Intensity Of Reaction Research Articles

Common strategies for cultivating a positive therapy relationship in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.

A positive therapeutic relationship is widely recognized as an important factor that contributes to the effectiveness of clinical outcomes in psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD). All psychotherapy approaches for the treatment of BPD emphasize the importance of the relationship, yet with BPD clients, a positive relationship is often slow to develop, inconsistent, and difficult to maintain. The interpersonal sensitivity and reactivity that characterize borderline pathology often evokes countertherapeutic reactions in psychotherapists. Therapist contributions to the interaction frequently impede the development and maintenance of a positive relationship. This paper outlines 5 strategies that are common across psychotherapies for BPD for cultivating a positive therapeutic relationship: (a) cultivating emotional awareness, (b) structuring treatment, (c) being responsive, (d) supervision or team involvement, and (e) exploring ruptures. We discuss how these strategies serve to increase the effectiveness of treatment with individuals with BPD by decreasing intense emotional arousal and reactivity of both the client and the therapist.

Millisecond laser ablation of molybdenum target in reactive gas toward MoS2 fullerene-like nanoparticles with thermally stable photoresponse.

As a promising material for photoelectrical application, MoS2 has attracted extensive attention on its facile synthesis and unique properties. Herein, we explored a novel strategy of laser ablation to synthesize MoS2 fullerene-like nanoparticles (FL-NPs) with stable photoresponse under high temperature. Specifically, we employed a millisecond pulsed laser to ablate the molybdenum target in dimethyl trisulfide gas, and as a result, the molybdenum nanodroplets were ejected from the target and interacted with the highly reactive ambient gas to produce MoS2 FL-NPs. In contrast, the laser ablation in liquid could only produce core-shell nanoparticles. The crucial factors for controlling final nanostructures were found to be laser intensity, cooling rate, and gas reactivity. Finally, the MoS2 FL-NPs were assembled into a simple photoresponse device which exhibited excellent thermal stability, indicating their great potentialities for high-temperature photoelectrical applications.

Narcissism dimensions differentially moderate selective attention to evaluative stimuli in incarcerated offenders.

Narcissistic personality disorder is associated with distinguishing traits including self-enhancement, arrogance, and intense reactivity to ego threat. Theoretical accounts of narcissism suggest these heterogeneous behaviors reflect a defensive motivational style that functions to both uphold and protect the self-concept. However, the notion that narcissism can be characterized by grandiose and vulnerable dimensions raises the possibility that these diverse behaviors represent distinct expressions of narcissistic defensiveness. The present study examined whether both dimensions exhibit a general defensive style marked by selective attention to evaluative stimuli or are differentially associated with selective attention to positive and negative information, respectively. Using a dot probe task consisting of valenced and neutral trait adjectives, we evaluated these hypotheses in a group of male offenders. Results indicated that vulnerable narcissism was associated with attention biases for both positive and negative stimuli, though the dimension was further distinguished by disengagement difficulties and a greater recognition memory bias in response to negative words. Conversely, grandiose narcissism was associated with increased accuracy when attending to positive stimuli and directing attention away from negative stimuli. Overall, these findings suggest narcissistic individuals share motivated selective attention in response to evaluative stimuli, while simultaneously highlighting important phenotypic differences between grandiose and vulnerable dimensions.

Conflict Intensity, Family History, and Physiological Stress Reactions to Conflict Within Romantic Relationships

This study drew upon the physiological model of stress and desensitization processes to deduce hypotheses linking the intensity of conflict communication and exposure to familial verbal aggression in childhood to experiences of conflict within romantic relationships. One hundred college-aged students (50 dating couples) participated in a dyadic interaction in which partners discussed a source of conflict in their romantic relationship. Participants reported childhood exposure to familial verbal aggression, third-party observers rated the intensity of conflict communication, and salivary cortisol indexed physiological stress responses to the conflict interactions. As predicted, results showed a positive association between conflict intensity and cortisol reactivity, and this association was attenuated for individuals who reported higher, rather than lower, levels of childhood exposure to familial verbal aggression.

P018 : IDENTIFICATION OF UNACCEPTABLE HLA ANTIGENS WHEN PRESENT IN TRANSPLANT PATIENT SERA AT AN UNDILUTED OR NEAT TITER BUT NOT PRESENT AT A LOW TITER (⩽1:16)

Characteristics identifying clinically deleterious HLA antibodies (Ab) may include specificity, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and C1q reactivity. These factors are also used when identifying unacceptable HLA antigens (Ags). However, if unacceptable HLA Ab specificities are present in undiluted sera but not present when sera are diluted 1:16 then these Ab specificities may be ignored when deciding on which unacceptable Ab specificities to report. This reduction in unacceptable Ags would allow for easier matching of highly sensitized patients (with high numbers of HLA Ab specificities) to an appropriate donor. Thirty-nine cI/cII high PRA sera were evaluated for the presence of HLA Abs and their Ag specificities at neat and at a 1:16 titer. The number of Ab specificities were compared at the two dilutions. One Lambda, Inc. reagents were used per the manufacturers instructions. The HLA cI/cII PRAs were 77 ± 25% and 84 ± 21% respectively for the 39 sera. The total number of HLA cI/cII Ags identified in undiluted sera were 46 ± 22 and 34 ± 22 respectively per patient. In addition, there were 7 ± 8 cI and 5 ± 4 cII falsely identified HLA Ags respectively per patient. When sera were titrated to a 1:16 dilution 71 ± 25% of cI and 51 ± 28% of cII unacceptable Ags were eliminated. The total number of cI Ags eliminated were 21 ± 10 and 15 ± 9 cII Ags. When false positive Ags were included in the evaluation the frequency for Ag elimination at a 1:16 dilution for cI became 85 ± 14% and 66 ± 24% for cII respectively. Fifty-four patients with donor specific antibody (DSA) titers of ⩽1:16 were identified. 81% (44/54) had both negative cytotoxic (AHG) and flow cytometric (FCXM) donor specific crossmatches whereas 10 patients (19%, 10/54) displayed a negative AHG but a positive FCXM. When transplanted, the FCXM negative patients had a two year graft survival of 91% vs. 60% for the FCXM positive patients ( p These data suggest that titration studies of high PRA, multiple Ab specificity presenting sera, can be used when identifying unacceptable Ags. Moreover, while the presence of DSA in low concentration (⩽1:16) may falsely suggest a positive virtual crossmatch it may not result in a real time positive crossmatch. HLA Ab specificities that are eliminated at a low titer (1:16) may allow for easier matching of highly sensitized patients to donors for transplant.

Deactivating the Buttons: Integrating Radical Exposure Tapping with a Family Therapy Framework

The purpose of this paper is to describe and illustrate with case examples a brief intervention termed Radical Exposure Tapping (RET). RET can be integrated with family therapy to address stuck points where the therapy is hindered by a family member's affective block, an intense and unchangeable emotional reactivity to a specific trigger. RET draws from the methodology of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and combines it with the tapping sequence of the Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) to produce an intervention that is more flexible than EMDR, provides greater rigor than using the EFT technique alone and can be effective in a single session within the context of family therapy. The paper puts this work into context by first over viewing definitions of trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, arguing that family members' emotional reactivity may be a symptom of PTSD even when they would not qualify for the diagnosis because they had not experienced a life threatening event.

Dialectical behavior therapy alters emotion regulation and amygdala activity in patients with borderline personality disorder

ObjectiveSiever and Davis' (1991) psychobiological framework of borderline personality disorder (BPD) identifies affective instability (AI) as a core dimension characterized by prolonged and intense emotional reactivity. Recently, deficient amygdala habituation, defined as a change in response to repeated relative to novel unpleasant pictures within a session, has emerged as a biological correlate of AI in BPD. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), an evidence-based treatment, targets AI by teaching emotion-regulation skills. This study tested the hypothesis that BPD patients would exhibit decreased amygdala activation and improved habituation, as well as improved emotion regulation with standard 12-month DBT. MethodsEvent-related fMRI was obtained pre- and post-12-months of standard-DBT in unmedicated BPD patients. Healthy controls (HCs) were studied as a benchmark for normal amygdala activity and change over time (n = 11 per diagnostic-group). During each scan, participants viewed an intermixed series of unpleasant, neutral and pleasant pictures presented twice (novel, repeat). Change in emotion regulation was measured with the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation (DERS) scale. ResultsfMRI results showed the predicted Group × Time interaction: compared with HCs, BPD patients exhibited decreased amygdala activation with treatment. This post-treatment amygdala reduction in BPD was observed for all three pictures types, but particularly marked in the left hemisphere and during repeated-emotional pictures. Emotion regulation measured with the DERS significantly improved with DBT in BPD patients. Improved amygdala habituation to repeated-unpleasant pictures in patients was associated with improved overall emotional regulation measured by the DERS (total score and emotion regulation strategy use subscale). ConclusionThese findings have promising treatment implications and support the notion that DBT targets amygdala hyperactivity—part of the disturbed neural circuitry underlying emotional dysregulation in BPD. Future work includes examining how DBT-induced amygdala changes interact with frontal-lobe regions implicated in emotion regulation.

Neogene–Quaternary postrift tectonic reactivation of the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China

Bohai Bay Basin, located in eastern China, is considered a Cenozoic rifted basin. The basin is atypical in terms of its Neogene–Quaternary postrift subsidence history in that it experienced intensive tectonic reactivation, rather than the relative tectonic quiescence experienced during this stage by most rift basins. This Neogene–Quaternary tectonic reactivation arose principally in response to two tectonic events: (1) activity on a dense array of shallow faults and (2) accelerated tectonic subsidence that occurred during the postrift stage. These two events were neither strictly temporally nor spatially equivalent. The dense array of shallow faults form a northwest–southeast-trending belt in the central part of the basin, with displacement induced by the reactivation of older northeast- and northwest-trending basement faults and an associated substantial component of strike-slip displacement occurring after 5.3 Ma. The intensive reactivation of these faults contributed to the atypically accelerated rate of postrift tectonic subsidence of the basin that commenced ca. . However, this was not the sole cause of this accelerated tectonic subsidence: A combination of geological activity deep within the crust led to the buildup of intraplate stresses, and this, combined with ongoing thermal subsidence, acted as an additional contributory factor that drove unusually high rates of subsidence for this basin. This episode of accelerated postrift tectonic reactivation resulted in conditions favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation.

Effect of ticagrelor-related dyspnea on compliance with therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients

Dual anti-platelet therapy is critical in preventing recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to prevent early stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [1,2]. Ticagrelor is a new P2Y12-receptor antagonist which overcomes most of the limitations of clopidogrel with a faster onset of action and a more intense and consistent platelet reactivity (PR) inhibition [3]. Accordingly, in the PLATO trial, ticagrelor was superior to clopidogrel in decreasing major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the setting of ACS.

Affect Intensity Contributes to Perfectionistic Self-presentation in Adolescents Beyond Perfectionism

Perfectionistic self-presentation in adolescents is associated with psychological maladjustment and distress. Yet, no study so far has investigated what personality characteristics contribute to perfectionistic self-presentation in adolescence. Using a cross-sectional correlational design with 119 adolescents aged 11–16 years, this study investigated how perfectionism (self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism) and affect intensity (positive affectivity, negative intensity, and negative reactivity) predicted individual differences in three modes of perfectionistic self-presentation: perfectionistic self-promotion, nondisplay of imperfection, and nondisclosure of imperfection. Results showed a unique prediction pattern for all three modes of perfectionistic self-presentation. Moreover, affect intensity contributed to perfectionistic self-presentation beyond perfectionism in two of the three modes. Perfectionistic self-promotion was predicted by high self-oriented perfectionism, high socially prescribed perfectionism, high positive affectivity, and low negative reactivity. In contrast, nondisplay of imperfection was predicted by high self-oriented perfectionism, high negative reactivity, and low positive affectivity. Nondisclosure of perfectionism was predicted by high socially prescribed perfectionism only. The findings suggest that affect intensity is a personality characteristic contributing to perfectionistic self-presentation in adolescence beyond perfectionism.

Malignant triton tumor: 2 sporadic cases and review

<h3>Background</h3> Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are rare sarcomas commonly associated with neurofibromatosis. When MPNST coexists with rhabdomyoblasts: these lesions are termed malignant triton tumor (MTT); a subgroup of exceedingly rare, highly aggressive soft tissue tumors. <h3>Methods</h3> Two index cases of MTT. Case #1: An 80-year-old female presented with a right buttock mass. A 28 cm lobulated soft-tissue tumor arising from the sciatic nerve was excised. Case #2: A CT scan of a 27-year-old female with nasal polyps revealed opacification of the left nasal passage and maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses by a large mass that was excised. A 15-year retrospective surgical pathology review identified 21 cases of MPNST with six (29%) exhibiting transition from a neurofibroma. <h3>Results</h3> Histopathological examination of Cases #1 and #2 revealed the presence of SI00 positive pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma admixed with plump strap/oval cells with linear striations and intense desmin reactivity on immunohistochemical staining confirming the diagnosis of malignant triton tumor. Both cases were not associated with neurofibromatosis-1. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Sporadic MTT is an extremely uncommon soft tissue tumor. Given the aggressive clinical course of such tumors, early and accurate diagnosis is critical for best patient management as complete tumor resection may improve patient survival.

Tebufenozide disrupts ovarian development and function in silkmoths

Adult development and production of up to 400 eggs within the pupal case of female silkmoths are both dependent on 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the steroid hormone of insects. When adult development was initiated with tebufenozide, the non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist, instead of 20E, full development of all epidermal tissues like the wing was witnessed, but ovarian growth and egg formation was minimal. Administration of tebufenozide to female pharate adults caused disruption of the follicular epithelium, produced nurse cell damage, and inhibited oogenesis. Reduced ability to synthesize RNA and protein accompanied these tebufenozide induced morphological disturbances of the follicles. In vivo accumulation of vitellogenin (Vg) from the hemolymph was reduced in tebufenozide treated female ovaries as well as their ability to accumulate Vg in vitro. Determination of protein staining intensity and antibody reactivity of Vg pointed out that hemolymph Vg level remained fairly constant all through adult development whether induced by 20E or tebufenozide. Measurement of hemolymph volumes and hemolymph Vg levels of control and experimental animals allowed us to conclude that egg development involves the uptake of all the hemolymph proteins and not Vg alone. The loss of hemolymph that accompanies egg maturation was considerably reduced in tebufenozide initiated female pharate adults. 20E could not overcome ovarian growth inhibitory effects of tebufenozide. Dual mechanisms, one involving ecdysteroid antagonist action at the beginning of development, and the other unrelated to that function during heightened egg formation, are needed explain the biphasic inhibitory actions of tebufenozide on silkmoth ovaries.

Complicated Grief and Manic Comorbidity in the Aftermath of the Loss of a Son

Based on the recommendations of the sub-workgroup on trauma and dissociative disorders, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed the "bereavement exclusion" from the criteria for major depression in DSM-5. In addition, proposed DSM-5 research criteria for persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) were included in the new manual in a section for conditions and criteria needing further research. We describe a case that warranted such a diagnosis. The patient was a 52- year-old woman who was admitted to the inpatient unit of our clinic on the birthday of her son who had died 18 months earlier. She was diagnosed with a manic episode with psychotic symptoms according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria and was treated accordingly. Three months after discharge, she made a suicide attempt and was admitted and re-assessed. During this admission, she completed the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the Mood-Spectrum Rating Scale (MOODS-SR), and the Trauma and Loss Spectrum questionnaire (TALS-SR). She endorsed symptoms of intense yearning for her son, feelings of shock and disbelief, anger and bitterness related to his death, estrangement from others, auditory, tactile and visual hallucinations of the deceased, and intense emotional reactivity to memories of her son. These symptoms were sufficiently prolonged and severe to meet criteria for complicated grief. While complicated grief appeared to be the primary diagnosis for this patient, when she was diagnosed using only DSMIV-TR criteria, her treatment failed to address herprimary problem. This case draws attention to the occurrence of manic-like symptoms as well as depression-like manifestations following bereavement and highlights the importance of including the syndrome of complicated grief in the diagnostic nomenclature.

P.19.1 Sarcoplasmic reticulum alterations cause part of anti-dysferlin reactivity changes in neurogenic damage

We have described reduced subsarcolemmal anti-dysferlin (aDyf) immunoreactivity in neurogenic damage, especially in atrophic fibres where it was frequently associated with increased foci of reactivity in the fibre profile’s cross-section area. To further investigate these phenomena, we compared their occurrence to immunohistochemistry with additional antibodies against dysferlin-associated molecules/ structures. Increased aDyf reactivity in atrophic fibre’s cross-section area correlated with denser and coarser reactivity with both anti-type-1-sarcoplasmic-reticulum-Ca (2+)-ATPase (aSERCA) and anti-dihydropyridine-receptor (aDHPR). While aDyf reactivity overlapped considerably with aSERCA, aDHPR was found closely associated but with limited overlap. Instead, aDHPR reactivity was reduced in some atrophic fibres in the periphery of the cross-section area. In the majority of the fibres affected, no anti-AHNAK reactivity accompanied aDyf changes, but its reactivity was increased mildly in severely atrophic fibres’ cross sections and more pronounced in few likely degenerating fibres. Anti-myoferlin never showed reactivity in fibres’ cross-section area. In target formations, both aDHPR and aSERCA reactivity were stronger than aDyf at the periphery, but only aSERCA showed overlap with the more intense aDyf reactivity towards the centre of the tartget. Weak anti-AHNAK reactivity was found in targets without distinguishable zones. No consistent changes in anti-AHNAK, anti-myoferlin, aDHPR or aSERCA reactivities correlated to the loss of subsarcolemmal aDyf reactivity at the fibres’ circumference, neither in atrophic nor in non-atrophic fibres affected. As reactivities for aSERCA, anti-RYR and aDyf can be matched in the affected fibres’ cross-section area, a connection of altered aDyf reactivity with the known changes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after denervation is suggested. However, an explanation for the change at the fibre’s circumference is yet to be found.

Absence of post‐lesion reactive gliosis in elasmobranchs and turtles and its bearing on the evolution of astroglia

In the mature mammalian and avian central nervous systems, neuronal destructions are followed by reactive gliosis, but data on other vertebrates are rather controversial. Mammals and birds belong to different amniote groups (Synapsida and Diapsida, respectively), but exhibit common general features in their glial architecture, mainly the predominance of astrocytes. Two vertebrate groups seem to be in special positions of glial evolution: turtles (Testudiniformes) and skates and rays (Batoidea). The purely ependymoglial system of turtles seems to be the simplest one among the extant amniotes. In skates and rays, true astrocytes are preponderant glial elements, in contrast to the other "anamniotes" (and even to reptiles). We investigated stab wounds by the immunohistochemical detection of GFAP in turtles (Trachemys-formerly Pseudemys-scripta elegans), a skate (Raja clavata) and rays (Dasyatis akajei and Torpedo marmorata). Sharks (Scyliorhinus canicula) as ependymoglia-predominated chondrichthyans, and-for positive controls-rats were also studied. In the elasmobranchs, other astroglial markers: glutamine synthetase and S100 protein were also applied. Neither turtles nor elasmobranchs presented considerable astroglial reactions. Critically surveying the former reports on different vertebrates, these results complete the picture that typical post-lesion reactive gliosis is confined to mammals and birds. Analysis of the astroglial systems from phylogenetic perspective suggests that the capability of forming glial demarcation and scar formation evolved independently in mammals and birds. Predominance of astrocytes is a necessary condition but not sufficient for reactive gliosis. The intense glial reactivity of mammals and birds may be attributed to their complex cerebralization.

Nephrogenic Adenomas in Pediatric Patients: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 21 Cases

Similar to nephrogenic adenomas in adults, those in children are rare benign lesions that often occur in the setting of previous surgery or chronic irritation of the urinary tract. These lesions often present with hematuria and/or as polypoid or papillary lesions on cystoscopy, which may indicate malignancy. We sought to evaluate the various patterns of nephrogenic adenoma occurring in the pediatric population and better characterize the immunophenotype of these lesions. We reviewed 21 cases of nephrogenic adenomas from urinary bladder biopsies of 16 patients. Most patients had a history of urinary bladder augmentation with recurrent urinary stones and urinary tract infections. Many cases presented as a papillary or polypoid mass on cystoscopy. The most common morphologic patterns are papillary, tubulocystic, and a mixed pattern of papillary and tubulocystic, followed by cystic and tubular. On immunostaining, PAX-2, PAX-8, CK7, and MUC-1 provided the most diffuse and intense positive reactivity for nephrogenic adenoma, whereas CD10 and P504S were focal and lesser in intensity when positive. p63 and PAX-5 were consistently negative. We conclude that, although rare in children, nephrogenic adenoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of papillary/polypoid lesions in the urinary tract, especially in the context of previous surgery, chronic irritation from recurrent urinary tract infections, or stones. The immunohistochemistry profile of nephrogenic adenomas in our study also provides evidence that these are derived from distal renal tubular cells. In difficult cases, an immunohistochemical panel consisting of cytokeratin 7, PAX-2, PAX-8, and MUC-1 may be useful.

Emotional reactivity, coping style and cancer trauma symptoms

IntroductionThis article studies the relationship between emotional reactivity and coping style on the one hand and intensity of symptoms of trauma in adult patients with cancer on the other hand.Material and methodsThe study was conducted on 150 patients, 55 women and 95 men, hospitalized for diagnosed cancer. Temperament was assessed with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI). Coping style was assessed with the Polish version of the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAC). Intensity of intrusion/hyperarousal and avoidance/numbing was assessed with the Factorial Version Inventory (PTSD), a quantitative measure of trauma-related symptoms.ResultsThe outcomes of this study suggest that individual coping style is what determines the intensity of trauma-related symptoms most strongly. Destructive coping style accounts for 49% of the variance of symptom intensity and emotional reactivity accounts for 6%. Combined, destructive coping style and emotional reactivity account for 55% of the variance of general post-traumatic stress symptoms.ConclusionsDestructive coping style (more important determinant of trauma symptoms) and high emotional reactivity as one of temperament traits are conducive to intensification of cancer trauma symptoms in adult patients. Our findings suggest that constructive coping style and low emotional reactivity may act as a specific protector against cancer trauma symptoms in adults.

Hemodynamic response magnetic resonance imaging: application for renal hemodynamic characterization

The clinical use of iodinated radiocontrast agents or gadolinium for renal perfusion imaging is limited in the presence of renal dysfunction. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of hemodynamic response imaging (HRI), a functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method combined with hypercapnia and hypercapnic-hyperoxia, for monitoring changes in liver perfusion and hemodynamics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the utility of HRI for monitoring changes in renal perfusion and hemodynamics. Renal HRI maps were acquired during graded hypercapnia (95% air + 5% CO2) and hypercapnic-hyperoxia (95% O2 + 5% CO2) in control mice. The utility of HRI for monitoring changes in renal perfusion and oxygenation was evaluated using pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cycloxygenase as well as in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. HRI results were further interpreted using Doppler ultrasound (US). Renal HRI maps revealed pronounced signal-intensity changes in response to both hypercapnia and hypercapnic-hyperoxia, reflecting intense vascular reactivity. These changes were significantly attenuated following the pharmacological intervention and during AKI, corresponding with hampered perfusion dynamics, as confirmed by Doppler US. The applicability of the non-invasive HRI method suggests its potential use for the evaluation of renal perfusion and vascular reactivity, excluding the need for contrast-agent administration.

Preliminary results from a continuous record of atmospheric gaseous mercury at the coastal station Dumont d’Urville in Antarctica

While the tropospheric reactivity of mercury (Hg) in the Arctic is more and more documented only a few attempts were made to study the Hg cycle in the Southern Polar Regions. The role of the Antarctic continent and its influence on the global geochemical cycle of mercury is unclear today, and is certainly under evaluated by current models. Here, we present the first continuous high-time-resolution measurements of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in East Antarctica from February 2010 to March 2011 at the coastal research station Dumont d’Urville (DDU) (66°40’S, 140°01’E, 43 m asl). We report an annual mean level of 1.062 ± 0.321 ng/m3 with well-marked daily fluctuations from October to January. An intense reactivity originated from the atmospheric boundary layer of the Antarctic plateau under sunlight conditions is observed at DDU. Partly GEM-depleted air masses are exported from the continent and dramatically influence the GEM record at DDU. From November to January, surface waters of the Southern Ocean are an important source of GEM.

Glycohistochemistry of the lateral tympanic membrane in the syrinx of the Denizli cock

The Denizli cock is a special race that has harmonious long crowing. In this study, the syrinx of the Denizli cock was studied by using glycohistochemical analyses. Paraffin sections were stained with Alcian blue (AB) at pH 1 and pH 2.5 for demonstration of sulfated and carboxylated carbohydrates, respectively. At AB-pH 1, the lateral tympanic membrane (LTM) and also the medial tympanic membrane (MTM) exhibited a weak reactivity, whereas they were stained intensely at AB-pH 2.5. The frozen sections were incubated with 5 digoxigenin-labeled lectins for lectin histochemistry: peanut agglutinin, Maackia amurensis leucoagglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. In LTM, positive stainings were observed for the 5 lectins. These results suggest that LTM exhibits an intense reactivity with AB-pH 2.5, indicating carboxylated carbohydrates, and it also has terminal saccharide moieties consisting of b(1->3) linked galactose, a(2->3) linked sialic acid, mannose, b (1->4) linked galactose, and a (2->6) linked sialic acid.