Intensity Ratings Research Articles

The Mandarin Chinese auditory emotions stimulus database: A validated corpus of monosyllabic Chinese characters.

Auditory emotional rhythm can be transmitted by simple syllables. This study aimed to establish and validate an auditory speech dataset containing Mandarin Chinese auditory emotional monosyllables (MCAE-Monosyllable), a resource that has not been previously available. A total of 422 Chinese monosyllables were recorded by six professional Mandarin actors, each expressing seven emotions: neutral, happy, angry, sad, fearful, disgusted, and surprised. Additionally, each neutral voice was recorded in four Chinese tones. After standardization and energy balance, the recordings were evaluated by 720 Chinese college students for emotional categories (forced to choose one out of seven emotions) and emotional intensity (rated on a scale of 1-9). The final dataset consists of 18,089 valid Chinese monosyllabic pronunciations (neutrality: 9425, sadness: 2453, anger: 2024; surprise: 1699, disgust: 1624, happiness: 590, fear: 274). On average, neutrality had the highest accuracy rate (79%), followed by anger (75%) and sadness (75%), surprise (74%), happiness (73%), disgust (72%), and finally fear (67%). We provided detailed validation results, acoustic information, and perceptual intensity rating values for each sound. The MCAE-Monosyllable database serves as a valuable resource for neural decoding of Chinese emotional speech, cross-cultural language research, and behavioral or clinical studies related to language and emotional disorders. The database can be obtained within the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/h3uem/?view_only=047dfd08dbb64ad0882410da340aa271 ).

The Heat and Irradiation Driven Degradation of the Diagnostic Pigments in Marine Phytoplankton and the Compositions of Special Degradation Products

Marine phytoplankton stands as one of the most crucial components of marine ecosystems, so tracking it using appropriate biomarkers holds significant meaning. Chlorins are a sort of degradation products derived from the diagnostic pigment of marine phytoplankton and serve as valuable biomarkers for describing the temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton. However, previous research has not qualitatively or quantitatively studied multiple Chlorins, nor has it clearly revealed the conditions of their formation. Thus, this study investigated the chemical structure and formation mechanism of Chlorins in Chlorophytes, Prochlorococcus, and Chrysophytes communities by experiencing specific heat and irradiation conditions. According to the standardized redundancy analysis results, Phytin-a and its analogues with shorter phytyl chain are sensitive to irradiation intensity, and different Phytin-a analogues represent different degradation pathway of Chl-a. The composition and concentration of Phide-a and its further degradation products emerged as the primary thermosensitive components, capable of indicating and reversing temperature fluctuations within the environment. During the degradation processes of Chl-a, the carotenoids of each phytoplankton can also affect the degradation direction of Chl-a. Phycourobilin can cause Chl-a in the Prochlorococcus group to transform into special Phide-a analogues relying on low irradiation intensity. Zeaxanthin and Diatoxanthin dominate the conversion of Chl-a in Chrysophytes, and tend to cause heat-driven degradation of pigments. Zeaxanthin and Prasinoxanthin can also mediate the degradation of Chl-a in Chlorophytes. Thus, Chlorophyll and the composition of its Chlorins briefly reveal the rates of degradation and light intensity, and the carotenoids and their Chlorins can represent the temperature condition in the environment. These results imply that Chlorins can be utilized as biomarkers to infer the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton communities, reflecting the environmental factors in which phytoplankton live.

Dissociative episodes and concurrent heart rate in patients with PTSD - An ecological momentary assessment.

Dissociative symptoms are a frequent complication in posttraumatic stress disorders affecting about a third of all PTSD patients. While theoretical models predict a physiological hypoarousal during posttraumatic dissociations, empirical evidence is lacking. We addressed this by studying spontaneously occurring dissociative symptoms and related heart rate changes in an ecological momentary assessment. Therefore, we continuously measured heart rate for five to ten days with mobile ECG in 47 female inpatients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative symptoms. During this observation period, patients tracked each dissociative event on a smartphone app and reported on symptom characteristics. Patients reported a total of 164 dissociative events. Those typically lasted <30 min and involved co-occuring depersonalization and derealization of moderate to severe intensity. Tracked symptoms correlated positively with some conventional self-reports for depersonalization and derealization. Heart rate during dissociative symptoms varied greatly between and within individuals and was on average not different from baseline assessment. There was also no significant relation between dissociation intensity and heart rate change. These results challenge the theory of reactive hypoarousal during chronic dissociation and support the view that physiological adaptation modifies in the course of posttraumatic chronification. They also highlight the individual variability of dissociative symptoms and underscore the necessity of detailed assessment for targeted therapeutic approaches.

Perspectives of Midwives and Nurse Practitioners in Kentucky on Exercise Counseling During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study.

Healthcare professionals are in an optimal position to deliver exercise information to pregnant women, yet previous research suggests this seldom happens. Midwives and nurse practitioners, who may have more time with pregnant women, are particularly well suited for this role. This qualitative study examined the exercise advice and counseling provided by midwives and nurse practitioners in Kentucky, focusing on the barriers they face. Twenty-one midwives and nurse practitioners were recruited until the sample size reached saturation. A survey with open-ended questions was distributed to potential participants in regional hospitals, universities, and professional associations. The framework method was employed to identify common themes in the responses from participants. Five main themes emerged: nature of advice, discussing exercise benefits, safety concerns, barriers to counseling, and suggestions for improvement. Findings revealed that midwives and nurse practitioners recommend moderate exercise, aiming for 150 min weekly, monitoring heart rate for intensity, continuing prepregnancy exercise routines, starting low-intensity exercise during pregnancy such as walking, slowing down as pregnancy advances, and avoiding heavy lifting and vigorous activities. Many midwives and nurse practitioners in our sample took a reactive approach to exercise counseling, providing exercise advice if pregnant women asked questions or if they were at high risk for hypokinetic diseases. It was also observed that midwives and nurse practitioners discussed the maternal benefits of exercise more than the fetal benefits. Only a few nurse practitioners and midwives were content with their counseling, while the majority did not feel their counseling was effective. Many midwives and nurse practitioners in Kentucky provided comprehensive and accurate physical activity guidelines to pregnant women. However, there is room for them to improve: proactive counseling should include discussions on fetal benefits and using the "talk test" for exercise intensity. Advising patients to slow down as pregnancy progresses should be reconsidered, and evidence-based guidance on specific exercises should be prioritized.

Blood proteomics and multimodal risk profiling of human volunteers after incision injury: A translational study for advancing personalized pain management after surgery.

A significant number of patients develop chronic pain after surgery, but prediction of those who are at risk is currently not possible. Thus, prognostic prediction models that include bio-psycho-social and physiological factors in line with the complex nature of chronic pain would be urgently required. Here, we performed a translational study in male volunteers before and after an experimental incision injury. We determined multi-modal features ranging from pain characteristics and psychological questionnaires to blood plasma proteomics. Outcome measures included pain intensity ratings and the extent of the area of hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli surrounding the incision, as a proxy of central sensitization. A multi-step logistic regression analysis was performed to predict outcome measures based on feature combinations using data-driven cross-validation and prognostic model development. Phenotype-based stratification resulted in the identification of low and high responders for both outcome measures. Regression analysis revealed prognostic proteomic, specific psychophysical, and psychological features. A combinatorial set of distinct features enabled us to predict outcome measures with increased accuracy compared to using single features. Remarkably, in high responders, protein network analysis suggested a protein signature characteristic of low-grade inflammation. Alongside, in silico drug repurposing highlighted potential treatment options employing antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Taken together, we present here an integrated pipeline that harnesses bio-psycho-physiological data for prognostic prediction in a translational approach. This pipeline opens new avenues for clinical application with the goal of stratifying patients and identifying potential new targets, as well as mechanistic correlates, for postsurgical pain.

Smiling and frowning induced by facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) modulate felt emotion and physiology.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, feedback from facial muscles can initiate and modulate a person's emotional state. This assumption is debated, however, and existing research has arguably suffered from a lack of control over which facial muscles are activated, when, to what degree, and for how long. To overcome these limitations, we carried out a preregistered experiment including 58 participants. Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) was applied to the bilateral zygomaticus major and depressor anguli oris muscles for 5 s at 100% and 50% of the participants' individual motor threshold. After each trial, participants reported their emotional valence and intensity and levels of experienced discomfort. Facial muscle activations were verified with automatic video coding; heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded throughout. Results showed that muscle activation through fNMES, even when controlling for fNMES-induced discomfort, modulated participants' emotional state as expected, with more positive emotions reported after stronger stimulation of the zygomaticus major than the depressor anguli oris muscle. The addition of expression-congruent emotional images increased the effect. Moreover, fNMES intensity predicted intensity ratings, reduced HR, and skin conductance response. The finding that changes in felt emotion can be induced through brief and controlled activation of specific facial muscles is in line with the facial feedback hypothesis and offers exciting opportunities for translational intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Investigating the implementation of a Trial of Labour After Caesarean (TOLAC) delivery bundle with respect to decreasing caesarean delivery rates: a multisite quality improvement initiative

ObjectivesTo study the effect of implementing a Trial of Labour After Caesarean (TOLAC) delivery bundle with respect to decreasing caesarean delivery rates across five hospitals.DesignProspective quality improvement study.SettingFive Canadian hospital...

Assessing wildland fire suppression effectiveness with infrared imaging on experimental fires

Background Suppression effectiveness is often evaluated by measuring the extent to which it slows fire spread and reduces fireline intensity. Although studies have used infrared (IR) imaging methods to explore suppression effectiveness, most do not measure or assess the influence of water application on energy release. Aims This preliminary analysis uses IR imagery to quantify the impact of suppression on fire behaviour and the reduction in energy released from a flaming fire. Methods We conducted a series of small-scale experimental burns representative of pine and grass surface litter in the Canadian boreal forest and suppressed these fires while actively monitoring fire behaviour with overhead IR imagery. We used detailed measurements of fire radiative power to estimate fire radiative energy density, forward rate of spread and fireline intensity. Key results We observed changes in fire behaviour due to suppression, quantified the duration of those reductions and detected a suppression signal through an analysis of radiative energy during the flaming combustion phase. Conclusions IR methodology is able to capture the changes in energy released from a fire due to known aspects of water application. Implications Our findings can inform methodologies for field studies on suppression effectiveness, where ground sampling techniques are impractical but airborne IR methods can be employed.

Endocannabinoid contributions to the perception of socially relevant, affective touch in humans.

Social relationships are central to well-being. A subgroup of afferent nerve fibers, C-tactile (CT) afferents, are primed to respond to affective, socially relevant touch and may mitigate the effects of stress. The endocannabinoid ligand anandamide (AEA) modulates both social reward and stress. We thus hypothesized that AEA levels would be associated with the perceived pleasantness of affective touch in humans. Across two studies, we explored perceptions of affective, socially relevant touch and general affective stimuli. In study 1, adult participants (N = 101) were recruited based on presence (CM+) or absence (CM-) of documented childhood maltreatment (N = 52 CM+; N = 49 CM-). In study 2, healthy individuals were randomized to receive an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH; PF-04457845) to increase AEA levels (n = 16) or placebo (n = 29). Outcomes included self-report ratings of touch pleasantness and intensity, valence and arousal ratings of affective images, and plasma levels of endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG, cortisol, and oxytocin. In study 1, higher AEA levels were associated with a reduced preference for affective, CT-optimal touch. In study 2, pharmacological elevation of AEA resulted in reduced preference for affective touch. These effects were specific to social processing, as AEA levels were not related to ratings of affective images. In contrast to our hypothesis, elevated AEA was associated with reduced pleasantness ratings of CT-optimal, affective touch. This provides novel, in-human data linking AEA to social processing, adding nuance to the rationale for its use as a potential novel therapeutic target in disordered in social processing.

Effectiveness of a Strobing Light System for Deflecting Downstream Migrating European Silver Eels (Anguilla anguilla)

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic structures, such as dams, delay, injure and kill during downstream migrating silver‐phase Anguillid eels. To enhance spawner escapement from rivers, efforts are being made to develop devices that guide eels towards safe passage routes. We tested the ability of a strobing light array to deflect downstream migrating European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) by comparing the distribution of eel catches in a series of nets when lights were on (treatment periods) and off (control periods). Deflection efficiency of the light array was 80.6% (95% CL = 74.3%–85.3%), estimated by comparing the proportion of the total biomass captured in nets located immediately downstream of the light array during control and treatment periods. Eels caught during treatment periods (Mean ± S.E.; 452 ± 11 mm) were significantly smaller than those caught during control periods (538 ± 8 mm), which suggested that smaller eels were less capable of avoiding the light array. Future research should determine specifications for operation of strobe light arrays, including effects of light intensity and strobe rate, angle of array deployment, and effects of environmental factors on deflection efficiency.

The Development of a Regional, High-Resolution OSSE Framework to Study the Impact of Observations from Uncrewed Aircraft Systems on Numerical Weather Prediction

Abstract Using Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) for routine weather observations is becoming increasingly feasible, but two open questions are the impact UAS observations will have on operational NWP and the optimal configuration of a UAS observing network. Deploying hundreds to thousands of UAS across the US to answer these questions is not feasible, so we propose using an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) instead. This article describes the development and validation of an OSSE framework for examining the impact of UAS observations on regional, convection-allowing NWP. The OSSE includes two week-long Nature Runs (NRs) over CONUS with 1-km grid spacing, simulated conventional observations, a 3-km forecast system similar to the prototype Rapid-Refresh Forecast System (RRFS), and verification workflows. Comparisons between the NR and various observations show that the NR generally mirrors reality, though the NR tends to produce too many reflectivity objects that are too large and larger coverage of intense precipitation rates compared to reality. Comparing real-data and OSSE RRFS runs indicates that, for the majority of the variables examined, forecast errors are not systematically smaller in the OSSE, suggesting that there is no identical twin issue. Data-denial experiments using either real or simulated conventional observations indicate that the OSSE has a similar ordering of most to least impactful observations, though the impact of aircraft observations tend to be larger in the OSSE. Altogether, these results suggest the OSSE framework can be used to glean meaningful information about UAS observation impacts on regional NWP.

Perinatal outcomes of patients who underwent cervical cerclage and their relationship to systemic inflammatory indices

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the perinatal outcomes of patients who underwent cervical cerclage and to investigate the relationship between these outcomes and systemic inflammatory indices. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Ankara Etlik City Hospital between November 2022 and November 2023. Patients were divided into three groups based on the indication for cerclage: history-indicated cerclage (H-IC), ultrasound-indicated cerclage (U-IC) and physical examination-indicated cerclage (PE-IC). The systemic inflammatory markers neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), pan-immune inflammation value (PIV) and multi-inflammation indices (MII), were measured. The perinatal outcomes, including gestational age at delivery, birth weight and APGAR Scores, were compared among the groups. Results: Seventy patients were included in the study. The rate of preterm birth was highest in the PE-IC group (61.1%), followed by the U-IC group (40.9%) and the H-IC group (36.7%). Birth weight, 1- and 5-minute APGAR Scores were significantly lower in the PE-IC group, and neonatal intensive care unit admission rates were significantly higher in the PE-IC group. Inflammatory markers NLR, SII and PIV were significantly higher in the U-IC group compared to the H-IC group. However, no significant differences were observed between the U-IC and PE-IC groups in terms of these markers. Conclusion: Patients who underwent PE-IC had poorer perinatal outcomes compared to those who underwent H-IC or U-IC. The systemic inflammatory indices NLR, SII and PIV may serve as useful markers for predicting pregnancy outcomes and guiding early interventions in patients at risk of preterm birth. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.

Spatio-temporal Evolution of Carbon Emissions and Emission Reduction Paths in the Northern Farming-pastoral Ecotone

The farming-pastoral ecotone has an important strategic place in the energy supply and ecological layout of China. Thus, exploring the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of carbon emissions in this region will help to deeply understand the information on the historical carbon emissions in China's energy production bases and provide data references for the formulation of differentiated emission reduction policies and the promotion of regional energy-saving and carbon-reducing measures, which is of great significance for the realization of low-carbon economic development. This study constructed a spatialization model of carbon emissions based on land use, night lighting, and provincial energy consumption data； explored the spatiotemporal changes and aggregation characteristics of carbon emissions in the farming-pastoral ecotone from 1995 to 2020 using the global Moran's index and hotspot analysis； and then combined it with the slack-based measure model to calculate the carbon emission efficiency and emission reduction potential of each city from 2010 to 2020 and classify cities to propose a differentiated emission reduction path. The results showed that, firstly, the estimated results at the prefectural city level of the carbon emission spatialization model constructed in this study with multi-source data could reach an R2 of 0.92 for a linear fit. Secondly, the total carbon emissions in the farming-pastoral ecotone increased from 176.29 million tons in 1995 to 1 014.51 million tons in 2020. However, the carbon emission intensity and growth rate both decreased, which was related to adjusting the energy structure and improving energy efficiency. Regarding spatial distribution, the cities with high carbon emissions over time were Datong, Baotou, and Yulin in order. Thirdly, the carbon emissions in the study area showed a significant global spatial positive correlation at the county level, with the hot spots mainly located at the junction of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia, while the cold spots were extended from Yanan City to Qingyang and Guyuan City after 2010. Finally, based on the differences in carbon emission efficiency and reduction potential, cities could be classified into four types： "high-efficiency and high potential," "low-efficiency and high potential," "high-efficiency and low potential," and "low-efficiency and low potential" to implement targeted emission reduction strategies.

Influence law of air flow and water immersion duration on the risk of secondary oxidation spontaneous combustion of coal

To further elucidate the variations of secondary oxidation spontaneous combustion risk of lignite under different air flows and immersion time. Secondary oxidation experiments of short-term water-immersed coal and long-term water-immersed coal were conducted under four air flows. The results show that, the presence of a temperature inflection point during primary oxidation process, when coal temperature exceeds it, both the oxygen consumption rate and heat release intensity of long-term water-immersed coal are lower, furthermore, decrease in air flow leads to reduction in the temperature inflection point. The oxygen consumption rate and heat release intensity during the primary oxidation process exceed those observed during the subsequent secondary oxidation process. In the secondary oxidation process, long-term water-immersed coal exhibits higher rates of oxygen consumption and heat release intensity compared to short-term water-immersed coal. Additionally, the oxygen-consuming activation energy for oxygen consumption of long-term water-immersed coal is lower. The increase in air flow and water immersion time generally leads to the extreme value of the limit parameters, such as the local maximum of minimal thickness of residual coal and the lower limit oxygen fraction, the local minimum of the maximal air leakage intensity develops in the direction of increasing the risk of spontaneous combustion of coal in goaf.

Mucosal integrity and acid sensitivity predict proton pump inhibitor response in patients with heartburn and normal acid exposure.

Patients with typical reflux symptoms and normal acid exposure time (AET) are classified as either reflux hypersensitivity (RH) or functional heartburn (FH), some of whom respond to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). We determined if esophageal psychophysiological parameters predict PPI response in symptomatic RH and FH patients. We prospectively recruited adults with heartburn diagnosed with RH or FH on 24-h impedance-pH monitoring off PPI. Mucosal integrity was evaluated using mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI). Symptom response required ≥50 % reduction in global symptom severity. Infusion of hydrochloric acid (0.1 N) into the mid-esophagus evaluated acid sensitivity, using time to initial typical symptom perception (lag time) and intensity rating. Factors influencing PPI response were identified using logistic regression. Of 102 study participants (age 21-64 years, 69.6 % women, 54 RH, 48 FH), 37.3 % demonstrated PPI response (RH: 44.4 %, FH: 29.2 %, p = NS). On multivariable logistic regression, lower MNBI correlated with PPI response in both RH and FH, shorter lag time also correlated in RH. The optimal MNBI threshold for predicting PPI response was 2500 ohms. Lower MNBI indicating mucosal acid damage, and esophageal acid sensitivity prompting early symptom reporting are physiomarkers of PPIs response in RH and FH patients.

Identification of combustion characteristics of high ash Indian coal, rice straw, rice straw char and their blends

The present investigation evaluates the co-combustion performance of rice straw (RS), rice straw char (RSC), high ash coal (HAC) to determine their suitability as blended fuels for power generation. Both the individual and blended fuels were characterized through proximate analysis, ash analysis, and the determination of gross calorific value (GCV). Experimental results indicate that RS and RSC possess higher GCV than HAC, improving overall GCV and combustion rate of the blends. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals significant variations in the thermal properties of disproportionate mixtures (blends of HAC with RS or RSC). HAC has the highest ignition (Ti = 417°C), peak (Tp = 498°C), and burnout temperatures (Tf = 565°C), indicating weak thermal stability. In contrast, RS and RSC exhibit much lower Ti (226°C and 256°C, respectively) and Tf (420°C and 448°C), suggesting they ignite more easily and have moderate thermal stability. Blends with higher RS or RSC content progressively decrease Ti and Tf, but with a sharper DTGmax (maximum derivative thermogravimetry) and Pi (ignition index), highlighting more intense and quicker combustion. Increasing the RS content from 10% to 90% lowers the ignition temperature (Ti) from 416ºC to 222ºC and burnout temperature (Tf) from 564ºC to 417ºC. Performance index (Qf) increases, and rate of heat intensity (Sf) decreases as RS/RSC content increases, with RS9HAC1 and RSC9HAC1 having moderate stability and highest combustion intensity. This trend illustrates that increasing RS/RSC proportions enhance reactivity with moderate thermal stability. Thermodynamic analysis shows that blending RS and RSC with HAC decreases the enthalpy (ΔH) from 41.42kJ/mol to 37.77kJ/mol and from 42.02kJ/mol to 31.74kJ/mol as the RS and RSC content rises from 10% to 90% implying that individual combustion of coal is difficult while blending RS and RSC makes the combustion favorable. Adding 10% RS and 20% RSC can significantly improve combustion efficiency at various temperatures without major boiler modifications. The numerical study demonstrates the prospective for enhancing coal-biomass/biochar co-combustion by altering O2/CO2 gas levels, emphasizing the benefits of adding biomass and biochar, as well as substituting CO2 for N2 under specific conditions.

Synchronization resilience of coupled fluctuating-damping oscillators in small-world weighted complex networks

The mechanisms of synergy in complex networks have garnered significant attention across scientific disciplines. In this paper, we present a model of coupled oscillators with damping fluctuations within a small-world weighted complex network. We analyze the system’s asymptotic synchronization to derive conditions for asymptotic stability and evaluate the steady-state response. Our numerical simulations highlight the substantial impact of network weight heterogeneity and scale on asymptotic synchronization. We also examine asymptotic synchronization resilience under various removal strategies, revealing that increased noise intensity and lower switching rates reduce resilience. Notably, the removal of strong links poses the greatest vulnerability, while weak links have minimal impact. Interestingly, enhancing weight heterogeneity and scale can improve resilience in certain cases. Our results further show that heterogeneity accelerates synchronization speed, indicating a non-monotonic relationship with network scale. Ultimately, we confirm our theoretical findings and reveal intriguing generalized stochastic resonance (GSR) phenomena.

Effects of turbulence spreading and symmetry breaking on edge shear flow during sawtooth cycles in J-TEXT tokamak

The effect of sawteeth on plasma performance and transport in the plasmas of tokamak is an important issue in the fusion field. Sawtooth oscillations can trigger heat and turbulence pulses that propagate into the edge plasmas, and thus enhance the edge shear flow and induce a transition from low confinement mode to high confinement mode. The influences of turbulence spreading and symmetry breaking on edge shear flow with sawtooth crashes are observed in the J-TEXT tokamak. The edge plasma turbulence and shear flow were measured using a fast reciprocating electrostatic probe array. The experimental data were analyzed using methods such as conditional average and probability distribution function. After sawtooth crashes, the heat and turbulence pulses in the core propagate to the edge, with the turbulence pulse being faster than the heat pulse. Figures 1 (a)-(e) show the core electron temperature, and the edge electron temperature, turbulence intensity, turbulence drive and spreading rates, Reynolds stress and its gradient, and shearing rates, respectively. Following sawtooth crashes, the edge electron temperature increases and the edge turbulence is enhanced, with turbulence preceding temperature. The enhanced edge turbulence is mainly composed of two parts: turbulence driven by local gradient and turbulence spreading from core to edge. The development of the estimated turbulence spreading rates is prior to that of the turbulence driving rates. The increase in the turbulence intensity can cause the enhancements of the turbulent Reynold stresses and its gradient, thereby enhancing shear flows and radial electric fields. Turbulence spreading leads to the development of edge Reynolds stresses and shear flow faster than edge electron temperature. The Reynolds stress arises from the symmetry breaking of the turbulence wave number spectrum. After sawtooth collapse, the joint probability density function of radial and poloidal wave numbers of turbulence intensity became highly skewed and anisotropic, exhibiting strong asymmetry, as seen in the figures 1 (f) and (g). The development of turbulence spreading flux at the edge is also prior to the particle flux driven by turbulence, indicating that turbulent energy transport is not simply accompanied by turbulent particle transport. These results show that turbulence spreading and symmetry breaking can enhance turbulent Reynolds stress, thereby driving shear flows, after sawtooth crashes.

Impact of reduced sonic boom exposure on introspective judgments and annoyance, pleasantness and loudness ratings for simulated booms presented in a realistic indoor environment

Impact of reduced sonic boom exposure on introspective judgments and annoyance, pleasantness and loudness ratings for simulated booms presented in a realistic indoor environment

Clinical outcomes following shock team implementation for cardiogenic shock: a systematic review

Abstract Background Cardiogenic shock is a critical cardiac condition characterized by low cardiac output leading to end-organ hypoperfusion and associated with high in-hospital mortality rates. It can manifest following acute myocardial infarction or acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure. Despite advancements, mortality rates remain elevated, prompting interest in multidisciplinary approaches to improve outcomes. This manuscript presents a review focused on the concept of a cardiogenic shock team and its potential impact on patient management and outcomes. Methods A comprehensive search was performed on March 19, 2023, covering PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library. We included primary studies (prospective and retrospective) only and evaluated their quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Scale. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023440354). Results Six relevant studies with 2066 cardiogenic shock patients were included, of which 1071 were managed by shock teams and 995 received standard care. Findings from the reviewed studies indicated the favorable outcomes associated with implementing cardiogenic shock teams. Patients managed by these teams exhibited higher 30-day and in-hospital survival rates compared to those without team intervention. The implementation of cardiogenic shock teams was linked to reduced in-hospital and intensive care unit mortality rates. Additionally, shock team involvement was associated with shorter door-to-balloon times. Conclusion The findings suggest that cardiogenic shock teams play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes through earlier detection and timely interventions. Despite challenges in team implementation, their potential to reduce mortality and improve efficiency in patient care warrants further research and greater integration of multidisciplinary strategies into clinical practice.