Rain Intensity Research Articles

Improving the Effectiveness of Disaster Mitigation in Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia Using House of Risk Method

Wonogiri Regency, the Republic of Indonesia, is an area that has potential to be affected by various types of disasters. This study aims to identify the types of disaster potentials in the Wonogiri Regency and to provide recommendations for effective disaster mitigation strategies that can be effectively implemented by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah or BPBD in short) of the Wonogiri Regency during 2021-2026 time period by using the House of Risk (HoR) method. The study found that floods, landslides, strong winds, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, forest and land fires, droughts, and extraordinary events are likely to take place in the regency. The implementation of the HoR phase 1 yields 19 disaster risk events and 19 disaster risk agents. The use of Pareto diagram to the disaster risk agents results in 8 dominant risk agents of disaster, namely “Unstable ground”; “The trees are too old and fragile”; “The trees are too dense”; Lack of water resources”; Heavy rain intensity”; “Struck by disaster materials”; “Epidemic of a disease”; and “The building construction is not strong”. The implementation of the HoR phase 2 produces 15 mitigation strategies along with their priority order in which the 5 mitigation strategies with the highest priority are “Working with related parties to reduce the potential of disasters”; “Conducting socialization and education of disasters”; “Establishing disaster-resilient villages”; “Mapping disaster-prone areas”; and “Training for disaster volunteers”.

Study of Alternative Inundation Management Based on Water Conservation in Sub Drainage System of Parung River, Kediri City

Parung River drainage sub system is located in Kediri City. At the peak of the rainy season inundation often occurs on hos cokroaminoto road, kilisuci road and terusan kaliombo road, the cause is reduced water catchment areas and drainage capacity can’t accommodate discharge, so it is necessary to handle water conservation-based inundation. The analysis conducted was modelling the sub-system using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) version 5.1 with a 5-year return period. Rainfall calculation used 10 years of daily rain data (2012-2021) from 3 rain stations (Mrican, UPT Kediri, and Pesantren). The 5-year return period results is 129.4 mm/day, then the intensity of rain is calculated using the Mononobe formula. To calibrate the model, comparing observation discharge with simulated discharge of SWMM resulted the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency number is 0.62 and the correlation R is 0.91. The results of the existing simulation show that Parung River drainage sub-system was not able to accommodate the 5-year return period discharge, impacting 27 overflow points. Water conservation based handling with the application of infiltration wells and rainwater harvesting can reduce discharge on land ranging from 51.58% to 90.91%, while in the channel successfully reduces discharge from 1.73% to 90.40%.

Error modeling and hierarchical Bayesian fusion for spaceborne and ground radar rainfall data

The optimal fusion of multisource rainfall data can improve the accuracy and resolution of a posteriori estimates, which is beneficial for hydrological and meteorological applications. In this study, the errors of ground-based dual-polarization radar (GR) and dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on global precipitation measurement (GPM) satellite rainfall estimation were modeled, and a hierarchical Bayesian (HB) framework was developed for GR and DPR rainfall data fusion. According to the matched optimal estimated GR rainfall and rain gauge data, the GR rainfall error was analyzed, and the error variance varying with rain type and intensity was described and modeled. The rain types were classified based on disdrometer and dual-polarization radar data. By comparing the DPR rainfall product with GR rainfall, the DPR rainfall error was divided into systematic and random errors. The systematic error was linearly fitted, and the probability distributions for the random error and the variable error parameters were analyzed and modeled. Because the parameters for GR and DPR rainfall errors varied with rain type and intensity, we developed a HB fusion approach considering the varying parameters in rainfall error modeling. The performance of the fusion algorithm was evaluated using matched GR and DPR cases, which showed that the HB fusion can effectively improve the consistency between the original DPR rainfall product and rain gauge data, reducing the relative bias by an average of 30% and improving the correlation by an average of 20%. Compared with the conventional Bayesian (CB) fusion algorithm, which is based on overall error modeling, the HB fusion results can improve the root mean square error by an average of 24% and relative bias by 14%.

Hypothesis and theory: Do trees “release the tension” in rainwater? Surface tension reduction in throughfall and stemflow from urban trees

Knowledge of the processes and impacts associated with the canopy’s partitioning of rainfall into stemflow (water that drains to the base of tree stems) and throughfall (water that drips through gaps and from canopy surfaces) has expanded in recent years. However, the effect of canopy interactions on the fundamental physical properties of rainwater as it travels through the canopy to the soil, particularly surface tension, remains understudied. To discuss specific hypotheses within this context and their relevance to ecohydrological theory, the surface tension of rainwater samples was examined directly. Over a period of 9 months, open rainwater, throughfall and stemflow samples were collected during 20 storms from 12 study trees located in Secrest Arboretum (about 2.5 km outside Wooster, Ohio). Study trees were selected to highlight a range of canopy characteristics, with each tree being from a unique deciduous species. Surface tension was measured using pendant drop goniometry, and measurements were analyzed for variation across study trees and correlation with event air temperature and rain intensity. In general, surface tension was reduced in throughfall and stemflow compared to measurements made for event rainwater, with median surface tension changes of −0.446 mN m−1 and −0.595 mN m−1 for throughfall and stemflow, respectively. The extent of this reduction varied among study trees (with changes as great as −6.5 to −5.5 mN m−1), and storm event characteristics were directly and indirectly correlated with surface tension changes in select cases. Hypothetically, a number of mechanisms may account for the observed reduction (and variation in this reduction) in surface tension, including differences in tree surface properties, canopy microenvironments, and microbiomes, and each warrant further research. Testing these hypotheses may advance broader ecohydrological theory as surface tension changes will influence wetting, absorption, and solute exchange processes within the canopy which, in turn, may affect related surface processes.

Prediction of extreme rain in Kototabang using Himawari-8 satellite based on differences in cloud brightness temperature

The accurate prediction of extreme rain events is essential for the management and mitigation of hydrometeorological disasters. The Himawari-8 satellite provides cloud observations that can accurately forecast short-term extreme rain events using the Brightness Temperature (BT) data and Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) method. The statistical evaluation of this method was conducted using optical rain gauge data taken from Kototabang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (100.32° E, 0.20° S) to determine the best threshold for detecting extreme rain. We used three bands, bands 11 (B11), 13 (B13) and 15 (B15) and tested three combinations of BTDs from these bands, namely BTD1 (B11-B13), BTD2 (B13-B15), and BTD3 (BTD1-BTD2). This study emphasizes the importance of parameter selection in extreme rain identification and forecasting using cloud BT and BTD methods. Effective parameter optimization is essential for adapting these approaches to different rainfall intensities, therefore selecting appropriate thresholds is necessary. The research particularly highlights the impact of temperature and rainfall intensity on BT accuracy, with BT excelling at 250 K for light rain but showing reduced accuracy as rainfall intensity increases. BTD1 demonstrates improved accuracy with higher rainfall intensity, especially at a 3 K threshold, allowing for predictions of extreme rain events with a 10–20 min lead time. However, the limitation of this threshold is shown by consistent critical success index (CSI). Therefore, BTD1 with threshold 0 K give better performances with good accuracy, CSI and false alarm ratio (FAR) for various rain intensities. BTD2 shows improved accuracy at lower thresholds with reduced rainfall intensity and at the 3 K threshold, offering potential for extreme rainfall anticipation, but with declining CSI as rainfall intensity rises. The 0 K threshold, despite high probability of detection (POD), yields increased FAR in moderate to severe rainfall scenarios. BTD3 generally exhibits increased accuracy and CSI with rising rainfall intensity, except at the −3 K threshold, with the 0 K threshold standing out as the optimal choice, providing a 10–20 min lead time for intense rain predictions. This study shows that the selection of the appropriate BT and BTD techniques, and parameter values should align with specific rainfall levels and forecasting goals.

The Effect of Changes in Rainfall Patterns due to Climatic Change on the Cutting Slope Stability of Landslides Case in East Java, Indonesia

This study was conducted to determine the causes of landslides that often occur on the cutting slope on the side of the Gempol-Pandaan toll road in East Java. Furthermore, this study aims to ascertain the relationship between alterations in rainfall intensity due to climatic change on slope stability. Observation of conditions in the field, topographic contour measurements, field soil testing, real-time data processing of rain intensity, and numerical simulation for parametric study were carried out to determine the effect of changes in daily rainfall on slope stability. Also, numerical analysis using limit equilibrium as well as finite element methods with SEEP/W and SLOPE/W was carried out. The results of field observations showed there was no rainwater collection channel in the slope area, causing the water to infiltrate into the cutting slope body. The fluctuating and increasing rainfall intensity during 90 days of observation can reduce the safety factor of slope by up to 25%. This decrease in safety factors is believed to increase when the duration and intensity of the rain increase as a result of climatic change. Therefore, the integration between the impact of climate change on alterations in rain intensity in an area needs to be considered as an effort to mitigate landslides.

The potential of infiltration wells to reduce runoff in apartment and hotel buildings in Semarang City

Besides being used as groundwater recharge, infiltration wells function as runoff controllers. This study aims to analyze the runoff of apartment and hotel buildings in Semarang City. The method used to calculate rain intensity is the Mononobe method. The value of the flow coefficient is calculated using the Hassing method, while the standard used to calculate infiltration wells is SNI 03-2453-2002 concerning infiltration wells. Based on groundwater depth and soil permeability, seven apartment and hotel buildings are not suitable for implementing infiltration wells, namely: H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H8, and H10. The remaining three buildings are feasible, namely: H1, H7, and H9. Runoff discharges in apartment and hotel buildings in Semarang City that are eligible to use infiltration wells are H1 at 0.13 m3/sec, H7 at 0.18 m3/sec, and H9 at 0.10 m3/sec. While the discharge of water that seeps through the infiltration wells with a minimum permeability of 0.168 m/hour is 1.71 m3/hour and the value of the discharge of water that seeps through the infiltration wells with a maximum permeability of 5.083 m/hour is 51.89 m3/hour.

RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR CREATING INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY (IDF) CURVE OF PONTIANAK CITY

Pontianak is a lowland area prone to flooding if it rains with high rainfall intensity. Analysis of the planned flood discharge is needed to overcome the flood problem. The design flood discharge analysis can be calculated using the rational method, which requires rain intensity data in terms of duration and frequency, which can be described as an IDF curve.This research was conducted by calculating the average daily maximum rainfall after conducting consistency and homogeneity tests on the rainfall data used and determining the selected distribution based on the results of statistical parameters. The rain design with various return periods is calculated with the desired distribution that matches Pontianak City. The rainfall intensity calculation uses the Mononobe method because the rainfall data owned is daily rainfall data.The analysis results show that the Log Pearson Type III distribution corresponds to the data distribution in Pontianak. From the IDF curve, it can be seen that high rainfall intensity lasts for a short duration; this can prove the general nature of rain that the faster the rain stays, the higher the rainfall intensity and vice versa. The IDF curve can assist in calculating the design flood discharge.

Winter wheat productivity under different systems of typical black soil cultivation and under climatic changes in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest Steppe

The article highlights the influence of different tillage systems and climate changes on the formation of winter wheat productivity, yield and quality indicators in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe. Taking into account the crop importance in Ukraine's food security and its place in world exports, the importance of effective methods development to improve technological performance due to the decrease in the share of high quality grain suitable for milling and baking purposes is emphasized. In particular with the climate changes it is necessary to use of moisture-saving technologies and the introduction of crop rotations with a scientifically based choice of crops with plastic properties to unstable soil and climatic conditions. In the course of the research it was determined how winter wheat productivity is affected by tillage methods – plowing, disking and no-till technology on the example of typical black soil. The analysis of weather conditions was carried out, which revealed that uneven distribution of precipitation with long periods without rain or with high rain intensity during all stages of crop ontogeny are the factors limiting yields and reducing grain quality. At the same time the importance of mineral fertilizers in regulating grain yields and quality under rapid climate changes was also determined. Increased average monthly indicators, characterizing the weather conditions during the studied periods, created risks for the full growth and development of cultivated plants, that was described in detail in the article. According to the research results it was found that the highest yield indexes of winter wheat were obtained during of N120P60K90 application, that in 2021, under traditional plowing, provided 5.2 t/ha of high quality grain with a protein content of 16.4 % and gluten content of 30.45 %. Also in terms of crop yield level and quality indicators the variant of soil protection technology no-till differed little, which produced 4.88 t/ha of grain with a protein content of 15.6 % and 28.7 % of gluten in a favorable 2021. Key words: climate changes, short-term crop rotation, tillage, no-till technology, winter wheat, crop yield, grain quality.

Back analysis of a building collapse under snow and rain loads in a Mediterranean area

Abstract. At the end of February 2018 the Mediterranean area of Montpellier in France was struck by a significant snowfall that turned into an intense rain event caused by an exceptional atmospheric situation. This rain-on-snow event produced pronounced damage to many buildings of different types. In this study, we report a detailed back analysis of the roof collapse of a large building, namely Irstea Cévennes. Attention is paid to the dynamics of the climatic event, on the one hand, and the mechanical response of the metal roof structure to different snow and rain loads, on the other hand. The former aspect relies on multiple sources of information that provide reliable estimates of snow heights in the area before the rain came into play and substantially modified the load on the roof. The latter aspect relies on detailed finite-element simulations of the mechanical behavior of the roof structure in order to assess the pressure due to snow and rain loading, which could theoretically lead to failure. By combining the two approaches, it is possible to reconstruct the most probable scenario for the roof failure before its full collapse. As an example of building behavior and vulnerability to an atypical rain-on-snow event in the Mediterranean area of France, this detailed case study provides useful key points to be considered in the future for a better mitigation of such events in non-mountainous areas.

Catchment and channel components of sediment runoff in river flows (granulometric approach)

A model of the channel and catchment components of sediment runoff has been developed. The model makes it possible to estimate the intensity of redistribution of river and bottom sediment in the riverbed, the size distribution of deposited or migrating particles, the mass of particles in the riverbed and catchment components of sediment load, as well as the contribution of the catchment component. The model is based on the assessment of the transport potential of the watercourse and the dynamics of the curves of the granulometric composition of bottom sediment, and products of soil and channel erosion. This approach is focused on the steady flow movement without additional sources of tributary sediment, intensive abrasion of river banks, and products of anthropogenic load. Calculations based on the model applied to the Narva River showed that the contribution of the catchment component to the sediment flow of this watercourse after intense rain is approximately 98%. The obtained results are well confirmed by the weak dynamics of channel deformations in the studied part of the watercourse.

New Ways in Municipal Flood Mitigation: a Mixed-Integer Programming Approach and its Practical Application

Adapting to the consequences of climate change is one of the central challenges faced by humanity in the next decades. One of these consequences are intense heavy rain events, which can cause severe damage to buildings due to flooding. In this paper, we present the first use of optimization techniques that scales well enough to be applicable for supporting decision-making in planning precautionary measures for flash floods caused by heavy rain events in realistic scenarios. Our mixed-integer programming model has been implemented as an innovative decision support tool in the form of a web application, which has already been used by more than 30 engineering offices, municipalities, universities, and other institutions. The model aims to minimize the damage caused in the case of a heavy rain event by taking best-possible actions subject to a limited budget and constraints on the cooperation of residents. We further present an efficient, graph-based representation and preprocessing of the surface terrain, a combinatorial algorithm for computing an initial solution of the mixed-integer program, and computational results obtained on real-word data from different municipalities.

Comparison of four radar profiling algorithms in the S‐band

AbstractRadar profiling algorithms are widely used for precipitation‐induced path‐attenuation correction. In this study, we investigate the impact of the four well‐known profiling algorithms on the efficacy of quantitative precipitation estimation retrievals. The first method, named the “simple PhiDP‐based method”, distributes precipitation‐induced path attenuation, or PhiDP (differential phase shift), of a rain segment to each radar gate according to radar reflectivity (Zh). The second one is a linear version of the ZPHI method derived from an approximate linear relationship between specific attenuation (Ah) and specific differential phase (KDP). The third one is a nonlinear version of the ZPHI that respects the nonlinearity of the Ah–KDP relationship. The fourth method is inspired from the self‐consistent method of Bringi. The two‐moment normalized raindrop size distribution (DSD) with two variables, scaled drop concentration and mean drop diameter , is used to represent natural variability of DSD. Two configurations are considered: a constant over a segment and a variable over a segment. The Ah, KDP, and rain intensity are estimated by the four profiling algorithms. The sensitivity of each algorithm to radar measurements uncertainty is also investigated. The evaluation of the estimates shows the following. First, for the range‐constant situation, the nonlinear ZPHI and the self‐consistent method yield the best estimates if the measurements errors are not considered. However, the nonlinear ZPHI and the self‐consistent method are significantly impacted by the Zh bias and the measurements noises respectively. Second, for the range‐variable situation, the self‐consistent method does not have a good performance even when radar measurements are accurate. The performance of the nonlinear ZPHI method is similar to the simple PhiDP‐based method, whereas the latter is immune to the Zh calibration error. These results suggest that the benefit of introducing in quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms can be significantly reduced if is not constant in reality and/or if the radar measurements are biased and noisy.

Analisis Kapasitas Sistem Saluran Drainase (Studi Kasus Drainase Jalan Siliwangi Kota Batam)

Batam City is one of the cities in the Riau Archipelago Province with the largest population growth. Along with the development of the city and the increase in population, the need for public facilities and infrastructures also need to be developed, such as on Jalan Siliwangi. Jalan Siliwangi is one of the roads in the Batu Besar area, Nongsa sub-district in Batam city which is experiencing problems with the drainage system. Drainage is a technical measure to prevent excess water due to high rainfall intensity and drain it to a collection point. Rainfall intensity is a condition where rain is highly concentrated and occurs at a certain time. This research was conducted to know whether the Siliwangi Road drainage channel is working optimally so that it can accommodate water during high rainfall. This analysis uses the Gumbel method using extreme values. The extreme values of rain intensity that will be taken into account are several return periods, namely 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The calculated channel discharge using location data is Q = 0.5637 m3/second, while the planned discharge calculated using rainfall data is Q = 2.064 m3/second. From the results of the analysis of the dimensions of the planned canal found in the field, it does not meet the design capacity so waterlogging occurs, where the height and width of the planning canal are larger. By using the frequency distribution formula of the Gumbel and Log Person Type III methods for the calculation and application of parameters related to the analysis of average data, standard deviation, and determining the frequency of rainfall for the T-year return period in the discussion above, it can be concluded that the drainage channel on Jalan Siliwangi Batam unable to prevent inundation or flooding during high rainfall.

Investigating aerodynamics of a 3D blade in rainy conditions: Application of hybrid superhydrophobic-hydrophilic surfaces

In the realm of wind turbine blade design, it is essential to consider the impacts of real-world environmental conditions. Among these, rain stands out as an unpredictable natural phenomenon, with its intensity varying based on environmental factors. This study delves into the aerodynamic effects of different rain intensities on a three-dimensional wind turbine blade—a crucial investigation since rain can influence both the efficiency of energy capture and operational safety. A custom OpenFoam solver was employed for numerical analysis, and its accuracy was first verified by contrasting simulation outcomes with experimental results. Our findings reveal that while the critical angle of attack is 14° in dry conditions, it increases to 17° under the influence of rain. When maintaining a constant angle of attack, rainy conditions result in a lowered lift coefficient and a heightened drag coefficient. Significantly, the thickness of the boundary layer and the presence of a separation bubble are deeply affected by rain intensity. During heavy rainfall, the boundary layer's thickness can diminish by up to six times compared to dry scenarios. Towards the study's conclusion, blades were integrated with hybrid superhydrophobic-hydrophilic surfaces to enhance aerodynamics during rainfall. Data suggests that these surface alterations effectively regulate the boundary layer's thickness and manage the flow separation zone, ultimately boosting the blade's aerodynamic efficiency in wet conditions. These findings set the stage for subsequent research focused on developing blade designs responsive to the ever-fluctuating environmental dynamics.

Infiltration ability in the area of land use change, Bogor, West Java

The upstream of the Cisadane Watershed is included in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park area as the water catchment area. Water resource conservation is important because of land use change. Rainfall analysis was carried out to determine the rain intensity amount. Then, infiltration observations were also carried out in Ecosystem Restoration (ER) areas. ER is an area in the rehabilitation zone that requires improvement, especially in biophysical improvement. Several ER areas are in Cibunian Village and Purwabakti Village. The analysis determined the infiltration rates in the ER areas. Field surveys carried out data collection on infiltration sample measurements. Sample points were selected using Stratified Random Sampling. The results show the average rainfall in the study area is around 3950 mm/year. The results show the infiltration ability in the ER area is relatively slow. However, there are still results of rapid infiltration at several sample points. Due to limited water absorption capacity, soil characteristics with clay texture influence slow infiltration conditions. Even though the rainfall is high, surface water runoff is quickly formed. The rainfall in the Cisadane watershed should be stored to reserve water supply, especially during the dry season. In detail, water storage can be an infiltration pit, artificial water storage tanks, reservoirs, or ponds. The limited availability of water resources challenges water uses in the Cisadane Watershed. This research is essential as an initial study to find out more about the watershed hydrological system and the water demand level.

A new calibration correction method for INSAT-3D/3DR brightness temperatures to improve rainfall estimation

ABSTRACT Importance of continuous monitoring of rainfall from Indian geostationary satellites INSAT-3D/3DR over India and surrounding oceans is not only necessary to monitor the performance of the monsoon, but is extremely useful in disaster mitigation support system as well. It has been observed that rain products from INSAT-3D/3DR often show overestimation in certain areas with unrealistic instances of intense rain, which need a closer examination. With this objective, the present study is carried out, which suggests that a non-linear calibration equation for thermal infrared brightness temperatures (Tb) of INSAT-3D/3DR is more appropriate than routinely applied linear equation for rainfall estimation. The study elaborates a new calibration correction method and addresses the requirement of such calibration. To evaluate the performance of proposed method, Hydro-Estimator (HE) operational rainfall products from INSAT-3D/3DR are re-estimated from the newly calibrated Tbs during Indian summer monsoon (June-September), 2020. The re-estimated HE rain not only substantially reduces the instances of overestimation, but also show remarkable improvement in capturing rainfall distribution over India and surrounding ocean. Improvement in RMSE from 8.56 mm/hr to 3.23 mm/hr, when compared with the concurrent IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrieval for Global Precipitation Mission (GPM)) rain, shows reliability of the new method. Furthermore, the re-estimated HE rain compares better with in-situ rain gauges observations than the operational HE product with RMSE (bias) reduced from 85.43 mm/day (30.23 mm/day) to 40.02 mm/day (17.07 mm/day), and correlation improved from 0.28 to 0.32. The significance of the new calibration method is also recognized in the rain monitoring over complex hilly terrain and coastal regions of India.

Simulating Heavy Rainfall Associated with Tropical Cyclones and Atmospheric Disturbances in Thailand Using the Coupled WRF-ROMS Model—Sensitivity Analysis of Microphysics and Cumulus Parameterization Schemes

Predicting heavy rainfall events associated with Tropical Cyclones (TCs) and atmospheric disturbances in Thailand remains challenging. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance forecasting precision by utilizing the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Regional Oceanic Model (ROMS), known as WRF-ROMS. We aim to identify the optimal combination of microphysics (MP) and cumulus (CU) parameterization schemes. Three CU schemes, namely, Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ), Grell 3D Ensemble (G3), and Kain-Fritsch (KF), along with three MP schemes, namely, Eta (ETA), Purdue Lin (LIN), and WRF Single-moment 3-class (WSM3), are selected for the sensitivity analysis. Seven instances of heavy (35.1–90.0 mm) to violent (>90.1 mm) rainfall in Thailand, occurring in 2020 and associated with tropical storms and atmospheric disturbances, are simulated using all possible combinations of the chosen physics schemes. The simulated rain intensities are compared against observations from the National Hydroinformatics Data Center. Performance was assessed using the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) metrics. While the models performed well for light (0.1–10.0 mm) to moderate (10.1–35.0 mm) rainfall, forecasting heavy rainfall remained challenging. Certain parameter combinations showed promise, like BMJ and KF with LIN microphysics, but challenges persisted. Analyzing density distribution of daily rainfall, we found effective parameterizations for different sub-regions. Our findings emphasize the importance of tailored parameterizations for accurate rainfall prediction in Thailand. This customization can benefit water resource management, flood control, and disaster preparedness. Further research should expand datasets, focusing on significant heavy rainfall events and considering climate factors, for example, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) for extended-range forecasts, potentially contributing to sub-seasonal and seasonal (S2S) predictions.

Making Automotive Radar Sensor Validation Measurements Comparable

Virtual validation of radar sensor models is becoming increasingly important for the safety validation of Light Detection and Rangings (lidars). Therefore, methods for quantitative comparison of radar measurements in the context of model validation need to be developed. This paper presents a novel methodology for accessing and quantifying validation measurements of radar sensor models. This method uses Light Detection and Rangings (lidars) and the so-called Double Validation Metric (DVM) to effectively quantify deviations between distributions. By applying this metric, the study measures the reproducibility and repeatability of radar sensor measurements. Different interfaces and different levels of detail are investigated. By comparing the radar signals from real-world experiments where different objects are present, valuable insights are gained into the performance of the sensor. In particular, the research extends to assessing the impact of varying rain intensities on the measurement results, providing a comprehensive understanding of the sensor’s behavior under these conditions. This holistic approach significantly advances the evaluation of radar sensor capabilities and enables the quantification of the maximum required quality of radar simulation models.

Evaluation of sorbent amendments used with stormwater management practices to remove contaminants: Impacts of rainfall intensity and antecedent dry periods

For a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability and efficiency of soil amendments in bioretention systems, it is crucial to investigate the capability of amendments for simultaneously serving three important functions under intermittent and variable flow conditions: removing a wide range of contaminants, supporting plant health, and maintaining media infiltration rate. However, most studies have not considered these important factors and conditions simultaneously, which may overestimate or underestimate the bioretention performance. In this study, a long-term vegetated column study was conducted to investigate the ability of various sorbent amendments– coconut coir fiber (CCF), blast furnace slag (BFS), and waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR) –for removal of metals, nutrients, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from stormwater. The experiments were performed under intermittent flow conditions considering different runoff intensities and antecedent dry periods (ADP). The long-term effect of bioretention usage on plant health and media infiltration rate was also investigated.All amended and unamended columns were able to remove >99 % of influent metals, except Cu, over the 7-month experiment period with different rain intensities and dry periods; modest effluent Cu concentrations occurred with higher rainfall. The performance of different media for removing PAHs such as naphthalene and acenaphthylene varied with the rain intensity. The BFS-amended media had high phosphate removal capacity (>90 %) under tested conditions. In all columns, nitrate removal was notably affected by changes in stormwater intensity and ADP, with high nitrate removal during heavy rainfall. Over the entire experiment, all media had good infiltration rate within the locally acceptable range (1–25 cm/h). The high iron and aluminum contents of BFS adversely affected the plant health in BFS-amended media. Overall, this study identifies the opportunities and challenges associated with the usage of bioretention amendments, and improves awareness among bioretention designers to consider seasonal effect on the performance of bioretention systems.