control rats to sedentary (n=10) and intensive training groups (n=8). Heart rate variability was obtained at weeks 1 and 8. The inducibility of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation was assessed in a Langendorff system. Fast Fourier transforms were applied on the recorded ventricular tachycardia/fibrillations. Training reduces low to high frequency ratio of heart rate variability at week 8 compared with that at week 1 (P<0.05). In isolated hearts, the probability for ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation was decreased from 4.5±0.8% in sedentary controls to 1.56±0.2% in intensive training controls (P<0.05) and from 13.5±2.1% in the sedentary group to 5.4±1.2% in the intensive training group (P<0.01). Moreover, the pacing current required for ventricular fibrillation induction in the trained groups was increased following exercise (P<0.05). Fast Fourier transform analysis of ECG findings revealed an exercise‐induced ventricular fibrillation transition from a narrow, single‐peak spectrum at 17 Hz in sedentary controls to a broader range of peaks ranging from 13 to 22 Hz in the intensive training controls.ConclusionsIntensive exercise in infarcted rats leads to reduced ventricular fibrillation propensity and is associated with normalization of refractoriness and intrinsic spatiotemporal electrical variations.

인터벌 트레이닝이 2형 당뇨 마우스 골격근에서 GLUT-4 mRNA 발현과 심혈관 합병증 사이토카인에 미치는 영향

This study was investigated the effect of interval training on GLUT-4 mRNA expression of skeletal muscle and serum cytokines(IL-6, MCP-1, IL-10) concentration in diabetes mice. At 5 weeks of age, 57BL/KsJ-db/db mice(N=30) were randomly divide into three groups(n=10 in each group): diabetes group(DM), diabetes+low intensity training group(DM+LEX) and diabetes+high intensity interval training group(DM+HIT). Both training groups, the mice exercised treadmill for 30 min/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks(low intensity continuous exercise vs high intensity interval exercise). Data analysis was done by using SPSS(Ver.20.0) and one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were follows: The GLUT-4 mRNA expression of skeletal muscle was significantly increased in both training group compared with control group, there was no significant difference between each training group. Serum pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-6, MCP-1) levels were significantly lower in exercise groups than control group, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokine(IL-10) level was higher than control group. These results showed that HIT intervention can improve insulin sensitivity and inflammatory cytokine on cardiovascular diseases related with type 2 diabetes. HIT may be a valuable addition to a health-enhancing exercise program.