Environmental Light Intensity Research Articles

Current biodiversity status, distribution, and prospects of seaweed in Indonesia: A systematic review

Seaweeds are a valuable component of marine biodiversity that play multiple essential roles in Indonesia's coastal ecology and economy. This systematic review (1993–2023) aimed to provide an updated overview of seaweed distribution, biodiversity, cultivation, and industry in Indonesia. The literature search derived from major databases, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and ResearchGate (RG), and Google Scholar (GS) retrieved 794 studies, after removing 80 duplicates, identified 646 studies passed title and abstract screening that satisfied all criteria: Indonesia, seaweed, seaweed biodiversity and composition, which consisted of 80 exclusion studies. Full text screening decided 194 studies were selected based on the specific inclusion criteria (at least two criteria passed: seaweed distribution site, species, cultivation, and habitat). After additional filtering, 137 studies were included for extraction and analysis. We found that Indonesia is rich in seaweed biodiversity, with at least 325 identified species consisting of 103 Chlorophyceae (green algae), 167 Rhodophyceae (red algae), and 55 Phaeophyceae (brown algae), respectively. Seaweed distribution and abundance in Indonesia are influenced by environmental factors, including nutrients, grazing, competition, physical tolerance, light intensity, and degree of water circulation. Seaweed species are predominantly found in mangrove forests and coral reefs on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the distribution and biodiversity of seaweeds in Indonesia, highlighting the ecological, economic, and cultivation of marine resources. In addition, we identify knowledge gaps and areas for further research, which can inform sustainable seaweed management and utilization in Indonesia. This review also emphasizes the significance of this marine resource to Indonesia's environment and economy.

Investigating the timing of spawning of two sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla and Toxopneustes pileolus)

AbstractMany marine organisms broadcast gametes for external fertilization, thus conspecifics need to concentrate the time of gamete release through synchronization with environmental factors. We investigated the timing of spawning in two sea urchin species, Tripneustes gratilla and Toxopneustes pileolus, by assessing the spawning potential of individuals using both surveys and experiments in southern Taiwan from March to November 2010. We developed a new method to observe the spawning potential without sacrificing any individuals, defining those individuals‐initiated spawning within 30 min after 10 s of exposure to air as having the spawning potential. We discovered that the percentage of individuals with spawning potential, that is, the spawning ratios of the population, varied greatly from 0% to 80% in To. pileolus and from 0% to 50% in Tr. gratilla within the reproductive seasons. We evaluated the possibility of a lunar/semilunar rhythm of spawning ratios of the population and tested three environmental factors, that is, light intensity, tide, and temperature that could potentially affect the spawning potential of the sea urchins by experiments. Individuals with spawning potential were neither randomly nor evenly distributed among days but were aggregated on certain days; however, no lunar/semilunar rhythm of the spawning ratios was detected within the reproductive season. The possible role of the tidal factor within a day was not found in experiments in either species. However, when water temperature was >27°C in our surveys, significantly higher spawning ratios were observed in To. pileolus, but not in Tr. gratilla in the reproductive season. A further temperature experiment in To. pileolus supported the positive role of high temperature on the spawning ratios of individuals. In addition, To. pileolus was more likely to spawn during the day than at night, and the light/dark experiments suggested that the spawning potential was controlled by an endogenous biological clock rather than by the ambient light conditions directly. The lack of rhythmic pattern and yet concentrated spawning of these sea urchins may be adaptive to avoid predation.

Study on Factors Affecting Rapid Detection of Retroreflection in Road Markings Based on One-Way ANOVA Analysis

In the dynamic and rapid detection of retroreflection coefficient in road traffic markings, different factors may affect the detection results. This study investigates the significance of different levels of environmental light intensity and vehicle speed on the detection results of retroreflection coefficient in road markings using one-way ANOVA analysis. The results show that within a 95% confidence interval, there is no statistically significant difference in the detection results of retroreflection coefficient under different levels of environmental light intensity and vehicle speed. The variance effect size calculation indicates that for the detection of retroreflection coefficient in road markings, vehicle speed control is more important than light intensity. To obtain more reliable detection results, it is recommended to maintain a stable and uniform speed of no more than 80 km/h during the detection process.

Correlation and agreement between infrared thermography and a thermometer for equine body temperature measurements.

Body temperature is a vital sign that determines physical status. Infrared thermography (IRT) is more frequently used for assessing horses' temperature because of its ease of use and less contact with the horses, making it a safer measurement method. However, the accuracy of IRT remains unclear; therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential use of IRT as an alternative method for measuring horse body temperature. Temperatures were measured in 14 horses. A digital thermometer was used to collect rectal temperature (RT), whereas a thermographic camera was used for IRT at three different positions to obtain the center of body temperature (CBT), head temperature (HT), and eye temperature (ET). The protocol was performed over 30 days, repeated thrice daily: morning (6:00-8:00), afternoon (14:00-15:00), and evening (17:00-19:00). Environmental factors, including humidity, ambient temperature, wind flow, and light intensity, were recorded indirectly according to the time of day and cooling device use. Mean RT, CBT, HT, and ET were 37.33°C, 34.08°C, 35.02°C, and 35.14°C, respectively. Center of body temperature was lower than RT by an average of 3.24°C (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4°C-1.09°C). HT was lower than RT by an average of 2.3°C (95% CI, 4.33-0.28). The eye position showed the least difference between RT and infrared temperature, with an average of 2°C (95% CI, 0.7-3.92). However, there was no significant correlation between RT and infrared temperature at any position. Spray and vaporizer use significantly affected IRT and time of day (p = 0.05). Although IRT has advantages in terms of non-invasiveness and reduced stress on horses, its accuracy and reliability may be compromised by environmental variables, which interfere with infrared measurement. Future research should specifically focus on investigating environmental factors.

Overexpression of OsACL5 triggers environmentally-dependent leaf rolling and reduces grain size in rice.

Major polyamines include putrescine, spermidine, spermine and thermospermine, which play vital roles in growth and adaptation against environmental changes in plants. Thermospermine (T-Spm) is synthetised by ACL5. The function of ACL5 in rice is still unknown. In this study, we used a reverse genetic strategy to investigate the biological function of OsACL5. We generated several knockout mutants by pYLCRISPR/Cas9 system and overexpressing (OE) lines of OsACL5. Interestingly, the OE plants exhibited environmentally-dependent leaf rolling, smaller grains, lighter 1000-grain weight and reduction in yield per plot. The area of metaxylem vessels of roots and leaves of OE plants were significantly smaller than those of WT, which possibly caused reduction in leaf water potential, resulting in leaf rolling with rise in the environmental temperature and light intensity and decrease in humidity. Additionally, the T-Spm contents were markedly increased by over ninefold whereas the ethylene evolution was reduced in OE plants, suggesting that T-Spm signalling pathway interacts with ethylene pathway to regulate multiple agronomic characters. Moreover, the osacl5 exhibited an increase in grain length, 1000-grain weight, and yield per plot. OsACL5 may affect grain size via mediating the expression of OsDEP1, OsGS3 and OsGW2. Furthermore, haplotypes analysis indicated that OsACL5 plays a conserved function on regulating T-Spm levels during the domestication of rice. Our data demonstrated that identification of OsACL5 provides a theoretical basis for understanding the physiological mechanism of T-Spm which may play roles in triggering environmentally dependent leaf rolling; OsACL5 will be an important gene resource for molecular breeding for higher yield.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Kontrol dan Monitoring Suhu dan Kelembaban Tanah pada Greenhouse berbasis Internet of Thing menggunakan Aplikasi Telegram

The quality of plant growth is significantly influenced by environmental factors, including temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and air quality. Therefore, an agrotechnology approach is required to manage exposure to these environmental factors in accordance with the needs of plant growth processes, which can be achieved through greenhouse technology. To facilitate real-time and remote monitoring and control in the greenhouse farming system, this research involves the design of a temperature and humidity control and monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This study employed a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller and a DHT11 sensor to detect the temperature and humidity levels in the greenhouse. The performance test results show that the system works well according to the programming algorithm provided, with an average error rate of 1.2% for the temperature sensor and 1.17% for the humidity sensor. The test results for notification delay time on the Telegram application also meet the standard requirements of Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON), with an average delay value of 0.532882 ms

Understanding Environmental and Physiological Factors Affecting the Biology of Diaporthe ilicicola, the Fungus Causing Latent Fruit Rot in Winterberry.

Fruit rot in winterberry is associated with a complex of fungal pathogens. Among them, Diaporthe ilicicola plays a unique role by infecting flowers at bloom, resulting in symptom development in mature fruit. This research aimed to identify at what stage of maturation Ilex fruit can develop disease symptoms and correlate changes in fruit physiology (sugar and phenolic content) and environment (temperature and light intensity) with disease incidence. Correlation data informed in vitro studies testing the ability of putative factors to alter growth of D. ilicicola and select opportunistic fungi within the fruit rot complex: Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum fioriniae, and Epicoccum nigrum. Results indicated that Ilex fruit do not develop symptoms until 81 to 108 days after inoculation. Temperature and fruit phenolic content were negatively correlated with disease incidence, while fruit sugar concentration and light intensity were positively correlated. In vitro assays revealed that sugar concentration had no effect on the growth of D. ilicicola, but increased light intensity increased hyphal growth and pycnidium formation. Additionally, phenolics extracted from fruit inhibited spore germination in A. alternata, induced secondary conidiation in C. fioriniae, and late season phenolic extracts increased hyphal melanization and pycnidial formation in D. ilicicola. Finally, drops in field temperatures, when replicated in vitro, resulted in a decrease in hyphal growth and spore germination for all fungi. These results suggest that changes in Ilex fruit phenolics during maturation and the increased exposure to light following defoliation may play a role in symptom development by altering D. ilicicola growth within the fruit.

Identifikasi Jenis Jamur Basidiomycetes di Kecamatan Patumbak, Binjai Barat, Medan Marelan

This research is an identification study of basidiomycetes mushrooms in Patumbak sub-district, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. This research was carried out for 2 weeks, in May 2023. This research was carried out in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. The purpose of this research is as information for the people in the area as information and as education. That in Patumbak District, West Binjai District, Medan Marelan District, there are various types of mushrooms of the basidiomycetes class, some of which can be consumed, can be used as medicine, and some cannot be consumed because they contain poison. The types of Basidiomycetes mushrooms found in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan are very diverse. The results of this study were the types of fungi found, namely Trametes, Pleurotus, Lactarius, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis, Phaeolus, Cronartium. This is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and soil pH. The development and growth of fungi is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including humidity, temperature, soil pH and light intensity.
 Keywords: Identification, Fungi, Basidiomycetes

Identifikasi Jenis Jamur Basidiomycetes di Kecamatan Patumbak, Binjai Barat, Medan Marelan

This research is an identification study of basidiomycetes mushrooms in Patumbak sub-district, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. This research was carried out for 2 weeks, in May 2023. This research was carried out in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan. The purpose of this research is as information for the people in the area as information and as education. That in Patumbak District, West Binjai District, Medan Marelan District, there are various types of mushrooms of the basidiomycetes class, some of which can be consumed, can be used as medicine, and some cannot be consumed because they contain poison. The types of Basidiomycetes mushrooms found in the Districts of Patumbak, West Binjai and Medan Marelan are very diverse. The results of this study were the types of fungi found, namely Trametes, Pleurotus, Lactarius, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis, Phaeolus, Cronartium. This is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and soil pH. The development and growth of fungi is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including humidity, temperature, soil pH and light intensity.
 Keywords: Identification, Fungi, Basidiomycetes

Smart Greenhouse Monitoring System Using Blynk IoT App

Aims: A smart greenhouse system that utilizes the Blynk IoT app is an innovative technology designed to automate greenhouse operations, thereby reducing labor and resource costs and optimizing plant growth.
 Study Design: In this paper we propose a real-time mobile app-based monitoring system to automate greenhouse agriculture. The system involves the usage of Blynk mobile application that allows users to monitor, control both manually and remotely as well as automation of various aspects of the greenhouse environment in real-time.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh between February 2023 to April 2023.
 Methodology: Multiple environmental sensors, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors continuously collect data. Farmers can remotely monitor and control the greenhouse using the Blynk IoT application. A fire sensor alarms it. Farmers can tailor alerts for environmental changes like irrigation or heating. They can manually and remotely control fans, lights, and humidifiers. If temperature, light intensity, or humidity drop below a specified threshold, the system turns on fans, lights, and humidifiers. A water pump that kicks on automatically based on soil moisture and can be regulated remotely ensures the plants get enough water.
 Results: The proposed system allows for real-time updates of sensor data and enables remote control of connected devices via the mobile app from any location, with notable fast processing subject to the quality of the internet connection.
 Conclusion: Upon successful implementation of this research, we anticipate the emergence of an advanced automated smart greenhouse monitoring system that will greatly benefit farmers in Bangladesh. This new method could change greenhouse and farm management, improving efficiency, cost, and crop yields.

Fixed-Point Landing Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Multi-Sensor Pattern Detection

Conventional autonomous landing systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) mainly rely on global positioning systems (GPS) or a single visual sensor, which identifies specific markers and uses them to guide the UAV landing. However, such methods have low positioning accuracies and weak range recognition abilities, which limit their applicability. This report proposes a fixed-point landing method combining light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology with a vision camera; the developed approach can be used to locate the landing area and enable a completely autonomous landing, without being affected by distance, weather, or time. First, we establish the mathematical relationship between the color of the mark and the reflection intensity of the laser point cloud. According to this relationship, UAVs can confirm their position relative to the landing point starting from a greater distance without being disturbed by the environmental light intensity. Meanwhile, the method uses the camera to detect the corners of the landing target, even obtaining the relative position at a close distance. Finally, the LIDAR and camera data are combined to detect the corner points of the markers, determine the position of the UAV relative to the center of the landing target in real time, and guide the landing.

Generation of High-Value Genomic Resource in Rice: A “Subgenomic Library” of Low-Light Tolerant Rice Cultivar Swarnaprabha

Rice is the major staple food crop for more than 50% of the world's total population, and its production is of immense importance for global food security. As a photophilic plant, its yield is governed by the quality and duration of light. Like all photosynthesizing plants, rice perceives the changes in the intensity of environmental light using phytochromes as photoreceptors, and it initiates a morphological response that is termed as the shade-avoidance response (SAR). Phytochromes (PHYs) are the most important photoreceptor family, and they are primarily responsible for the absorption of the red (R) and far-red (FR) spectra of light. In our endeavor, we identified the morphological differences between two contrasting cultivars of rice: IR-64 (low-light susceptible) and Swarnaprabha (low-light tolerant), and we observed the phenological differences in their growth in response to the reduced light conditions. In order to create genomic resources for low-light tolerant rice, we constructed a subgenomic library of Swarnaprabha that expedited our efforts to isolate light-responsive photoreceptors. The titer of the library was found to be 3.22 × 105 cfu/mL, and the constructed library comprised clones of 4-9 kb in length. The library was found to be highly efficient as per the number of recombinant clones. The subgenomic library will serve as a genomic resource for the Gramineae community to isolate photoreceptors and other genes from rice.

Species Diversity of Freshwater Microalgae in Dramaga, Bogor Based on Morpho-ecological Identification between Low and High Light Intensity Environment

Species Diversity of Freshwater Microalgae in Dramaga, Bogor Based on Morpho-ecological Identification between Low and High Light Intensity Environment

The Correlation Between Light Intensity, Age, And Working Period With Eye Fatigue In Computer Users

Background: In the 21st century, many jobs involve using computers, estimated at around 75%, and there are 90 million adults who use computers daily. The use of technology often results in harmful effects, mainly if it is not appropriately managed. Factors affecting eye fatigue are work equipment, work environment (light intensity), work design, work duration, individual characteristics (age), or refraction.Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between light intensity, age, and work duration with eye fatigue complaints in computer users at PT Bank X Palembang.Methods: This research is analytically observational. The population was all computer users at PT Bank X Palembang. Sampling was conducted in 40 samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were obtained by questionnaires and measuring lux meters. Data were analyzed bivariate using the chi-square test.Results: showed that 24 respondents (60%) worked with poor light Intensity and 27 respondents (67.5%) complained of eye fatigue. Based on statistical tests, there was a significant correlation between light Intensity (p = 0.027), there was no significant correlation between age (p = 1.000) and years of services (p = 1.000), and complaints of eye fatigue in user's computers at PT Bank X Palembang.Conclusion: poor light intensity can cause eye fatigue in computer users.

Influence of daily rhythmic light spectra and intensity changes on the growth and physiological status of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different rhythmic light spectra and intensities on growth performance and physiological and biochemical parameters of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Seven treatments were randomly assigned to 21 tanks using a single-flow system for 13 weeks (N = 3), namely blue–purple–red light (BPR), red–purple–blue light (RPB), blue light (VB), and red light (VR). These light treatments alternated at 300, 900, and 1,200 lx, as well as a constant 900 lx of blue light (CB), red light (CR), and white light (CW). Results showed that the highest feed intake (FI), final body weight (FBW), and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in the BPR treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the CW, CR, CB, and VB treatments. BPR treatment resulted in higher levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were found. Fish exposed to BPR showed significantly enhanced lipase (LPS) and trypsin (Trp) activity in the stomach and gut tissues which promoted digestion. Trout exposed to a constant light spectra and intensity environment showed decreased activities of antioxidant and gastrointestinal digestive enzymes. Our results indicate the positive influence of BPR light conditions on the growth, stress response, digestion, and metabolism of juvenile steelhead trout, which is likely related to its similarity to the light rhythm in natural water environments, and can be used to improve growth and physiological status in the aquaculture trout.

Characterization of a smog chamber for studying formation of gas-phase products and secondary organic aerosol

Smog chambers provide a potent approach to explore the secondary organic aerosol formation under varied conditions. This study describes the construction and characterization of a new smog chamber facility for studying the formation mechanisms of gas-phase products and secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds. The chamber is a 5.4 m3 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Teflon reactor with the potential to perform photooxidation experiments at controlled temperature and relative humidity. Detailed characterizations were conducted for evaluation of stability of environmental parameters, mixing time, background contamination, light intensity, and wall losses of gases and particles. The photolysis rate of NO2 (JNO2) ranged from (1.02−3.32) ×10−3 sec−1, comparable to the average JNO2 in ambient environment. The wall loss rates for NO, NO2, and O3 were 0.47 × 10−4, 0.37 × 10−4, and 1.17 × 10−4 min−1, while wall loss of toluene was obsoletely found in a 6 hr test. The particle number wall loss rates are (0.01−2.46) ×10−3 min−1 for 40−350 nm with an average lifetime of more than one day. A series of toluene photooxidation experiments were carried out in absence of NOx under dry conditions. The results of the simulation experiments demonstrated that the chamber is well designed to simulate photolysis progress in the atmosphere.

Smart Home Environment Monitoring System Based on Microcontroller

More than 90% of a person’s lifetime is spent indoors in a variety of activities, thus the parameters of the home environment affect human physical and mental health. With the development of Internet of things technology, people put forward new and higher requirements for the smart home. Based on the microcontroller, in this paper, we use multiple sensor systems to monitor various indoor environmental parameters, that is, to collect and display the environmental temperature, humidity, light intensity, CO concentration, and smoke concentration accurately and in real time. In the process of monitoring, the limits of various environmental parameters can be set artificially. Different types of alarms will be activated when one or several parameters are detected to exceed the limits. The microcontroller transmits the monitoring data to mobile terminals such as smartphones and others through Bluetooth modules, and the display interface is clear and intuitive. After testing, the system has the advantages of accurate measurement results, stable performance, and simple operation, which has a certain promotion and use value in smart home environment monitoring.

Study on the CNN model optimization for household garbage classification based on machine learning

In order to solve the problem of household garbage classification accurately and efficiently, convolutional neural network classifier is an effective method. In this study, a garbage classification device was designed, and the image dataset Wit-Garbage for garbage classification was constructed based on the device by collecting garbage images under different light intensity and weather environment. The performances of the five network models VGG16, ResNet50, DenseNet121, MobileNet V2, Inception V3 on this dataset were compared by transfer learning. Then, the lightweight convolutional neural network MobileNet V2 was optimized by fine-tuning the hyperparameters, such as the type of optimizer, learning rate, Dropout parameter and number of freezing layers, respectively, and the training accuracy and efficiency were discussed in detail. Finally, the optimized model MobileNet V2 was deployed to the self-made garbage classification device for verification. The results show that the MobileNet V2 network model is superior to other networks in terms of training accuracy and efficiency on the proposed dataset, when the image input size was 224 ∗ 224 pixels, the Adamax optimizer was adopted, the learning rate was 0.0001, the Dropout was less than 0.5, and the number of frozen layers is less than 30. The actual verification results show that the average accuracy of the optimized network model trained on the proposed dataset for MSW classification was up to 98.75%, and compared with the model before optimization, the average accuracy was improved by 2.83%, and the average detection time was reduced by 69%.

Luminescent characteristics and mitochondrial COI barcodes of nine cohabitated Taiwanese fireflies.

Over 50 Taiwanese firefly species have been discovered, but scientists lack information regarding most of their genetics, bioluminescent features, and cohabitating phenomena. In this study, we focus on morphological species identification and phylogeny reconstructed by COI barcoding, as well as luminescent characteristics of cohabited Taiwanese firefly species to determine the key factors that influenced how distinct bioluminescent species evolved to coexist and proliferate within the same habitat. In this study, 366 specimens from nine species were collected in northern Taiwan from April to August, 2016-2019. First, the species and sex of the specimens were morphologically and genetically identified. Then, their luminescent spectra and intensities were recorded using a spectrometer and a power meter, respectively. The habitat temperature, relative humidity, and environmental light intensity were also measured. The cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequence was used as a DNA barcode to reveal the phylogenetic relationships of cohabitated species. Nine species-eight adult species (Abscondita chinensis, Abscondita cerata, Aquatica ficta, Luciola curtithorax, Luciola kagiana, Luciola filiformis, Curtos sauteri, and Curtos costipennis) and one larval Pyrocoelia praetexta-were morphologically identified. The nine species could be found in April-August. Six of the eight adult species shared an overlap occurrence period in May. Luminescent spectra analysis revealed that the λ max of studied species ranged from 552-572 nm (yellow-green to orange-yellow). The average luminescent intensity range of these species was about 1.2-14 lux (182.1-2,048 nW/cm2) for males and 0.8-5.8 lux (122.8-850 nW/cm2) for females, and the maximum luminescent intensity of males was 1.01-7.26-fold higher than that of females. Compared with previous studies, this study demonstrates that different λ max, species-specific flash patterns, microhabitat choices, nocturnal activity time, and/or an isolated mating season are key factors that may lead to the species-specific courtship of cohabitated fireflies. Moreover, we estimated that the fireflies start flashing or flying when the environmental light intensity decreased to 6.49-28.1 lux. Thus, based on a rough theoretical calculation, the sensing distance between male and female fireflies might be 1.8-2.7 m apart in the dark. In addition, the mitochondrial COI barcode identified species with high resolution and suggested that most of the studied species have been placed correctly with congeners in previous phylogenies. Several cryptic species were revealed by the COI barcode with 3.27%-12.3% variation. This study renews the idea that fireflies' luminescence color originated from the green color of a Lampyridae ancestor, then red-shifted to yellow-green in Luciolinae, and further changed to orange-yellow color in some derived species.

Adaptive Hodgkin–Huxley Neuron for Retina‐Inspired Perception

Biomimetic machine vision systems require structures, including an artificial retina to capture and process images, and an artificial network that imitates the cortex for visual inspection and identification tasks. One of the key challenges for biomimetic perceptional machine visual systems is the self‐adaptive behavior of the retina, which is known as the ability to adjust and eventually perceive objects through a wide range of environmental light intensities. To achieve this, current systems use either complex processing algorithms or specific devices with optoelectronic properties which results in complexity and less efficiency. Herein, an artificial retina circuit is reported to imitate the adaptation process to light (photopic and scotopic adaptation) of the perceptional biovisual system. The implementation of an artificial Hodgkin–Huxley neuron circuit based on adaptive VO2 memristors has helped the artificial retina to successfully demonstrate time‐varying activation and inhibition characteristics. The adaptable perception function under different illumination conditions is faithfully achieved by the artificial HH neuron based on the self‐adaptability of the memristor. The function is consistent with the dynamic light amplitude ranges of biological vision systems. More importantly, this development shows a pervasive way to design and fabricate a universal environmentally adaptable artificial system.