Intensive Industries Research Articles

Влияние мер по профилактике туберкулеза и возможностей противотуберкулезных учреждений на заболеваемость ВИЧ/ТБ в Российской Арктике

Increased migration, high prevalence of drug-resistant TB and HIV the role of a healthcare system that adequately meets the Arctic zone features in the era of its intensive industrialization and globalization becomes urgent. The study is aimed to identify the main challenges in the healthcare systems that affect HIV, TB and HIV/TB coinfection spread in the Arctic zone of the RF. Materials and methods. The HIV, TB, HIV/TB coinfection incidence rates per 100 000 population/year during 2007-2019, the economic, human resources capacity of TB facilities, TB preventive measures results among PLWH in the Arctic regions of the RF are evaluated. The statistical data were obtained from the corresponding forms of federal statistical observation and from Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health of the RF. Results. The worst HIV (315,8%), TB (136,1%) and HIV/TB (150,0%) incidence rates and the highest deterioration of buildings and structures of TB facilities (100,0%) are identified in the ChAD. Conclusion. The HIV, TB and HIV/TB coinfection incidence in Arctic regions of the RF is uneven. It is necessary to provide more detailed studies on assessing the HIV, TB, HIV/TB coinfection prevalence, evaluate the health system capacity in each district of Arctic zone.

Uncovering the overcapacity feature of China's industry and the environmental & health co-benefits from de-capacity

Overcapacity is regarded as an inevitable problem for rapid economic developing countries like China, which also causes serious adverse impacts on the environment and public health. However, few studies have quantified the overcapacity feature and corresponding co-benefit from de-capacity policy. To fill such research gaps, this study constructed a comprehensive assessment model by combining the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, the GAINS-China (Greenhouse gas - Air pollution Interactions and Synergies) model, and a meta-analysis and health impact assessment module, to measure the capacity utilization rate of 41 industrial sectors in 31 Chinese provinces and forecast the environmental and health co-benefits from de-capacity policy in 2050. Results showed that the capacity utilization rate of China's industry is 64.13% in 2018, which is much lower than the threshold value of 75%, indicating serious overcapacity in China's industry. Capacity utilization rates of light industries are higher (around 70%) than heavy industries (50%–60%), and the capacity utilization rate in East and South-Central China is higher (70%–96%) than West China (below 40%). Under a de-capacity scenario in 2050, China's CO2 and PM2.5 emissions are reduced by 1.05 billion tons (9.6%) and 57.8 kilotons (5.8%), respectively. This reduction in PM2.5 emissions results in a substantial health co-benefit, reducing national premature mortality cases by approximately 792,100 (1.6%). Finally, it is recommended that de-capacity priority be given to industries with low capacity utilization rate, as well as regions with intensive heavy industry or high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, severe air pollution, and dense population.

The impact of home and host country institutional development on multinationals’ R&D intensity

This empirical article examines how the institutional development of the home country and host countries in which multinational enterprises (MNEs) are embedded can drive MNEs’ research and development (R&D) intensity. In doing so, this study analyzes 967 firm-year observations of 234 pharmaceutical firms from 30 developed and less developed countries in the period from 2010 to 2017. We find empirical support for internationalization toward developed countries as a driver of R&D intensity at the firm level. Furthermore, we find that this positive effect is stronger for MNEs from less institutionally developed home countries. The results can help managers, researchers, and policymakers to better understand the innovation process in R&D-intensive industries. JEL CLASSIFICATION: M16, O32

Is Income Convergence Possible with a Diminishing Industry’s Output? Development Gap and Structural Changes in Montenegro Since the World War II

Intensive industrialisation in the second half of XX century was the main driving force of the most dynamic economic growth in the Montenegrin economic history. Since the transition from self-management socialism to a market-oriented economy, the Montenegrin economy has become more service-oriented. Empirical studies show that TFP growth is higher in industry and knowledge-intensive services than in other services, leading to service-oriented economies growing at a lower rate. This study confirms the same for the Montenegrin economy. If industry and knowledge-intensive services do not expand, will Montenegro diverge instead of converging to developed economies? The results from this study contribute to convergence analysis and serve as an example of the growth prospects of developing countries with fewer industry and knowledge services-oriented economies.

Impact of Open Innovation in Peruvian food firms

Food firms are an important part of Latin American economies, and they face an increasingly competitive context due to their customers’ demands. For this reason, the main objective of this study is to empirically verify how inbound open innovation and absorptive capacity have a positive influence on technological innovations in Peruvian food firms. A model was designed that shows the relationship between the constructs, and it is based on a sample of 111 food firms that participated in the third national innovation survey of the manufacturing industry and knowledge-intensive service firms carried out in 2018. The present study contributes to the literature in the following two ways: First, it contributes to the research of the food industry, which is an industry representative of low-tech intensity industries that lack research; second, it aims to deepen the knowledge about the positive influence of open innovation and absorptive capacity on food firms’ technological innovation capability. As a result, this study has empirically verified how the implementation of inbound open innovation and absorptive capacity improve the technological innovation capability of Peruvian food firms.

Use of Arc Furnace Slag and Ceramic Sludge for the Production of Lightweight and Highly Porous Ceramic Materials.

The utility of recycling some intensive industries’ waste materials for producing cellular porous ceramic is the leading aim of this study. To achieve this purpose, ceramic samples were prepared utilizing both arc furnace slag (AFS) and ceramic sludge, without any addition of pure chemicals, at 1100 °C. A series of nine samples was prepared via increasing AFS percentage over sludge percentage by 10 wt.% intervals, reaching 10 wt.% sludge and 90 wt.% AFS contents in the ninth and last batch. The oxide constituents of waste materials were analyzed using XRF. All synthesized samples were investigated using XRD to detect the precipitated minerals. The developed phases were β-wollastonite, quartz, gehlenite, parawollastonite and fayalite. The formed crystalline phases were changed depending on the CaO/SiO2 ratio in the batch composition. Sample morphology was investigated via scanning electron microscope to identify the porosity of the prepared ceramics. Porosity, density and electrical properties were measured; it was found that all these properties were dependent on the composition of starting materials and formed phases. When increasing CaO and Al2O3 contents, porosity values increased, while increases in MgO and Fe2O3 caused a decrease in porosity and increases in dielectric constant and electric conductivity. Sintering of selected samples at different temperatures caused formation of two polymorphic structures of wollastonite, either β-wollastonite (unstable) or parawollastonite (stable). β-wollastonite transformed into parawollastonite at elevated temperatures. When increasing the sintering temperature to 1150 °C, a small amount of fayalite phase (Fe2SiO4) was formed. It was noticed that the dielectric measurements of the selected sintered samples at 1100 °C were lower than those recorded when sintering temperatures were 1050 °C or 1150 °C.

Governance Mechanism, Intell ectual Capita l Disclosure, a nd Firm Value

This study entitled the influence of corporate governance mechanism on firm value with intellectual capital disclosure as an intervening variable. This study aims to examine the direct and indirect effect of board size, gender diversity, educational background, block holder ownership, and foreign ownership both simultaneously and partially on intellectual capital disclosure and firm value. This study examines the mediating effect of intellectual capital disclosure in the relationship between corporate governance mechanism and firm value. This study used the companies included in intellectual capital intensive industries in Indonesia Stock Exchange as the sample for 2017-2019. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling, with 243 data from 81 companies. Analysis techniques used in this study were statistic descriptive, multiple regression, and path analysis used SPSS 23 for windows. The hypothesis testing results show that corporate governance mechanisms simultaneously influence intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) and firm value. Partially, only board size influences both ICD and substantial value, and educational background only influences strong value. The Sobel test shows that ICD doesn't mediate the effect of all variables related to corporate governance mechanism on firm value.

A critical assessment of Guyana's sustainability pathway: Perspectives from a developing extractive economy

The primary purpose of this research article is to present existing and forecasted sustainability indicators for Guyana in order to assess the country's sustainable development pathway. Genuine Savings, Carbon Emissions and Forest Cover were selected as appropriate measures of weak sustainability to investigate the country's sustainability trajectory. Further exploration of macro-economic variables such as natural capital stocks, wealth accumulation, resource rents and economic growth as empirical indicators, revealed that despite the effective forest management policies currently implemented in the country, Guyana is not on a sustainable pathway especially on the outlook for Genuine Savings. The country will experience an increase in economic growth primarily from the expansion of its oil sector. The potential boom in the economy from the non-renewable oil industry will provide a surge in foreign exchange that will require a robust investment structure to utilize resource rents in building the country's renewable capital stock. Positive Carbon Emission predictive trends emerging from this study are indicative of the country's growth towards more carbon intensive industries as the potential oil industry can stimulate a positive emission rating globally, indirectly from downstream industries on the international markets that purchases the country's oil.

Formation of the composition of programs for the knowledge–intensive industry development using bacterial optimization algorithms and fuzzy logic methods

Today the knowledge–intensive industry development is carried out by the programs that combine a set of innovation and investment projects aimed at achieving a single goal and implemented in general constraints. The presence of a larger number of project characteristics (in particular, terms, resources, performers, etc.), which must be taken into account when forming the composition of the program, leads to the formulation of the problem of multicriteria optimization. As its solution, it is proposed to use an algorithm of bacterial optimization, supplemented by a procedure for forming initial positions using fuzzy logic methods.

Do Fossil-Fuel Price Distortions Impact the Low-Carbon Transition in China’s Energy Intensive Industries?

Energy intensive industries (EIIs) in China are predominantly reliant on fossil fuels. Consequently, such high fossil fuel dependency has amplified carbon emission levels and blocked the low-carbon transition. It is inappropriate to discuss the solution of the dependency before investigating fossil-fuel price distortion and its impact on the industrial energy consumption. Therefore, this paper built a dynamic trans-log cost function model based on provincial panel data of China’s Ells between 2004 and 2016, to investigate inter-fuel substitution effects caused by own price elasticities and cross price elasticities, and analyzed the impact of fossil-fuel price distortions on low-carbon transition. The level of price distortions in coal, gasoline and diesel was evaluated, based on which the CO2 mitigation potentials in China’s EIIs were estimated. Results show that: 1) in each EII sector, the own price elasticities of all fuels were negative while the cross price elasticities among coal, oil and electricity were positive, suggesting substitution effect exists; 2) the average level of price distortions in coal, gasoline and diesel is 7.48, 11.1 and 32.19%, respectively, which means the prices of coal tend to be more market- oriented than the other two fuels; 3) removing coal price distortions can potentially reduce CO2 emissions in China’s EIIs by 905.78 million tons, while the effects of removing oil price distortions were uncertain, unless the substitution of coal for oil was restrained. Therefore, there is still much room for improvement in China’s fossil-fuel market reform. Possible policies are required to improve the production in EIIs and the low-carbon transition by adopting cleaner energy resources to substitute fossil-fuels.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ В ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ СЕКТОРАХ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficiency of business entities in Ukraine, which are grouped into categories proposed by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 251/2009 of 11 March 2009. Types of economic activity are divided into five technological sectors. The authors analyzed the dynamics of the number of business entities based on their differentiation by the level of technologies used. It was concluded that there is a more active increase in the number of business entities in the non-manufacturing sphere in comparison with the manufacturing sphere, using high technologies. The authors focus on increasing the share of natural entities-entrepreneurs in the total number of business entities. This is treated as a confirmation of the improvement of the entrepreneurial environment quality for the development of small business in the technical sphere of Ukraine. This study performed two tasks: analysis of the effectiveness of labor resource use by business entities and analysis of the production efficiency of added value for these groups. Calculations carried out by the authors showed that the service sector is ahead of the sphere of material production in terms of added value efficiency in a predominantly larger number of special aggregates in terms of technology use. However, the High R&D intensity industries sector showed less efficiency of added value compared to 2013. The efficiency of labor resource use was analyzed according to such parameters as labor productivity and added value per employed person. The sphere of material production has shown the highest level of labor productivity in such Special aggregates by Regulation (EC) as Low R&D intensity industries sector (LOT). The service sector had the highest labor productivity in such a segment as the use of computer equipment. The increase in added value per employed person was the highest in the Medium-low R&D intensity industries. It was concluded that there are no sustainable advantages of the High R&D intensity industries sector in Ukraine, and therefore the need for comprehensive systemic support for this sector from both the state and private investors was emphasized.

Have the construction of China’s software industry bases improved the level of manufacturing servitization?

This paper takes the software industry base of national torch plan as the research object, describes its construction process and distribution characteristics for more than 20 years, and uses the cross-sectional data of 2007, 2012 and 2017, Empirically test the impact of software industry base on the service level of manufacturing industry in the region, and further analyze the regulatory effect of regional intellectual property protection intensity. It is found that the overall scale of the national software industry base has expanded steadily in recent 20 years, but the spatial distribution is extremely unbalanced. The software industry base in the eastern region is significantly stronger than that in the central and western regions in terms of base number and base income. The construction and development of software industry base can significantly improve the service level of manufacturing industry in the region. After the robustness test, the conclusion is still valid. The results of regional heterogeneity test show that with the deepening of industrialization, the construction of software industry base plays a more obvious role in improving the service-oriented manufacturing industry in the eastern region. The results of industry heterogeneity test show that the construction of software industry base can more effectively improve the service-oriented level of technology intensive manufacturing industry. The results of regulation effect test show that the strength of local intellectual property protection and strengthening the construction of software industry base have a positive regulation effect on the service level of manufacturing industry.

Специфика развития российской фармацевтической отрасли

The paper considers the specifics of innovation activity and scientific and technological development in R&D intensive pharmaceutical industry. A generalized comparison of Russian and foreign pharmaceutical industry during the current COVID-19 pandemic is carried out. The dynamics of the domestic pharmaceutical market development is analyzed; the trends and persisting problems are studied. The potential of growth of domestic pharmaceutical industry with adequate interaction of state and business in entering the world markets was shown. It is pointed out that both abroad and in Russia during the pandemic the industry became one of the few where research costs had increased significantly. The paper shows that support policy for pharmaceutical industry in Russia over the next 10 years will be emphasized on the creation of own innovative drugs (including biotech types), and generics for the domestic market. The new ways of production and digitalization of the pharmaceutical industry remain outside the current support measures.

Reconciling the Climate/Industrial Interplay of CBAMs: What Role for the WTO?

The European Union (EU) recently proposed the introduction of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and suddenly transformed into reality an almost two decade-long debate over the hypothetical use of CBAMs as antidotes to uneven carbon prices. The European Commission presented the scheme as a climate measure aimed at reducing the risk of carbon leakage for energy intensive and trade-exposed industries facing the cost of increased climate ambition.1 At the same time, however, it listed the mechanism among the instruments that support a “competitive [green] transition” for EU businesses in the context of the new industrial strategy supporting the EU Green Deal.2 This ambiguity risks undermining the credibility of the scheme as a legitimate climate response unless it can be shown that the equalization of carbon costs (i.e., the fair competition/industrial component) is instrumental to achieving higher emission reduction levels than could have been achieved otherwise (i.e., the carbon leakage/climate component). While the exact balance between climate- and industrial-informed features is ultimately an issue of design, this essay argues that making the scheme (as) compatible (as possible) with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) improves its environmental effectiveness and accordingly contributes to reconciling the CBAM with its stated climate purpose.

Temporary Prosperity or Sustainable Development the Long-Run Impact of Developing Pollution Intensive Industries

Temporary Prosperity or Sustainable Development the Long-Run Impact of Developing Pollution Intensive Industries

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЗАГРЯЗНЯЮЩИХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЕЙ

The paper has verified the hypotheses and theories about the location selection of pollution-intensive industries from various perspectives and explored possible factors influencing the geographical distribution of pollution-intensive industries. Based on the pollution intensity index of each industry, we firstly identified the pollution-intensive industries in China. And the geographical distribution of intensive industries is analysed in terms of the proportion of industry, the industry output value and the number of enterprises. With the regression analysis, the factor endowment, environmental regulation and globalization are proven factors influencing the geographical distribution of pollution-intensive industries.

Assessing the Suitability of Co2 Reduction Technologies for Emission Intensive Industries – A Nordic Case Study

Assessing the Suitability of Co2 Reduction Technologies for Emission Intensive Industries – A Nordic Case Study

Evaluating the Factors of Coal Consumption Inefficiency in Energy Intensive Industries of China: An Epsilon-Based Measure Model

Evaluating the Factors of Coal Consumption Inefficiency in Energy Intensive Industries of China: An Epsilon-Based Measure Model

Racialized Obsolescence: Multinational Corporations, Labor Conflict, and the Closure of the Imperial Typewriter Company in Britain, 1974–1975

AbstractThis article will explore one of the most significant strikes by migrant workers in Britain during the 1970s and the subsequent company closure the year after their victory. In May 1974, a predominantly South Asian workforce at the Imperial Typewriter Company in Leicester went on strike over unequal bonus payments and discrimination in promotion. The shop stewards committee and Transport & General Workers Union branch refused their support and the workforce split partly on racial lines. The strikers stayed on strike for almost 14 weeks until they emerged victorious. Though it appears as a central reference point in histories of migrant experience in Britain, the strike and closure has garnered little systematic, primary research. This article will fill this gap through the use of published sources and extensive unused archival deposits. During the strike part of the largely South Asian workforce sought to break with the racialized division of the workforce between different groups, skill levels, and work-types. Almost immediately after the strike ended in victory the company announced its intention to close down the vast majority of its British production. In Hull 1400 jobs were lost and in Leicester over 1600 were to go. This article shows that whilst the strike might have been the start of a politically, culturally, and intellectually significant period of significant protagonism by Britain's first-generation black and racialized working class, it also marked the beginning of the end of an industrial model dependent on the hyper-exploitation and racialized subordination of their labor. The closure was framed by contemporaries and subsequent historical accounts as a dispute marked more by the end of empire than worker obsolescence. As an article in the Guardian on the closure of the plants was put it in January 1975, it was ‘The day that Imperial&s empire fell'. Yet it might be more accurate to understand the strike as an early premonition of the globalisation of manufacturing production which was to emerge strongly in the 1980s and 1990s. The experience of Imperial Typewriters highlights the central importance of racialized labour hierarchies and immigrant counter-militancy in post-war Britain. The Imperial Typewriter Company provides a case study of how worker resistance to labour intensive modes of capital accumulation, in relatively low capital intensive industries, during a global crisis of capitalist profitability, was followed by the decision of a multinational corporation to immediately transfer its production overseas. The closure of Imperial Typewriters therefore offers a means to reconceptualize how we understand the 1970s as a period of interlocking crises, as well as the major shift of power from labour to multinational capital which emerged in its wake. The findings of this article indicate that British workers were significantly disempowered before the electoral victory of Margaret Thatcher in 1979. Recentering labor conflict in the history of technological obsolescence can offer alternative perspectives on why the British left and trade unions were unable to resist the rise of neoliberalism.

Modelling the Decarbonisation of Energy Intensive Industries in the Eu: the Potential Effects of a Carbon Border Mechanism

Modelling the Decarbonisation of Energy Intensive Industries in the Eu: the Potential Effects of a Carbon Border Mechanism