XRD Peak Intensity Research Articles

Andrographolide Encapsulation in Metal‐organic Frameworks (MOFs) via Solvent‐free Process at High Pressure

Andrographolide (ADG) encapsulation was carried out on MOFs MIL‐53(Al) and ZIF‐8 by high‐pressure (0.3 GPa) contact. This methodology is not only environment‐friendly but also energy/time‐saving and gives rise to ADG‐MOFs with physical features equivalent to those of materials obtained by common liquid phase encapsulation. The loaded MOFs were characterized through TEM, SEM, XRD, TGA, FT‐IR, BET, and NMR. The observed decrease in the intensity of ADG XRD peaks is due to the adsorption of ADG into the MOFs. TGA showed the decomposition step of ADG in the range of 200‐300 °C in both loaded MOFs. FT‐IR also showed intense signals of the ADG in the synthesized materials. The dissolution profile of ADG in MIL‐53(Al) in PBS (pH = 7.4) was carried out showing that the drug was released up to 96% after 75 h. NMR confirmed the interactions between ADG molecules and ZIF‐8 groups and the formation of a hydrogen bond between the carboxylic group of ADG and the hydroxyl group of MIL‐53(Al). Coefficient partition studies determined that both MOFs did not improve the hydrophilicity of the ADG, due to the loading of the drug preferably occurring by interactions in the hydrophobic areas within the pores of the MOFs.

Effect of Ag doping on the structural, morphological, optical and antibacterial activity of ZnS nanoparticles

In this study Ag-doped ZnS nanostructures for antibacterial activity were prepared by means of a facile wet-chemical method. XRD study reveals a decrease in the intensity of XRD peaks and the presence of an additional peak for silver which further affirms the incorporation of silver ions in ZnS matrix. The synthesized 1% Ag-doped ZnS nanostructures have the average particle size distribution of 16.45 ± 0.13 nm based on the TEM image. The antimicrobial activity of pure ZnS and Ag-doped ZnS were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results show that the bacterial inhibition was enhanced due to the doping of Ag into ZnS matrix in contrast to ZnS. This results obtained from the antibacterial study could be capitalized to be administered as a potent antibacterial drug for biomedical application.

An intriguing way to synthesize a TiO2–ZnO hybrid nanostructure for the pragmatic application as a photocatalyst

In an attempt to counter the problem of treating wastewater more efficiently, we report the study on photocatalytic properties of metal oxide nanostructures under different light sources. A novel sonication-assisted refluxing method was employed to synthesize a binary heterostructure consisting of TiO2 and ZnO. XRD and EDS analysis of synthesized materials confirm the presence of both TiO2 and ZnO. Also, the change in the intensity of XRD peaks and elemental composition are well observed with a change in molar concentration of Ti and Zn. HR-TEM micrographs show nanostructures having hybrid Janus and Core-shell type structures. The XPS spectra were probed to identify the surface chemical species associated with the prepared heterostructures. Raman spectra confirm the smaller ZnO particles attached over agglomerated TiO2 as a shell layer as depicted in TEM results. Optical studies exhibit the modification in the band structure of the materials due to the formation of the heterostructure. The synthesized hybrid catalyst shows impressive results in photocatalytic performance. The catalytic potency of the prepared heterostructures under UV light is reminiscent of Anatase while it gets convalescent with an increment of Zn content under visible light. The photocatalytic performance of synthesized materials under sunlight shows their potential to be utilized as commercial catalysts for direct application in wastewater treatment. The kinetic study of the degradation data reveals interesting facets of the catalysis. It suggests that the photo-corrosion of the catalyst inordinately changes the rate of photocatalytic reaction which ultimately affects the photocatalytic efficiency of the catalyst. The study also discusses the role of kinetic and validation parameters in the selection of the best-fitted kinetic model with realistic arguments.

Manufacturing of heavy tungsten alloys from nano-sized metal oxides via simultaneous reduction-sintering powder treatments

Heavy tungsten alloys are of great importance in the engineering and mining industries as well as the military and medical applications because of their stability at high temperatures, high strength and dense structures. The present study develops a novel technology for the production of heavy tungsten alloys via thermal treatment of nano-sized metal oxides based on simultaneous reduction and sintering processes. Heavy tungsten alloy (95W-3Ni-2Fe) was produced from the reduction of mixed nano-sized metal oxides precursor in H2 at 1000 o C followed by sintering at 1350–1450 o C for 30–90 min. The reduced and sintered samples were characterized by XRD to follow up the crystallinity, total porosity measurement was used to find out the densification properties, the grain structure and morphology were examined by RLM and SEM attached with EDAX. Micro-hardness tester was also used to investigate the influence of sintering conditions on the grain densification. A fundamental study on the kinetics of reduction of mixed nano-sized metal oxides precursor was performed by isothermal and non-isothermal techniques. Both results from isothermal and non-isothermal tests were used to calculate the activation energy which was correlated with macro- and micro-structures to predict the corresponding reduction mechanism. However, the influence of sintering temperature and time on the crystallinity of the produced phases, grain structure, morphology, total porosity, pore-size distribution, bulk and apparent densities, and the hardness of sintered compacts was extensively investigated. The results revealed that the presence of NiO and/or Fe2O3 in the mixed metal oxides precursor was very important to ease the reducibility of WO3 as the metallic phases of Ni and/or Fe act as a catalyst for the reduction of WO3. The rate of reduction proceeds faster in the following order: NiO > Fe2O3 > mixed oxide > WO3. In non-isothermal experiments, it was found that the heating rate has a considerable effect on the reduction of precursor, i.e., the lower the heating rate, the higher the degree of reduction. It might be reported that the use of nano-sized metal oxides particles in the fabrication of heavy tungsten alloys greatly affects the main properties of the produced alloy. With the increase in sintering time, larger sizes of dense grains were developed, and the matrix became denser as a result of sintering and re-crystallization effects. The higher the sintering time, the higher the grain densification and the less pores formed in the matrix. On the other hand, with the increase in the sintering temperature, the grain boundaries were well defined in which the grains were composed of tungsten metal and surrounded by inter-metallics. The higher the temperature, the higher the XRD peak intensities of metallic tungsten and intermetallics as a result of sintering and re-crystallization.

The Effect of Maltose on Structural, Physicochemical, and Digestive Properties of Lentil Starch under Electron Beam Irradiation.

This study investigated the effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of lentil starch with varying maltose content. EBI did not significantly disrupt the starch's surface structure or cause amorphization of starch and maltose crystals, but it significantly reduced the intensity of starch's XRD peaks. The presence of maltose intensified internal growth ring damage, leading to more cross-link and rearrangement between short chains, improving short-range ordering of lentil starch and enhancing starch's solubility and thermal stability. Additionally, adding maltose that EBI then treats can lead to an increased content of slowly digestible starch in samples.

Narrowing Band Gap of Zno Codoping (Al+Mn) as a Photocatalyst Candidate for Degraded Textile Dye Wastewater

Photocatalyst degradation is one method to reduce industrial textile dye pollution in water. In this study, ZnO material has been synthesized by codoping Al and Mn by chemical coprecipitation method to determine the structural properties and optical properties of the material. From this research, it was found that the structure of ZnO after codoping Al and Mn did not change the hexagonal wurtzite phase but changes in other lattice parameters. The addition of Mn and Al codoping is reported to affect the intensity of XRD peaks, especially on the 101 lattice. The higher the scattering peak, the more angular the shift, indicating the magnitude of oxygen vacancies. The reflectance confirms this result that increasing Mn concentration decreases the energy gap to 3.258 eV. From these structural properties and energy gap values, ZnO codoping Al and Mn materials can be included in candidate materials that can be used as photodegradation agents for textile dyes.

Reduced graphene oxide supported Bismuth-Iron mixed oxide nanocomposite: A potent photocatalyst for crystal violet dye degradation and antimicrobial application

The nanocomposites of rGO-[BixFe(1-x)]2O3 (x=0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20) are successfully synthesized with the help of a cost-effective co-precipitation procedure. Influence of Bi on to the magnetic, optical, microstructural and antimicrobial properties of Fe2O3 are investigated. The presence of pure α-Fe2O3 is being witnessed through the characteristic intensity of XRD peak where phase impurity is not noticed up to 10 % of Bi loading. Presence of various defects have been realized in the sample from PL spectra. The direct band gap of the adsorbent nanocomposite with Bi loading up to 10 % with that of α-Fe2O3 is found to be 2.51 eV and it may be taken as a suitable photocatalyst of choice towards the photodegradation of Crystal Violet with 97.69 % by maintaining the pH-10 and time-60 min as optimum condition. Adsorption capacity (qm) and rate constant (kapp) are found to be 28.50 mg/g and 0.0473 min−1 respectively. The antimicrobial analysis of the synthesized material signifies its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +Ve) and Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram −Ve). On the basis of our finding, the synthesized nano composite may be the materials of choice for the optical device application, memory storage device as well as in the biomedical application.

Partial Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of 3‐Methylpiridine in Green Conditions by Nanotube/Nanowire Ti/TiO2 Plates Prepared in Aqueous, Glycerol, or Ethylene Glycol Medium

AbstractNanotube/nanowire structured TiO2 samples on Ti plates were prepared by anodic oxidation in aqueous, glycerol or ethylene glycol medium under different experimental conditions and characterized by XRD, SEM‐EDX, electrochemical methods (photocurrent profiles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The nanostructured TiO2 was built on relatively large Ti plates, and consequently, in some preparation conditions, different morphologic properties were observed in the underside and upside zones of the electrodes, especially in ethylene glycol medium. The electrodes were tested for selective photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of 3‐methylpyridine to 3‐pyridinemethanol, 3‐pyridinemethanal and vitamin B3 in water under UVA irradiation. The best performance was found with the electrode prepared in ethylene glycol/water/NH4F (98/2/0.3 w/w) medium at 36 V potential for 3 h, while the worst was that prepared in aqueous medium which showed the shortest nanostructure length. Unlike photoelectrocatalysis and photocatalysis, no aromatic alcohol/carbonyl products were obtained in electrocatalytic and photolytic experiments. The selectivity values of the products were similar for the various electrodes, while the morphology of the nanotubes/nanowires and their quantity which affects the total active surface area were essential for the substrate conversion. The results also show that the photocurrent intensity, XRD peak intensity, and electrical conductivity are correlated with photoelectrocatalytic activity of the Ti/TiO2 electrodes.

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic performance of polyvinyl alcohol/zinc oxide nanocomposites: A comprehensive study

The present work presents a detailed study on the synthesis and characterization of ZnO and PVA/ZnO nanoparticles using a bottom-up chemical precipitation method. The study found that the incorporation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in ZnO induced a reduction in the XRD peak intensity due to mixed phases on the surface of the nanoparticles. Both ZnO and PVA/ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a non-uniform size distribution below 50 nm, with PVA/ZnO showing a higher dislocation density and microstrain distribution. Using deformation models, Young's modulus equation revealed that PVA/ZnO experiences higher stress values, but also possesses a greater energy density than pure ZnO. The optical properties of the ZnO and PVA/ZnO nanoparticles exhibited bandgaps of 3.14 and 3.09 eV, respectively. The refractive index was found to be influenced by the electronic structure of the material, which wasin turn governed by the bandgap. PVA passivation enhanced the optical quality of ZnO by reducing the non-radiative recombination of charge carriers, leading to improved absorption and higher optical density. TEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles are polycrystalline and have a pebble-like shape with a size distribution that is less than 49 nm. The study compared the photocatalytic efficiency of PVA/ZnO and pure ZnO nanoparticles in the degradation of crystal violet dye and found that PVA/ZnO exhibited a slightly lower efficiency (48 %) compared to pure ZnO (49 %) after 90 min, with reaction rates of 0.00694 and 0.00747, respectively, indicating a comparable performance despite the presence of PVA. The study exhibits promising applications in optoelectronic-driven environmental remediation processes.

Implications of polystyrene and polyamide microplastics in the adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics and their metabolites in water matrices

Microplastics (MP) and antibiotics coexist in the environment and their combined exposure represents a source of increasing concern. MP may act as carriers of antibiotics because of their sorption capacity. Knowledge of the interactions between them may help improve understanding of their migration and transformation. In this work, the adsorption behaviour of a group of sulfonamides and their acetylated metabolites on different sizes of polyamide (PA) and polystyrene (PS) MP were investigated and compared. Sulfonamides were adsorbed on both MP (qmax up to 0.699 and 0.184 mg/g, for PA and PS, respectively) fitting to a linear isotherm model (R2 > 0.835). A low particle size and an acidic and salinity medium significantly enhances the adsorption capacity of sulfonamides (i.e. removal of sulfamethoxazole increased from 8 % onto 3 mm PA pellets to 80 % onto 50 mm of PA pellets). According to characterization results, adsorption mechanism is explained by pore filling and hydrogen bonds (for PA) and hydrophobic interactions (for PS). After adsorption, surface area was increased in both MP as result of a potential ageing of the particles and the intensity of XRD peaks was higher denoting a MP structure more amorphized. Metabolites were adsorbed more efficiently than their parent compounds on PS while the opposite effect was observed on PA explained by the acetylation of the amine group and, subsequently the reduction of hydrogen bond interactions. Although the dissolved organic matter inhibits sulfonamides adsorption, removal up to 65.2 % in effluent wastewater and up to 72.1 % in surface water were observed in experiments using real matrices denoting the role of MP as vectors of sulfonamide antibiotics in aquatic media.

Effect of Anodizing Voltage and Tobacco Extract Addition on the Structure of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (PAAO) Layer

Porous Anodic Aluminum oxide (PAAO) is a porous oxide layer resulting from anodization. The structure of PAAO is influenced by anodization parameters, i.e., voltage and electrolyte composition. Increasing anodization voltage can affect the process of pore formation and oxide growth during anodization. Adding additives such as ethanol, propanol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) can increase pore regularity and affect the structure of PAAO. In this study, tobacco extract (TE) was added to the oxalic acid-based anodizing solution. TE has many active compounds that may affect pore formation and oxide growth. Morphological analysis shows decreased pore diameter when adding tobacco extracts with concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 0.5 g/L, namely 43.92, 41.42, and 37.8 nm at anodization voltage 40 V. In anodization with a voltage of 60 V, a decrease in pore diameter was obtained with 46.47, 34.24, and 26.8 nm for adding tobacco extract 0, 0.1, and 0.5 g/L. The thickness of PAAO increases from 6.45 µm to 16.87 µm with increasing anodization voltage and tobacco extract concentration. The increase of tobacco extract concentration can lead to the decrease of the XRD peak intensity, where the sequence of the most significant decrease was observed for the peaks of (111), (220), (200), and (311), respectively. A decrease in the intensity ratio of (111) and (220) AAO peaks indicates the influence of tobacco extract on the anodization process. Further thermal analysis by Thermo-gravimetric (TG) shows an increase in mass loss from 1.47 to 5.37% with increasing tobacco extract concentration from 0 g/L to 0.5 g/L. TG results indicate the incorporation of tobacco extract in the inner pore wall.

Crystallinity, Rheology, and Mechanical Properties of Low-/High-Molecular-Weight PLA Blended Systems.

As semi-crystalline polyester (lactic acid) (PLA) is combined with other reinforcing materials, challenges such as phase separation, environmental pollution, and manufacturing difficulties could hinder the benefits of PLA, including complete biodegradability and strong mechanical properties. In the present investigation, melt blending is utilized to establish a mixture of low- and high-molecular-weight polylactic acids (LPLA and HPLA). The crystallinity, rheology, and mechanical properties of the combination were analyzed using rotational rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and universal testing equipment. The results demonstrate compatibility between LPLA and HPLA. Moreover, an increase in LPLA concentration leads to a decrease in the crystallization rate, spherulite size, fractional crystallinity, and XRD peak intensity during isothermal crystallization. LPLA acts as a diluent during isothermal crystallization, whereas HPLA functions as a nucleating agent in the non-isothermal crystallization process, promoting the growth of LPLA crystals and leading to co-crystallization. The blended system with a 5% LPLA mass fraction exhibits the highest tensile strength and enhances rheological characteristics. By effectively leveraging the relationship between various molecular weights of PLA's mechanical, rheological, and crystallization behavior, this scrutiny improves the physical and mechanical characteristics of the material, opening up new opportunities.

SYNTHESIS OF MAGNETITE-MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITE USING COPRECIPITATION AND PHYSICAL MIXING TECHNIQUES

The synthesis of magnetite-modified natural zeolite has been carried out using two techniques, namely coprecipitation and physical mixing. The characteristics (crystallinity, pore characteristics, and recovery capabilities) of the resulting composites are compared. In addition, the effect of the Fe3O4 fraction (25.0% w/w, 33.3% w/w, and 50.0% w/w) on the composite characteristics was also evaluated. The results showed that the natural zeolite/Fe3O4 prepared using the coprecipitation technique showed better distribution of Fe3O4 than the physical mixing technique. It was observed that the natural zeolite's XRD peak intensity decreased as the Fe3O4 content increased. In accordance with the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, the pore spaces of the natural zeolite have been found to be filled by suspended Fe3O4 particles. Therefore, both natural zeolite/Fe3O4 prepared by coprecipitation and physical mixing had smaller pore diameters than washed natural zeolite. Then, in terms of recovery ability, natural zeolite/Fe3O4 prepared using the coprecipitation technique has greater recovery ability than natural zeolite/Fe3O4 prepared by physical mixing, with an increase in the Fe3O4 percentage typically enhancing the composite's recovery ability.

Sputtering and structural modifications induced in silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin films under (10–40 MeV) Auq+heavy ion irradiation

Surface sputtering and structural modifications induced in silicon dioxide thin films (SiO2/Si) deposited on silicon substrates and irradiated by swift (10–40 MeV) heavy Auq+(q = +4, +6, +7, and +9) ions were investigated by grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectrometry and time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection (ToF‐ERDA) technique. The GIXRD analysis of the as‐deposited and irradiated samples revealed increasing structural modifications of the SiO2thin films under Auq+ion impacts with increasing ion‐beam energy. The changes consisted of decreased grain sizes with increased strain accompanied by a phase transformation from crystalline to amorphous films. RBS analysis showed a decrease in the mean stoichiometric (O/Si) ratio from (2.2 ± 0.1) to (1.7 ± 0.1), due to preferential sputtering of oxygen, as the incident ion energy increased. The obtained RBS‐results were then completed by those of ToF‐ERDA analysis technique using a 40 MeV Au9+heavy ion beam. The preferential sputtering yield ratios (YSi/YO) were determined experimentally both versus electronic stopping power and ion fluence. The obtained results were then compared to numerical values derived from the inelastic thermal spike (i‐TS) model, Sigmund's analytical formula and SRIM simulation code. A good agreement was observed between the measured preferential sputtering data and the i‐TS calculated values, when considering both nuclear elastic and electronic inelastic collision mechanisms. Besides, a close correlation is observed between the electronic stopping power dependent measured sputtering yields and the XRD peak intensity degradation per unit fluence. These observations suggest that the same mechanism of MeV heavy ion‐irradiation induced extended atomic disordering, occurs both in the case of structural modifications and surface sputtering. Finally, the obtained experimental results are discussed on the basis of the i‐TS model.

Antimicrobial, Photocatalytic, and Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Applications of Nanoplate‐Structured CuO:rGO Nanocomposites**

AbstractIn the current work, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layers (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg) are decorated over the surface of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using a simple and in‐situ hydrothermal reduction method. The notable variation in the XRD peak intensity of CuO:rGO samples indicates the formation of nanocomposite. HRTEM and FESEM analysis reveal a nanoplate‐like morphology with uniform particle distribution. Further, the nanocomposites are characterized using FTIR, DRS UV Visible, and XPS techniques. Here, multi‐functional applications of the synthesized nanocomposites are investigated through photocatalytic dye degradation, antimicrobial, and electrochemical sensing analyses. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized CuO:rGO nanocomposites with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) showed higher efficiency (98 %) than pure CuO. The effects of pH, various scavengers, and different dyes on the degradation efficiencies of CuO:rGO nanocomposites are also investigated. Using the agar well diffusion method, these nanocomposites exhibited a zone of inhibition value of 32 mm against both gram positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains when compared to pure rGO and CuO nanoparticles. Also, nanocomposites are found to be suitable for non‐enzymatic glucose sensing with a detection limit in the range from 0.05 to 4 mM, as evidenced from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis.

Effect of addition of polyether amine and TiO2 nanofibers on the properties of PEO based sodium ion conducting composites

Sodium ion conducting polymer composite films have been prepared using the blend of poly (ethylene oxide) and polyetheramine (JEFFAMINE ED2003) in which sodium trifluoromethane sulfonate (NaTf) salt and varying amounts of inorganic filler (TiO2 nanofibers) have been added. The effect of TiO2 nanofibers addition has been seen in terms of improved ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of the nanocomposite film. Highest ionic conductivity of ∼3.5 × 10⁻⁵ Scm⁻1 (at room temperature) along with an electrochemical stability up to ∼2.6 V has been obtained for PEO-Jeffamine blend based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) with 10 wt% of NaTf salt and a small amount (0.2 wt%) of TiO2 nanofibers. A non monotonic variation in the room temperature ionic conductivity and intensity of XRD peaks has been seen for composite films with increasing concentration of TiO2 nanofibers. Uniform distribution of salt (Na, F and S) and TiO2 nanofibers in the prepared composite film has been obtained in the elemental mapping. FTIR results have given evidence of interaction between the blended polymers, salt and TiO2. The wavelength and duration of exposure of UV radiation have altered the electrical properties of film. Increase in the number of ionic charge carriers has been attained on exposure to UV radiation.

Influence of deposition temperature on structure and optical properties of spray pyrolyzed Zn0.97Nd0.03O thin films

The addition of a suitable dopant to the host matrix can alter the structure and optical characteristics of the nanostructures. Here, we studied the influence of deposition temperature on the structural and optical properties of Zn0.97Nd0.03O thin film prepared on a glass substrate using the spray pyrolysis method. The structural study revealed that XRD peak intensity decreased as deposition temperature increased, and the prominent peak intensity shifted from the (101) plane to the (002) at higher temperatures. With increasing temperature, the estimated crystallite size reduced from 16.34 to 12.12 nm. The bandgap value decreased (3.24–3.07 eV) with an increase in the deposition temperature. The photoluminescence spectra contained the peaks corresponding to Deep Level Emissions (DLE) along with Near Bandedge Emission (NBE). Thus, our findings emphasize the important role of deposition temperature in controlling and adjusting the structural and optical features of ZnO nanostructures.

The effect of annealing on the properties of copper-coated carbon fiber

In this paper, we prepared copper-coated carbon fibers (CFs) by electroplating and studied the effect of annealing temperature on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of these fibers. The results showed that the defects of the copper layer were reduced after annealing. The XRD peak intensity and grain size of the copper layer increased significantly with the increase in annealing temperature, indicating that annealing can effectively increase crystallinity and reduce the presence of grain boundaries. After annealing for 20 min, the conductivity of the copper-coated CFs increased by 78 times, and the mechanical properties also improved. The effect of grain boundaries on the electronic transport properties of copper was studied using the density functional tight-binding method in combination with the non-equilibrium Green's function method. According to the results, the existence of grain boundaries reduces the transmission probability of electrons and current passing through the system, as well as the uniformity of the atomic potential distribution in the central region of the structure, which hinders the transmission of electrons.

The Influence of Acidic Oxygen Containing Groups Located on the Surface of Graphene Oxide (GO) on the Carbonation of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) Based on Boehm's‐Theorem

AbstractIn various cementitious materials, the carbonation of tricalcium silicate (C3S) by the acidic oxygen‐containing groups located on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) can support cutting down the CO2 emissions, in addition to the formation of different crystalline CaCO3. The current work investigates the direct chemical reaction of dry‐C3S with 0.4 % GO solution and the mechanism of CH and CSH carbonation depending on the concept of Boehme's‐theorem. FTIR‐spectroscopy has been utilized to demonstrate and identify the effective transitions in the formulation of portlandite (Ca(OH)2), calcium‐silicate‐hydrate (CaO ⋅ SiO2 ⋅ H2O), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs during the reaction. This paper clarifies the relationship between XRD peak intensity and morphologies of CaCO3 crystals resulting from using various weights of dry‐C3S. Thus, the XRD peak intensity of CaCO3 varies according to their morphologies. XRD‐Rietveld Refinement has examined the quantity percentages of the crystalline phases. The differences in the dissociation temperature (TGA) illustrate the possible variation in the structure and properties of CaCO3 crystals formed during the carbonation of CH and CSH. SEM with different magnifications was selected to observe the prevalent morphology of vaterite, aragonite, and calcite crystalline phases during the transformation process.

Fabricating of Fe3O4@Ag-MOF nanocomposite and evaluating its adsorption activity for removal of doxorubicin

The purpose of this research was to investigate the doxorubicin (DOX) adsorption behavior on Fe3O4@Ag-Metal Organic Framework (Fe3O4@Ag-MOF). This adsorbent was effectively prepared using a simple synthetic process. Many instruments, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS, were used to characterized the new Fe3O4@Ag-MOF. Additionally, the presented Fe3O4@Ag-surface MOF's area was shown to be 586.06 m2/g with a size of around 43 nm. The composite that was made has magnetic properties that were quite strong (63.3 emu/g). The produced Fe3O4@Ag-MOF was discovered to have a fantastic ability to adsorb the anti-cancer drug DOX, with a 1.72 mmol/g (934.85 mg/g) adsorption capacity. On the basis of changes in temperature, pH, and DOX concentration, the DOX adsorption behavior mechanism was investigated. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@Ag-MOF for DOX was greater at pH 7.0, according to experimental data. The adsorption equilibrium also demonstrated that the Langmuir adsorption was regulated the best fit to the extracted data compared with the other models. Additionally, the activation energy of adsorption for DOX onto Fe3O4@Ag-MOF was determined, indicating the chemisorption process. The adsorption kinetics was shown in the well-known kinetic model of the pseudo-second-order. The adsorption thermodynamic measurements were documented according to according to the enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy(ΔS°), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) parameters demonstrated that the reaction was endothermic and spontaneous thermodynamic. The adsorption of DOX onto Fe3O4@Ag-MOF from real water samples (tap water, effluent wastewater, and influence wastewater) were investigated. It’s interesting that the synthetic adsorbent had great recyclability 72.6 percent in the fifth cycle indicating that it was highly recyclable. After adsorption, the typical Fe3O4@Ag-MOF XRD peak intensities and locations were mostly unchanged throughout adsorption indicates the crystalline phase remained steady. The results indicated that Fe3O4@Ag-MOF were a good candidate for adsorbing the DOX and treating wastewater.