Intensive Apple Orchards Research Articles

Analysis of the Impact of Treatments Stimulating Branching on the Quality of Maiden Apple Trees

Nursery material intended for establishing intensive apple orchards should be characterised by a dominant and straight leader with an appropriate number of shoots that develop at the right height and are regularly spaced along the leader. The use of well-branched trees can lead to fruiting in the first year after planting. However, many apple varieties have difficulty forming lateral shoots due to strong apical dominance. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of treatments stimulating the branching of maiden apple trees of the ‘Gloster’ variety. The research was carried out in 2017–2019 at a private nursery farm located in eastern Poland. The studied trees were subjected to a mechanical branching stimulation treatment, which consisted of pinching off 4–5 of the youngest leaves located below the growth cone, and chemical branching stimulation treatments, which consisted of applying growth regulator mixtures in the form of an aqueous solution, i.e., BA+GA3 and BA+GA4+7. The conducted studies showed that the type of branching-stimulating treatment had a significant effect on the height and trunk diameter of the maiden trees, the number of lateral shoots, the average length of one shoot and the sum of the lengths of all sylleptic shoots. The maiden trees treated with BA+GA3 were characterised by the best quality among the analysed combinations. Maiden apple trees treated with BA+GA3 were the tallest (2017—167.7 cm; 2018—175.3 cm; 2019—164.4 cm), produced the largest number of shoots (2017—6.5 pcs; 2018—6.8 pcs; 2019—6.3 pcs) and had the largest sum of lateral shoot lengths (2017—148.0 cm; 2018—155.4 cm; 2019—140.6 cm) among the evaluated combinations. The number of treatments and the concentration of applied growth regulators had a significant effect on the structure of the crown of the maiden apple trees of the ‘Gloster’ cultivar.

Biologically active substances and safety of apples of different varieties of the Ural selection

Fresh apple fruits contain various components, including mono-, di- and polysaccharides, organic acids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, polyphenols, protein, vitamins, and macro- and microelements humans need. The purpose of the research was to study the biologically active substances and safety of apples of five varieties of winter and autumn ripening: Pervouralskaya, Krasa Sverdlovskaya, Blagovaya Vesti, Sverdlovchanin, Ekrannoe - to identify the most valuable fruits from the standpoint of modern nutritionology. The apple trees grew in equal climatic and agrotechnical (drip irrigation and fertigation) conditions IP GK(F) H Filippova A.A. (Chelyabinsk region, Kaslinsky district, Grigoryevka village). It was found that the content of insoluble dietary fiber in apples of the studied varieties did not have sharp fluctuations; the variability of the indicator was 14.3%. On the contrary, the amounts of vitamin C, pectin, polyphenols, and flavonoids had significant variability - up to 275, 100, 61, and 50%, respectively, depending on the variety. Safety indicators (content of Hg, Pb, patulin, HCH, DDT) in apples did not exceed the standards of TR CU 021/20H. The nitrate content in fruits was typical for the products of intensive apple orchards. At the same time, Pb levels varied from 0.036 to 0.103 mg/kg, nitrates - from 23.4 to 35.4 mg/kg. Increased amounts of studied biologically active substances and low levels of contaminants make it possible to classify apples of the Pervouralskaya and Krasa Sverdlovsk varieties as the best fruits of this apple orchard.

Effectiveness of sod and humus soil maintenance and biologized protection in intensive apple orchards (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the south of Russia

Application of intensive technologies in horticulture with a high mechanical and chemical load on soils and fruit plants leads to deterioration of soil properties, environmental pollution, and development of resistance among pathogens and phytophages. In this study, we aim to developing a biologized technology for apple tree cultivation using a sod and humus system of inter-row maintenance and biopreparations based on active strains of microorganisms, entomoacariphages, and pheromones. The research was conducted in 2019-2023 in intensive apple orchards of the central plain-steppe region of Crimea by the methods conventionally used in soil science, agrochemistry, horticulture, and plant protection. The use of a mixture of cereal-legume grasses in combination with microbiological fertilizers based on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms was found to increase apple yields by 11–12 t/ha, or 64 % compared to the control, by increasing the number of fruits and the average weight of one fruit. A positive balance of nutrition elements in soil with an intensity of 135-270 % was established. The efficiency of controlling the number of phytophages and pathogen harmfulness through the integrated use of biological and biotechnical methods was shown. Thus, the “attract-and-kill” method for Cydia pomonella L. pheromones demonstrated a 98 % efficiency along with a reduction in pesticide load to 7.7 kg/ha season by the preparation. Release of phitoseiid mites for control of tetranychus mites by the method of seasonal colonization provides for a reduction and retention of phytophagous population at the economic threshold of harmfulness during the entire vegetation period. The use of fungicides based on pathogenic bacteria of the Bacillus genus and antagonist fungi of the Trichoderma genus against scab is eff ective only in the years unfavorable for the development of the disease. The results obtained form the basis for a biologized resource-saving technology for exploitation of intensive apple orchards. This technology contributes to increased soil fertility, reduced chemical and pesticide load, and increased productivity of horticultural agrocenosis under the conditions of the Crimea and southern Russia.

The main indicators of body thickness, branch growth of intensive apple trees

This article examines personal methods of rejuvenating and normalizing pruning of zoned apple varieties on the growth dynamics of fruiting tree branches.It should be noted that at present, in intensive apple orchards, in order to obtain a constantly high yield of fruits with good qualities, attacking their entry into fruiting and harvesting from 2-3 years after planting them in a permanent place is the main requirement for a high yield of fruits.

Agrochemical properties of the soils of intensive apple orchards in Bukhara region

This scientific article presents the agrochemical properties of the soil of small apple trees cultivated on the basis of water and resourceefficient technology of the horticultural farm "Siyovush Agro" LLC located in the territory of Bog'ikalon MFY, Bukhara region, Bukhara district. A complete agrochemical analysis of humus, soil type, anion-cations, dry matter and salt content in the intensive small apple orchards of LLC "Siyovush Agro" farm was carried out on a scientific basis. The existing soils in the territory of Bogikalon MFY differ sharply in terms of their morphological structure properties and characteristics, ultimately, for the purposeful and complete implementation of agrotechnical works such as improving their land reclamation, maintaining and increasing their productivity, the properties and properties of existing irrigated soils, as well as water, physical, nutrient regimes enrichment with new data and indicators is required. It should be noted that the formation of anthropogenic soil due to the accumulation of new alluvial compounds in the soil profile leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in biological processes.

MODELING OF APPLE CHEMICAL FRUIT THINNING

Crop load management in intensive apple orchards must be done precisely to produce a high yield with marketable fruit size. It also ensures the formation of flower buds on the tree for the next season and prevents alternative bearing. In addition to pruning, flower and fruit thinning is another management method that has a major impact on crop yield. Compared to other methods, chemical thinning is the cheapest, can be done quickly and allows fruit thinning at the right time, which guarantees better fruit quality. The decision on the type of chemical agent, concentration and timing of application is very complex and depends on the apple variety, flowering intensity and fruit growth phase, weather conditions during treatment and a few days after. Flower thinning is applied to very high-yielding varieties where fruit thinning is very difficult and tends to bear alternately. Ammonium thiosulphate or ethephon can be used for this purpose only in years with abundant flowering and in conditions where there is no risk of spring frosts. Regardless of whether flower thinning has been carried out or not, the fruits are chemically thinned in the period shortly after flowering. The usual chemical treatment(s) is (are) applied at the early stage of fruit development, when the diameter of the central fruits in a cluster on 2-year-old wood is 5 to 16 mm (in exceptional cases up to 20 mm). At this time, naphthalene acetamide (NAD), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (6- BA), and metamitron are used to induce abscission of young fruit. These chemicals are used alone or in various combinations to improve the effect. If the thinning efficacy of the single application is weak, sequential applications of chemical thinners with different modes of action must be made 1-3 weeks after the previous application to reduce fruit set to a commercially acceptable level. To avoid under- or over-thinning of fruit of a particular variety, models that predict the effectiveness of chemicals based on short-term light and temperature forecasts are used to determine the optimal time to apply thinners. Immediately after the first application of thinning agents, the “fruit growth rate model” can be used for early assessment of apple tree response to thinning and the need for a new application.

Eficiența răririi chimice în diferită doză de tratare la soiul Gala Must cu produse pe bază de NAD, ANA și BA

The researches were carried out in the period 2014-2017 in the intensive apple orchard of the enterprise „Codru ST” Ltd. founded in 2006. The efficiency of chemical fruit thinning was studied in Gala Must variety grafted on M9 rootstock. The following active substances were applied: 1. naphthalene-acetamide NAD (Geramid-New), 2. naphthylacetic acid ANA (Dirager) and 3. benzyladenine BA (Gerba 4LG), using different doses and thinning periods. During the research the following indicators were studied: the number and average weight of fruits, the yield per tree and per unit area, and the average fruit diameter. On average, over the years 2014-2017, the highest number of fruits in the crown of apple trees was obtained using the growth regulators Dirager (131.2 pcs/tree) and Geramid-New (128 pcs/tree), while the variants treated with Gerba 4LG recorded the highest yield per tree 18.01 kg/tree and the highest average fruit diameter 74.1 mm. The average fruit weight as a quality indicator varied greatly over the studied years. This indicator largely correlated with the number of fruits in the tree crown and weather conditions in the year of reference. It was established that the treatments with Geramid-New in a dose of 1.2 l/ha when 80% of the petals have fallen + 2-3 days, with Dirager in a dose of 0.3 l/ha when the diameter of the central fruit is 8-9 mm and with Gerba 4LG in a dose of 2.5 l/ha when the fruit diameter is 10-15 mm have a significant effect on the studied indicators.

Evaluating the effects of different nutrient management strategies on apple (malus pumila) in intensive orchards of Kazakhstan. Results from a 4-year study

This article presents the findings of a four-year study in intensive apple orchards in southern Kazakhstan, evaluating different nutrient management strategies on apple trees (Malus pumila). The research aimed to assess the impact of nutrition plans on tree growth, productivity, and fruit quality, considering the region's unique soil and climate. The experiment, established in 2014, covered 1.5 hectares and consisted of Jeromini apple trees grafted onto M9 rootstock. Three treatment groups were established: a control group with no additional nutrition, a group with nutrition based on a generally accepted program, and a group with nutrition tailored to the apple tree's needs with fertigation. Phenological and biometric observations were conducted regularly from 2019 to 2022 to monitor tree performance. Soil and leaf samples were analyzed for nutrient content, and soil properties like pH and salinity were assessed. Statistical analysis was used to identify significant differences among the treatment groups. The research was conducted in intensive apple orchards located in the Turkestan region, known for its grey-brown soil. The climate in the study area was characterized as continental, with hot and dry summers and limited precipitation. Soil samples were analyzed for agrophysical and agrochemical properties, including nutrient levels and trace elements. The results showed that the control group had a decreasing trend in yield, while both the generally accepted program and the tailored nutrition program showed increasing trends in yield, with the latter showing a decrease in 2022. Over the fouryear period, the fruits from the control group exhibited reduced commercial qualities. Our program demonstrated similar sweetness and superior shape and yield compared to the conventional method. However, the storage quality of apples in our program was lower. Nevertheless, considering its positive impact on soil fertility and cost-effectiveness, our program appears to be an optimal choice. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the effects of different nutrient management strategies on the growth, health, and productivity of apple trees in a garden setting. This information can benefit orchard growers and researchers seeking to optimize nutrient management practices for apple trees. The study also highlights the importance of considering various factors, such as orchard characteristics and environmental conditions, when designing nutrient management strategies for apple orchards.

Application of an Exhausted Fermentation Broth Obtained from Biohydrogen Production in an Apple Orchard: Assessment of Fruit Quality

About 95% of global hydrogen production is made by fossil fuels using different technologies which are all characterized by high energy consumption and high carbon emissions. Alternatively, more sustainable production methods, such as biological fermentation processes, are under study. Dark fermentation, also called acidogenesis, entails the transformation of a great variety of organic substances into a mixture of organic and inorganic products, as well as gases (H2 and CO2). In this study we tested an exhausted fermentation broth, derived after Clostridium fermentation for H2 production, as a biostimulant via foliar application in an intensive apple orchard. Two different doses were applied upon dilution of the broth in water (100 mL L−1 and 10 mL L−1), evaluating the main fruit quality parameters (fresh weight, fruit diameter, dry matter, firmness, soluble solid content, color lightness, DA index) in addition to macro- and micro-nutrients and heavy metals concentrations. Chemical characterization of the broth showed a high amount of low-MW polypeptides (Trp-Glu-Lys, Ile-Pro-Ile, Phe-Pro-Lys, His-Pro) and organic acids (formic acid, butyric acid, butanedioic acid); moreover, quantitative analyses of inorganic ions showed no heavy metal detection but high concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, compatible with use in agriculture. The fruit quality parameters showed significantly higher mean fruit weight compared to the untreated trees, as well as higher dry matter. No statistical differences were recorded among the treatments for fruit firmness, diameter and yield. Soluble solids content in both treatments were significantly lower than the controls, whereas the DA index mean values were higher in both treatments compared to the controls, indicating a delay in fruit ripening probably due to the high nitrogen broth concentration. Regarding the chemical analyses of fruits, no particular differences were found among the treatments, except for Fe, which showed a significantly higher amount upon treatment with the lower dose. As concerns leaves, no phytotoxic symptoms were detected in both treatments, making the described exhausted broth a candidate for its use as a plant biostimulant. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the ideal application dose, identify further action targets and implement appropriate strategies to concentrate the biostimulant active compounds.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF MYCOFLORA OF GRAY FOREST SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

This article presents the results of research on the quantitative and species composition of soil fungi, including pathogenic, gray forest soils in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe. The mycoflora of the soil was considered for different directions of agricultural land use including soils under intensive apple orchards, intensive crop cultivation and fallow. The condition of soil micromycetes was studied based on the indicators of the abundance of the main ecological and trophic groups. In soils, fungi are determined to be critical players in the ecosystem and play a huge role in agriculture and soil microbiome. The results of research showed certain changes in the content and composition of mycobiota in soils, as a result of their fourteen-year use under fallow, garden and field crop rotations. The difference in the intensity of micromycete colonization of soils of different agricultural lands was revealed: fallow 125.7 thousand CFU/g, intensive gardening 130.5 thousand CFU/g, field crop rotation 191.2 thousand CFU/g. The negative influence of intensive horticulture on quantitative and qualitative indicators of soil mycoflora was established. It was investigated that the lowest percentage of saprotrophic fungi, the highest percentage of pathogenic fungi and toxin-producing species of fungi from the total number of isolated species were observed in the soils of the apple orchard under intensive horticulture, compared to the soils of fallow and field crop rotation. A common feature of all soils of various uses is the presence of representatives of genera Penicillium, Gliocladium and Trichoderma in the soil. Fallow soils were not represented by species from the genera Rhizopus, Arthrinium and Cladosporium, compared to the other soils. However, only they contained representatives of genera Mucor and Absidia. Common to all the three presented soils was the presence of representatives of the species Trichoderma viride Pers. and Gliocladium roseum Bainier.

Preliminary Study on Effect of Crop Load on Tree Nutrition in Intensive Apple Orchards

Elma endüstrisinde ürün yükü yönetimine olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Nitekim ürün yükü yönetimi özellikle periyodisiteyi hafifletmek ve meyve kalitesini arttırmak açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bununla birlikte ağaç beslenmesi de ürün yükü yönetiminden etkilenmektedir. Bu ön çalışmada (i) ürün yükü ve yaprak besin elementleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya çıkartmak, (ii) dormant dönemde alınan budama artıklarının (odun doku) besin elementi içeriklerini belirlemek ve böylelikle ürün yükünün odun dokusunda depolanan besin elementleri üzerine olan etkisini saptamak ve (iii) yaprak ile odun doku örneklerinin besin elementi içerikleri arasında bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Deneme 2021 yılında Göller Yöresinde (Bayındır Köyü/Yeşilova/Burdur) bulunan Royal Gala/M.9 ağaçlarından oluşan sık dikim bir elma bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. Farklı ürün yüklerini temsil eden toplamda 18 ağaç belirlenerek etiketlenmiş, yaprak analizi, verim ve odun doku analiz örnekleri/verileri aynı ağaçlardan toplanmıştır. Çalışmada ürün yükü arttıkça yaprak-potasyum içeriğinin önemli derecede azaldığı, buna karşın yaprak-kalsiyum ve yaprak-manganez içeriklerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Yaprak ve odun dokularında bulunan kalsiyumun pozitif bir korelasyon (0,5418) gösterdiği saptanmıştır.

Effect of trees shaping methods on productivity and harvest quality in intensive apple orchards

Our experiments on determining the effect of cutting and shaping branches on the productivity of low-growing apple orchards showed that the quality of cutting trees and the shape of the branches depend on the level of illumination. Based on it, it will be possible to think about the level of intensity of a particular garden, the productivity of photosynthesis and the final result, that is, a high yield. The more moderate the light pattern of the assimilation level of the gardens, the better the photosynthesis and the higher the productivity. This is directly related to the regular and scientific way of cutting trees and the quality of its implementation. This article presents scientifically based information on the study of the influence of the methods of giving shape to trees in intensive apple orchards on the quality of fruits. Depending on the average yield per tree, the highest yield per unit area compared to the control was recorded in the variant plants shaped by the Sparse-tier palmette method according to the rule. In this method of shaping, the yield of the Golden Delicious variety increased from 17.1 t/ha to 23.7 t/ha over the years. In the introduced winter variety Fuji, the highest yield was observed in the Italian palmette method. In this formative method, the productivity increased from 18.7 to 25.8 t/ha according to the research years, which allowed to grow an additional crop by 3.6-4.1 t/ha compared to the control option.

Application of water-saving irrigation technologies of intensive apple orchards in the irrigated regions of Uzbekistan

In this article, the purpose of the research is to improve the method of irrigation of intensive apple orchards, determining the rate and duration of irrigation, determining seasonal water consumption, and calculating water rates. When intensive apple orchards are irrigated on the basis of water-saving technologies, it is observed that the trees use soil moisture, atmospheric precipitation, and the efficiency of using irrigation water. As a result, it has been proven that seasonal water consumption can be saved from 12% to 52% compared to furrowlab irrigation. In this case, it was noted that the use of transverse barrier furrows in the conditions of soils prone to irrigation erosion reduced soil particle leaching by 31-51%, irrigation water by 17-25% and increased productivity by 22-28%. Also, it was observed that the fruit quality improved, the weight of one apple increased by 36 g, and the yield increased by 7.3 tons/ha. Intensive orchards irrigated with 75-80-70% relative humidity relative to LFMC have been reported to have 30-65% higher yields than controls.

Matured Manure and Compost from the Organic Fraction of Solid Waste Digestate Application in Intensive Apple Orchards

In intensive fruit growing systems, the recovery and maintenance of soil fertility play a crucial role in both environmental protection and sustainable support to plant productivity. The circular economy approach adopted at the EU level strongly promotes the use of organic products instead of mineral fertilizers. This work focuses on two different soil improvers, compost from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste digestate (CO) and "matured" manure, produced after a fast and controlled aerobic treatment in an aerated pile (MM), which were applied in three apple orchards with different soil tillage. The soil improvers have been characterized for amendment and fertilizing properties. After the amendment, the soils were sampled twice a year (Spring and Autumn) for three years. Each sample has been characterized for texture, pH, cation exchange capacity, nutrients, soil organic matter, and micronutrients. The amendments obtained differed on C, N, P, and K contents, but had similar biological stability. The main effects on soils were the increasing of N and soil organic matter after compost application, while the use of matured manure mainly act on available P and exchangeable K. The treatments showed significant effects among fields with a linear increasing trend only for compost. Matured manure showed more effects in earlier times. The data collected aim to improve the knowledge about sustainable management of soil organic matter and organic nutrients in intensive fruit-growing agriculture by using local products.

Productivity and economical effectiveness of intensive apple orchard with different methods of laying

Researches to study the productivity and economic effectiveness of an intensive apple orchard with various methods of planting were carried out in 2015-2020 at the laboratory plot of the FGBNU FSC of Horticulture. Research objects: apple trees of varieties Melba, Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Kandil Orlovskiy, Orlik, Podarok Grafskomu, grafted on semi-dwarf clonal rootstock 54-118. Research goal: improving the technology of planting and growing an intensive apple orchard. It was established that the laying of an intensive orchards with uncrowned annual saplings with the formation of a column type spindle-shaped crown significantly accelerated the increase in yield at the beginning of the fruiting period and ensured a profit of 45,885,2 th. roub/ha for cultivars of the spur fruiting type. It is shown that when planting an intensive apple tree orchards with uncrowned two-year-old saplings, profits and profitability levels were significantly lower. Varieties with a mixed type of fruiting, such as Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Podarok Grafskomu had a low yield at the beginning of the fruiting period and did not meet the requirements of intensive horticulture. The planting of an intensive orchards with uncrowned annual saplings, with a planting pattern of 4.0×1.5 m, reduced the time for the formation of a column type spindle-shaped crown by half.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF APPLE TREES UNDER SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF BUKHARA DEPENDING ON THE METHOD AND DEGREE OF CUTTING

This article provides data on the creation of intensive apple orchards that contribute to obtaining the highest yield with good qualities from the second or third after planting.

Wild bee communities benefit from temporal complementarity of hedges and flower strips in apple orchards

Abstract Wild bees importantly pollinate both crop and wild plants. Yet, in intensive agricultural landscapes, wild bees are rare due to resource limitations of nectar and pollen. Flower strips and hedges are often used as resource enhancements for wild bees to overcome this shortage, but provide floral resources only during specific time periods. To sustain diverse and stable bee communities, bee‐attractive flowers need to be available during the entire growing season. This may be achieved by combining flower strips and hedges to complement each other and provide continuous floral resources. Over three subsequent years, we compared the phenology of flower and wild bee communities in perennial flower strips, hedges and improved hedges (complemented with a sown herb layer) in conventional apple orchards in Southern Germany, a pollination‐dependent crop system. Hedges provided floral resources in the early season while the flower strips took over later in the season. Bees visited the hedges mostly from March to June, whereas they visited the flower strips from June to August in the first year, and in the second year already from April onwards. Flower strips were visited with an overall higher abundance and species richness than both the hedges and the improved hedges. Synthesis and application. For enhancing wild bees in intensive apple orchards, hedges and perennial flower strips are complementary in providing flower resources. Yet, flower strips bloom more constantly and during periods of flower scarcity, and thus attract a higher diversity of bees than hedges. Perennial flower strips of different age classes should be preferred over annual strips, at best in a network with some well‐maintained hedges, as perennial flower strips of different age attract different bee communities and thus potentially a higher bee diversity on the landscape level.

Nutrient Content with Different Fertilizer Management and Influence on Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple cv. Gala

Assessing a plant’s nutritional status and fertilizer rates and types that can optimize fruit quality and yield are critical in intensive apple orchards. The aim of this work was to identify correlations between nutrients in the different organs that allow the early diagnosis of the nutritional status and to assess the impact on the optimal nutrient content in apple leaves, as well as in the yield and quality of chemical and organic fertilization. Five orchards of ‘Gala’ were fertilized with different levels of NPK over a period of four years. Macro and micronutrients of buds, flowers, 45 and 90–110 days after full bloom (DAFB) leaves and 60 DAFB and 15 days before harvest (DBH) fruits were determined. Boron was the only element for which strong correlations, 0.7 < r < 0.9, were observed between all organ pairs. The fertilization treatments did not affect the nutrient concentrations in the leaves of 90–110 DAFB other than P, Ca and Mg and did not affect the macronutrients in the fruit. In one of the five orchards, the yield increased by 26% with double fertilization compared to standard fertilization and, for the other four orchards, the impact depended on the year. Fruit size was more related to crop load than to fertilization and TSS and firmness were not affected by the type or amount of fertilizers. Replacing part of the chemical fertilizer with organic materials did not affect productivity or fruit quality.

THE USE OF LACEWING (CHRYSOPA SEPTEMPUNCTATA WEBMAIL) IN THE COMBAT OF APPLE RED MITES (PANONYCHUS ULMI KOCH) IN THE INTENSIVE SEED ORCHARDS

The article elucidates the use of the lacewing (Chrysoprase septempunctata webmail) against the apple red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch), found in the orchards which are raised in the territory of the republic, at different consumption rates (1 : 5, 1 : 10, 1 : 15), based on its pest ratio and biological effectiveness. The use of the lacewing contributed to 87.8% reduction of the number of apple red mites by the end of the season. Our studies, which were less effective against hemp in the intensive apple orchards on these entomophages, showed that 1 (one) ha of apple trees on the territory of the State Unitary Enterprise of the Kibray district, the Tashkent region, against the harmful red cane (Panonychus ulmi) in Fuji orchards; studies were conducted to determine the biological effectiveness of septempunctured chrysoprase using entomophages.

Biological features and phenology of the odd bark beetle development (Xyleborus dispar F.) on the territory of Transcarpathia

On the basis of literature analysis and primary research biological features of such pest as an odd bark beetle Xyleborus dispar F are described and the phenology of its development is established. This polyphag is known to harm both forest plantations and fruit cultures. The main species damaged by bark beetles include both coniferous and deciduous and fruit trees (apple, pear, plum, bird cherry, rowan). Significant damage is caused by apple orchards of intensive type which due to planting density and softness of wood are vulnerable to damage by phytophagous. The main difficulty in the fight against bark beetle is associated with a hidden way of life and the passage of almost all stages of development inside the tree. One of the main signs of bark beetle development in Transcarpathia is early flight. Already in early April, there are signs of penetration of bark into the tree - the appearance of smut on the bark and wood chips in the trunk strip. Another danger is the high level of fertility of bark beetles, which threatens the rapid spread of the adult pest, which in turn leads to significant economic losses for intensive orchards and causes irreparable damage to apple orchards. Since the odd-numbered western bark beetle is a relatively new pest for apple orchards in Transcarpathia, the preparation and calculation of the appearance and passage of the main phases of development is a thorough step in the fight against this polyphagous. Intensive apple orchards which are particularly vulnerable to phytophagous damage due to planting density and soft wood significantly suffer from the pest. Based on a three-year monitoring process a phenogram of bark beetle development in the lowland part of Transcarpathia was developed, and the approximate values of effective temperatures required for the passage through different phases of the pest were calculated. It was established that during the growing season in the study area the odd western bark beetle develops in one generation. However, the summer generation of adults which develop in trunks of apple trees emerges in mid-July and repopulates new trees for final wintering. This creates an additional need for measures to protect apple trees from pests. The results of the research allow gardeners to adjust the integrated system of orchard protection, as well as to include additional pest detection measures in the program of effective apple growing.