Intensity Compensation Research Articles

Research on adaptive optics technology based on phase contrast Gerchberg Saxton algorithm

Abstract In wireless optical communication, the optical signal passes through the atmospheric turbulence, resulting in the simultaneous distortion of the amplitude and phase of the optical signal at the receiving end. This article applies the idea of phase contrast method to simultaneously compensate the amplitude and phase of the optical signal at the receiving end, derives the mapping relationship between the compensated phase and light intensity, and obtains the required compensated phase for full-field compensation. Numerical calculations show that when the difference between zero-frequency phase compensation and nonzero-frequency phase compensation is ±π, the maximum light intensity compensation is obtained. Based on the Gerchberg Saxton algorithm, a new method is proposed to invert the compensated phase with the maximum light intensity after full-field compensation and perform full-field correction through the adaptive optical system. The numerical calculation and experiment show that the phase contrast Gerchberg Saxton algorithm can effectively compensate the distorted optical signals under different turbulence, and thus the received signals of optical wireless communication can be corrected in full field.

Factors affecting return to work following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

Background Prolonged work absence following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) is a major concern, yet factors influencing return to work are poorly understood. The primary aim of this study is to retrospectively assess the proportion of patients who successfully resume equivalent occupational demands after ARCR, along with the time taken for their return to work. Methods Eighty-three patients underwent ARCR. Work intensity and worker's compensation status were recorded. Patients were interviewed at ≥12 months to determine return to work rate and timing. Results In total, 83 patients were included, with a median age of 58.7 (±8.36) and a follow-up of at least 12 months. 98.8% returned to work at a median of eight weeks. Heavy manual labor significantly delayed return to work compared to light work (HR 0.15 95% CI). Receiving worker's compensation was associated with delayed return to work (HR 0.26 95% CI). Conclusion This study found that nearly all patients returned to work following ARCR, but high-intensity manual labor and worker compensation status significantly delayed their return to work. Patients with physically demanding jobs and those receiving workers’ compensation had a 60–85% lower likelihood of returning to work at any given time point compared to light work and noncompensated patients.

The Impact of Earning Management, Inventory Intensity and Management Compensation on Tax Avoidance

The aim of this research is to examine the factors impacting tax avoidance in Indonesia. The study utilizes various independent variables including earnings management, independent commissioners, audit quality, management compensation, inventory intensity, and profitability. The dependent variable under investigation is tax avoidance. The research focuses on companies in the consumer non-cyclicals, consumer cyclicals, and basic material sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2022. Through purposive sampling, 54 companies fitting the criteria were selected then analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The findings suggest that audit quality has a positive correlation with the Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR), indicating that higher audit quality leads to an increase in CETR and a decrease in tax avoidance. Meanwhile, earnings management, independent commissioners, management compensation, inventory intensity, and profitability have no effect on tax avoidance. This study is the first study conducted on companies in Indonesia that have engaged in tax avoidance during the Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2022).

A Novel Inverse Algorithm To Solve the Integrated Optimization of Dose, Dose Rate, and Linear Energy Transfer of Proton FLASH Therapy With Sparse Filters

Purpose:The recently proposed Integrated Physical Optimization Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IPO-IMPT) framework allows simultaneous optimization of dose, dose rate, and linear energy transfer (LET) for FLASH treatment planning. Finding solutions to IPO-IMPT is difficult due to computational intensiveness. Nevertheless, an inverse solution that simultaneously specifies the geometry of a sparse filter and weights of a proton intensity map is desirable for both clinical and preclinical applications. Such solutions can reduce effective biological dose to organs at risk in cancer patients as well as reduce the number of animal irradiations needed to derive extra biological dose models in preclinical studies. Methods:Unlike the initial forward heuristic, this inverse IPO-IMPT solution includes simultaneous optimization of sparse range compensation, sparse range modulation, and spot intensity. The daunting computational tasks vital to this endeavor were resolved iteratively with a distributed computing framework to enable Simultaneous Intensity and Energy Modulation and Compensation (SIEMAC). SIEMAC was demonstrated on a human central lung cancer patient and a minipig. Results:SIEMAC simultaneously improves maps of spot intensities and patient-field-specific sparse range compensators and range modulators. For the lung cancer patient, at our maximum nozzle current of 300 nA, dose rate coverage above 100 Gy/s increased from 57% to 96% in the lung and from 93% to 100% in the heart, and LET coverage above 4 keV/μm dropped from 68% to 9% in the lung and from 26% to <1% in the heart. For a simple minipig plan, the full-width-half-maximum of the dose, dose rate, and LET distributions decreased by 30%, 1.6%, and 57%, respectively, again with similar target dose coverage, thus reducing uncertainty in these quantities for preclinical studies. Conclusion:The inverse solution to IPO-IMPT demonstrated the capability to simultaneously modulate sub-spot proton energy and intensity distributions for clinical and preclinical studies.

Pengaruh Komisaris Independen, Intensitas Modal, dan Kompensasi Eksekutif Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of independent commissioners, capital intensity, and executive compensation on tax aggressiveness in moderating institutional ownership in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2021 period.This study uses a quantitative approach. The population in this study is 80 property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The criteria that have been set are obtained from 8 samples of Property and Real Estate companies. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The method used in this research is panel data regression analysis.The results of this study indicate that the Independent Commissioner has a positive effect on Tax Aggressiveness. Capital Intensity has a negative effect on Tax Aggressiveness. Executive Compensation has no effect on Tax Aggressiveness. Ownership of the Memorandum of Institutional Relations on Tax Aggressiveness has a negative effect. Ownership of the Institutional Relationship between Capital Intensity and Tax Aggressiveness has a positive effect. Institutional Ownership cannot moderate the relationship between Executive Compensation and Tax Aggressiveness.

Do Capital Intensity and Profitability Affect Tax Avoidance in Manufactuting Company in Indonesia?

Purpose: The objective of this research is to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of capital intensity, profitability, leverage, company size, sales growth, independent commissioner, and fiscal loss compensation, as independent variables to tax avoidance as dependent variable in Indonesian manufacturing companies.&#x0D; Methodology (for empirical paper): This research employed multiple regression methodology for data analysis. There are 56 companies listed in manufacturing sectors in Indonesia Stock Exchange on 2016-2018 that meet the criteria by using purposive sampling method.&#x0D; Result: The result indicates that capital intensity and profitability have effects to tax avoidance, while other independent variables such as leverage, company size, sales growth, independent commissioner, and fiscal loss compensation have no effect to tax avoidance practice in the company.&#x0D; Originality: This paper contributes to showing how the economic capacity of companies can affect the reluctance of companies to pay taxes.&#x0D; Implication: The action of tax avoidance is beneficial for the company because the company will pay a smaller tax burden. However, this action causes losses for the government in tax collection.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF PRACTICES OF HRM ON PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEE IN PUNJAB POLICE

The current research study explores the association among HRM strategies and the performances of employees in department of Punjab Police. In this research study the size of sample consists of 368 respondents were Sub-Inspectors and assistant Sub-inspectors from the department of Punjab Police in Dera Ghazi Khan (Region). The researcher used a questionnaire to collect data, which was then analyzed using Smart-PLS. The findings revealed that career planning, compensation, job rotation, performance appraisal and development and training all had a positive impact on performance of employee in police department. According to the results, the researcher recommend that policymakers provide the most intensive compensation for staff, maximize career planning, compensation, job rotation, performance appraisal and development and training to progress the performance of Punjab police officers in Pakistan. This research strengthens the current literature on Performance of employee by providing new insights the promotion and Performances of employees’. Keywords: Job Rotation, Employee Performance, Compensation, Development and training, Performance Appraisal.

A Circular Total Focusing Method with Eccentricity Correction and Intensity Compensation for Endoscopic Ultrasound Imaging of Dual-layered Media.

Present endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) imaging methods for circular array suffer from the non-uniform spatial resolution in the imaging of a dual-layered media, such as the tubes' immersion EUS inspection. The problem is mainly attributed to the restricted focus and beam de-focusing at the interface. In this paper, a circular total focusing method (CTFM) is proposed, which leverages the concept of the conventional total focusing method and makes three vital improvements to overcome the challenges. First, to obtain the accurate time-of-flight (TOF) in the dual-layered media, a fourth-order equation of Snell's law is built and solved in polar coordinate system. Second, a fast geometric approximation method is derived to correct the TOF distortion caused by the transducer's eccentricity. Third, the intensity compensation is applied to flatten the imaging intensity at different positions by considering the directivity of element, transmission at interface, and divergence in media. The CTFM is validated on a tube's immersion EUS using a 10 MHz circular array with 128 elements. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed CTFM outperforms existing imaging methods. The lateral and axial resolution are 0.71 mm and 0.30 mm, which are 27.5% and 33.3% higher than those of the classic delay-and-sum method. The CTFM image shows high and uniform SNR which is 33.6% higher than that of delay-and-sum images. The CTFM provides a novel EUS imaging modality which can be applied in both medical and non-destructive testing domains.

A novel intensity compensation method to achieve energy independent beam intensity at the patient location for cyclotron based proton therapy facilities

In cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, an energy selection system is typically used to lower the beam energy from the fixed value provided by the accelerator (250/230 MeV) to the one needed for the treatment (230-70 MeV). Such a system has the drawback of increase beam emittance and introducing an energy-dependent beam current at the patient location, resulting in energy dependent beam intensity ratios of about 103 between high and low energies. This complicates treatment delivery and challenges patient safety systems. As such, we propose the use of a dual energy degrader method that can reduce beam intensity for high-energy beams. The first degrader is made of high Z material and the second is made of low Z material and are placed next to each other. For high energies (190-230 MeV), we use only the first degrader to increase beam emittance after the degrader and thus lose intensity in the emittance selection collimators. For intermediate energy beams (110-190 MeV) we use the combination of both degraders, whereas for low energy beams (70-110 MeV), only the second degrader limits the increase in emittance. With this approach, energy-independent beam intensities at the patient location can be achieved, whilst localizing beam losses around the degrader.

Intensity self-compensation method against multi-factors for polarization-based Fabry-Perot interrogation system.

Phase interrogation methods for fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensors may inevitably fail in the field due to the influences of irrelevant factors on signal intensity. To address this severe problem, this Letter proposes an intensity self-compensation method (ISCM) to eliminate the consecutive signal fluctuations of a polarization-based F-P interrogation system caused by multiple factors. By providing only the initial intensities of the reference signals, this attempt realizes the real-time intensity compensation of the output signals without affecting their quadrature relationship. Consecutive intensity fluctuations caused by variation of light source power, fiber loss, and polarization state are reduced to 2%-3% by the ISCM. Furthermore, the method performs ideally under dynamic modulation of the sensor. In addition, it can be applied against the inconsistent fluctuations between signals and is suitable for F-P sensors with single or multiple cavities. Owing to the high efficiency, real-time ability, and no moving parts advantage, the proposed method provides an excellent candidate for improving the accuracy and stability of F-P interrogation systems.

Pretreatment of Ultra-Weak Fiber Bragg Grating Hydrophone Array Based on Cubic Spline Interpolation Using Intensity Compensation.

The demodulation algorithm based on 3 × 3 coupler in a fiber-optic hydrophone array has gained extensive attention in recent years. The traditional method uses a circulator to construct the normal path-match interferometry; however, the problem of increasing the asymmetry of the three-way signal to be demodulated is easily overlooked. To provide a solution, we report a pretreatment method for hydrophone array based on 3 × 3 coupler demodulation. We use cubic spline interpolation to perform nonlinear fitting to the reflected pulse train and calculate the peak-to-peak values of the single pulse to determine the light intensity compensation coefficient of the interference signal, so as to demodulate the corrected three-way interference signal. For experimental verification, ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings (uwFBGs) with reflectivity of −50 dB are applied to construct a hydrophone array with 800 sensors, and a vibratory liquid column method is set up to generate a low-frequency hydroacoustic signal. Compared to the traditional demodulation algorithm based on a 3 × 3 coupler, the pretreatment method can improve the consistency of interference signals. The Lissajous figures show that cubic spline interpolation can improve the accuracy of monopulse peak seeking results by about 1 dB, and intensity compensation can further lead to a much lower noise density level for the interference pulse amplitude—specifically, more than 7 dB at 5~50 Hz—and the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by approximately 10 dB at 10 Hz. The distinct advantages of the proposed pretreatment method make it an excellent candidate for a hydrophone array system based on path-match interferometry.

Pengaruh Capital Intensity, Risiko Perusahaan, Kompensasi Rugi Fiskal Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak

This study aims to determine the effect of capital intensity, company risk and fiscal loss compensation on tax avoidance in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017 to 2020. This study is a quantitative study with secondary data consisting of 75 samples of companies collected using purposive sampling method. data analysis technique in this study uses a regression model selection test, classical assumption test of panel data regression and hypothesis testing and is processed using software STATA version 16. Bases on the results, it is known that simultaneously capital intensity, corporate risk and fiscal loss compensation are significant to tax avoidance in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017 to 2020. The partial test results of this study indicate that (1) capital intensity has no significant effect on tax avoidance, (2) company risk has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, (3) fiscal loss compensation has no significant effect on tax avoidance. The ability of capital intensity, corporate risk, fiscal loss compensation in explaining avoidance is 9,58% and the remaining 90,42% influenced by other factors.

A Compensation Method of Saturated Waveform for Space-Borne Laser Altimeter

Due to the difference in surface reflectivity, the laser measurement waveform data recorded in full waveform have a saturation phenomenon. When the signal is saturated, the echo waveform produces peak clipping and pulse spreading, which seriously restrict the accuracy of laser measurement results and the usability of data. Therefore, we conducted a ranging investigation on the “peak clipping” phenomenon of the saturated waveform and found a nonlinear time delay in the range, which is between the two extreme cases of saturated “dead time” and Gaussian fitting peak time as pulse signal reception time. Subsequently, based on the consistent relationship between the geometric characteristics of the high- and low-gain channels of the space-borne laser altimeter, we constructed a laser waveform saturation compensation model, namely, the laser pulse flight time delay compensation and the laser waveform peak intensity compensation, and carried out the data saturation compensation and validation with the dual-channel measurement data from the GaoFen-7 (GF-7) satellite. The experimental results showed that the saturation compensation model (SCM) proposed in this paper could restore the features of the saturated waveform signal and effectively improve the accuracy of the laser ranging. The accuracy of the laser waveform fitting result after saturation compensation improved from 0.7 ns (0.11 m) to 0.14 ns (0.02 m), which greatly improved the usability of the saturated laser measurement waveform data.

The Effect of Earnings Management, Capital Intensity, Firm Size, Fiscal Loss Compensation on Tax Avoidance

Effect of Earnings Management, Capital Intensity, Firm Size, and Fiscal Loss Compensation on Tax Avoidance (Study on Food and Beverage Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019). This study aims to obtain evidence on the effect of earnings management, firm size, capital intensity, and compensation for tax losses on tax avoidance. In this study, using purposive sampling method to show the sample. The population in this thesis are manufacturing companies with the food and beverage sector with a population of 80 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). With the selection of criteria, there is a total sample of 16 companies in an observation period of 5 years starting from 2015-2019. In this observation, tax avoidance is calculated through the formulation of the ETR. The tester for the hypothesis in this observation uses multiple regression analysis techniques. The results of this observation show that earnings management, firm size, and tax loss compensation affect tax avoidance. But capital intensity can not affect tax avoidance.

Efficient and Accurate Stitching for 360° Dual-Fisheye Images and Videos.

Back-to-back dual-fisheye cameras are the most cost-effective devices to capture 360° visual content. However, image and video stitching for such cameras often suffer from the effect of fisheye distortion, photometric inconsistency between the two views, and non-collocated optical centers. In this paper, we present algorithms for geometric calibration, photometric compensation, and seamless stitching to address these issues for back-to-back dual-fisheye cameras. Specifically, we develop a co-centric trajectory model for geometric calibration to characterize both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the fisheye camera to fifth-order precision, a photometric correction model for intensity and color compensation to provide efficient and accurate local color transfer, and a mesh deformation model along with an adaptive seam carving method for image stitching to reduce geometric distortion and ensure optimal spatiotemporal alignment. The stitching algorithm and the compensation algorithm can run efficiently for 1920×960 images. Quantitative evaluation of geometric distortion, color discontinuity, jitter, and ghost artifact of the resulting image and video shows that our solution outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.

Deep intelligent spectral labelling and receiver signal distribution for optical links.

A unique automatic receiver signal distribution strategy is proposed for private optical networks based on the concept of non-orthogonality. A non-orthogonal signal waveform can compress the spectral bandwidth, which not only fits a signal in a bandwidth limited scenario, but also enables the compression ratio information for labelling. Depending on a unique value of spectral compression, an end user destination can be correlated. A network edge node will rely on deep learning to intelligently identify each raw signal and forward it to corresponding end users with no sophisticated digital signal pre-processing. In this case, signal identification and distribution are faster while computationally intensive signal compensation and detection will be shifted to each end user since the receiver is highly dynamic and user-defined in private optical networks. An intelligent signal classifier will be trained considering various fiber transmission factors such as transmission distance, training dataset size and launch power. At the end, a universal classifier is obtained, which can be used to identify signals in a system for any fiber transmission distance and launch power.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tax Avoidance Dengan Kepemilikan Manajerial Sebagai Pemoderasi Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2015-2019

This study examines the effect of thin capitalization, capital intensity, and fiscal loss compensation on tax avoidance and to examine managerial ownership in moderating the effect of thin capitalization on tax avoidance in mining sector companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange in 2015-2019. This study uses a sample of 35 mining sector companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2015-2019 period with the sampling technique using the purposive sampling method and the research data using secondary data. Methods data analysis uses moderated regression analysis (mra) with spss 25.0 software. The results of this study indicate that thin capitalization has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance, while capital intensity has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance and fiscal loss compensation has no effect on tax avoidance and managerial ownership weakens the effect of thin capitalization on tax avoidance. The control variable, namely roa, has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance and company size has no effect on tax avoidance.

The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance

The present study examines the relationship between HRM practices and performance of employee to be tested in Punjab police, Pakistan. The sample size in this study is 368 respondents that consists of Inspectors and Sub-inspectors of Punjab Police Department in Pakistan. We collected data using questionnaire and analysis using Smart-PLS. Our result discovered that job rotation, training and development, compensation, career planning, and performance appraisal have a positive affect to Employee Performance in Punjab Policy department, Pakistan. Based on our findings, we suggest the policymakers to provide more intensive compensation to employees, optimizing job rotation, implementing training and development, provide appropriate career planning, and making advance performance appraisal in order to improve the performance of Punjab police employees in Pakistan. This study extends existing literature of Employee Performance, it delivers new understandings on the conception and role of job rotation, training and development, compensation, career planning, and performance appraisal to stimulate the reformation of Employee Performance in the government institution such as the Punjab police department.

Technical Note: Synthetic treatment beam imaging for motion monitoring during spine SBRT treatments - a phantom study.

One of the biggest challenges in applying megavoltage (MV) treatment beam imaging for monitoring spine motion in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is the small beam apertures in the images due to strong beam modulations in IMRT planning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a markerless motion tracking method in spine SBRT delivery using a novel enhanced synthetic treatment beam (ESTB) imaging technique. Three clinical spine SBRT plans using 6XFFF beams and sliding window IMRT technique were transferred to a thorax phantom and delivered by a TrueBeam machine. Before delivery, the phantom was aligned to the plan isocenter using CBCT setup and verified with a second CBCT, and then, 2mm shifts were introduced in both the craniocaudal (CC) and the left-right (LR) directions with the couch. During beam delivery, MV images were continuously taken with an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and automatically grabbed by Varian iTools Capture software with a frame rate of 11.6Hz. After preprocessing for scatter correction and beam intensity compensation, every 50 frames of MV images were combined to generate a series of ESTB images for each beam. The ESTB images were then registered to the projections of the verification CBCT at the matched beam angles to detect the 2mm shifts. Compared to snapshot MV images, the ESTB images had significantly enlarged fields of view (FOVs) and improved image quality. Based on two-dimensional (2D) rigid registration, the ESTB image to CBCT projection matching showed submillimeter accuracy in detecting motion. Specifically, the root mean square errors in detecting the LR/CC shifts were 0.35/0.28, 0.32/0.35, 0.63/0.44, 0.55/0.51, and 0.69/0.42mm at gantry angles 180, 160, 140, 120, and 100, respectively. Our results in the phantom study suggest that ESTB images from a sliding window IMRT plan can be used to detect spine motion, with submillimeter precision in the 2D plane perpendicular to the beam.

Efficient and robust unsupervised inverse intensity compensation for stereo image registration under radiometric changes

Image registration is a challenging problem for computer vision, and accurate and effective image registration is still required in various computer vision applications, e.g., 3-D scanning, autonomous navigation, and augmented reality. However, image registration becomes difficult due to the presence of noise and photometric changes. This paper presents a novel image registration method with unsupervised inverse intensity compensation (ICIR). This methodology uses weighted vectors to compensate for areas affected by radiometric variations. This is a 5-D vector body composed of RGB, brightness, and gradient, that is, each pixel is represented by a 5-D vector in its neighborhood. When performing image registration, the vector angle metric robust to illumination effect is used to calculate cost volumes. Then the selected cost metrics are aggregated based on RGB-Gradient tree structure. Experiments performed on stereo images of the Middlebury datasets and ours demonstrate this methodology in calculation accuracy and time all have good performance.