Intense Working Research Articles

Göç Kararında Kadın İradesinin Belirleyiciliği: Genç Kızların Köyden Kente Göç Etme Fırsatına Çevirmesi

<p class="ql-align-justify">The study of the trend of urban – rural population shift is based on long-term observation. In the studies, cases of young men who could not marry as long as they lived in a village, and young women who transformed marriage into an opportunity to migrate to urban areas were addressed, showing both reasons for migration and the problems of an after migration life. The reasons for migration following are a wish to dismiss intense working life and the hope of creating a nuclear family, avoiding a traditional relationship with one’s in-laws. It was determined that young men were not able to marry while living in the village and they could find job and marry very soon after moving to city. Elders who continue their lives in the village who also once experienced the difficulties of traditional structure (finding a bride, difficulties in living conditions etc.) also live in loneliness, which is a significant issue of our time. The traditional village structure of consuming what they produce and doing various types of work is replaced by readymade product consumption and monotonous work. This has negative effects on migrants. Migrant men face a lot of problems, in cities such as finding a job, adapting to work, a lack of flexibility in working life, adapting to urban life, and finding accommodation and adequate nutrition. Migrant women have difficulties with limited neighborhood relations, an inability to participate working life, and a failure to adapt to urban life.&nbsp;

MEDICAL PERSONNEL OF POLYCLINIC AS AN INDICATOROF THE QUALITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE HEALTH CARE

The article presents the main characteristics of the medical personal of a typical city polyclinic, on the basis of which it is possible to get an idea about the quality of medical resources in primary health care. It was found that more than half of the physicians «treatment group» working in primary health care, do not have qualifying category (53,1%), despite the big experience of medical practice (14,7±12,1 years). The presence of the qualifying category does not always objectively reflect the quality of medical resources, as most physicians have great experience of practical work and highly appreciate their individual professional level. Activities of the medical personnel of polyclinics associ- ated with intense working conditions, due to the excessive number of the attached population for the primary health care, work without help of a nurse, remoteness of district territories and high need of the population of primary health care. The main factors that adversely affecting the preventive work with the population should include the intensity of outpatient reception, remoteness of district territories, insufficient study of the medical literature and rare visits to scientific conferences.

Alternating Sign Rolling Technology in Grooved Rolls for Nonferrous Metal Plate Billets

Results are given for a study of rolling plate metal by technology including rolling in grooved rolls and levelling on a smooth barrel. Results of computer modeling and analysis of the Lode–Nadai coefficient show that during rolling in grooved rolls two types of deformation-compression arise in a billet cross section, i.e., compression in inclined areas and shear in ridged zones. This picture of stress distribution is most favorable since compressive strain leads to “healing” of possible metal discontinuities, but shear deformation leads to intense working of the original metal structure. During rolling in the first pair of smooth rolls deformation compressive in nature predominates, and in the second pair of rolls it is deformation alternating in nature. In any billet vertical section, metal contact with rolls occurs on both surfaces, i.e., upper and lower, which leads to compression in ridge zones, but to tension in inclined sections. Analysis of the results of metallographic studies points to the benefits for rolling in grooved rolls in the plan of preparing a metal fine-grained isotropic structure. The use of grooved rolls leads to significant strengthening of L63 brass compared with using smooth rolls with an identical overall degree of deformation.

Cyclic-deformation system for the reduction of continuous-cast slabs

Introducing systems capable of profound reduction in a casting and rolling module improves the product quality, on account of the intense working of large continuous-cast slabs over the whole cross section and the production of uniform fine-grain structure of the metal, and also increases the cross section of continuous- cast billet. Analysis of the formation of nonmetallic inclusions and segregation in the axial zone of the thick rolled sheet is followed by analysis of the nonuniform deformation over the slag height in the reduction of large continuous-cast slabs at the 5000 mill at OAO Magnitogorskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat. The structure of a cyclic-deformation system for preliminary deformation of large continuous-cast slabs is described, and its capabilities are explored. Hammers for preliminary deformation of large continuous-cast slabs are considered. Experimental data are presented for the deformation of continuous-cast steel 45 and 12Kh18N10T steel billet. The structure of the continuous-cast billet is assessed in the course of reduction on the cyclic-deformation system. The basic parameters of the system for preliminary deformation of large continuous- cast slabs are determined. The capabilities of the cyclic-deformation system are outlined in terms of increase in sheet quality. On that basis, the use of the cyclic-deformation system in the continuous-casting line for preliminary reduction of large continuous-cast slabs is recommended: it permits matching of the speed of continuous-casting and cyclic-deformation processes; and ensures 45–90% reduction in a single pass so as to obtain well-worked cast structure over the whole slab cross section. When using the cyclic-deformation system in the continuous-casting line, the continuous-cast slabs are reduced by means of the heat of the cast metal, thereby greatly reducing the energy consumption in billet production. The cyclic-deformation system may be used with thick-sheet and broad-strip mills for preliminary single-pass reduction of the hot slab, with improvement in sheet quality and reduction in the number of passes in the mills.

Relationship between musculoskeletal pain complaints and family agriculture work

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Musculoskeletal pain is increasingly common in the field of workers’ health. When the work is characterized by rudimentary activities, as in the case of family farming, which requires the use of manual labor, intense and prolonged working journey, exposure to physical, chemical, biological, mechanical and ergonomic risks, the worker is prone to develop musculoskeletal diseases, and consequently pain. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in family farmers, as well as to identify the body segments mostly affected and evaluate the tools used in the working process that may influence the development of musculoskeletal diseases and pain. METHODS: A research form that includes social-demographic data, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and the visual analog pain scale were used. 150 farmers participated in the study. Statistical tests were applied to the data obtained, including the Fisher Exact. The H0 hypothesis was rejected for a significance level of p≤0.05, stipulating a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: The results show a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in surveyed farmers, whose most affected regions were the lower back and shoulders. The pain reported by farmers is associated with the activities performed and the tools used, such as the hoe and the hand spray, used at work. CONCLUSION: Farmers are susceptible to the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, and the prevalence of the referred pain is high.

Comment envisager la rééducation fonctionnelle d’un ligament croisé antérieur opéré chez une personne hyperlaxe ?

The reeducation of a hypermobile patient has its own specificities, considering the patient's difference in proprioceptif and articular control. Many therapists rightly adopted the careful attitude of postponing several re-educative requests during the scarring phase of such a tissue. Like a therapeutic scarecrow, must this patient be systematically welcomed in a spare attitude? Or, without it being noxious for him, is there a possibility to build a re-educative program akin to what we would proposed to any other patient? In the light of the principles of the nature, which teach us that it is the function that creates the organ, that the mater has a capacity of resilience, that any organic system, to avoid the isolated injury to one of its structures putting in danger its own balance, is endowed with a capacity of self-protection, would it be possible to question this benevolent attitude of precaution? For that purpose, it is necessary to take into account the essential function of stability of the knee and to refocus on the potentially injurious situations for the antero-external cruciate ligament. We shall see how to achieve this by recruiting muscular groups, seemingly not concerned, in chosen functional positions, while creating intense working situations, in educational sector to the desired protection. The presented type of reeducation is an essential link between a conventional work and that made with the physical assistants.

“Hamiltonian-Hendelian” Mimoplastics and Tableau of the Underworld: The Visual Aesthetics of Goethe’s 1815 Proserpina Production

Proserpina Redux: From Sentimental Interlude to Pan-Aesthetic TragedyP ROSERPINA, GOETHE'S SOLILOQUY dramatizing the plight of Jupiter and Ceres's daughter after her violent abduction to Pluto's Underworld, first appeared as an insert into the satire Triumph der Empfindsamkeit (Triumph of Sentimentality), which premiered in the Weimar Courtly Amateur Theater on January 30, 1778.1 Soon after, the monologue was published and then, on June 10, 1779, performed as a separate melodrama over a musical score by Sigmund von Seckendorff, with soloist-actress Corona Schr?ter in the title role.2 With its single female protagonist, its passionate display of intense suffering, and its rhetorically charged declamation, the theatrical-musical hybrid was a typical representative of the age of sentimentalism, along with Rousseau's Pygmalion, Christian Brandes's Ariadne, and Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter's Medea. The dual use of the interlude as satire and tragedy ref lected the mixed reception of the Rape of Proserpina myth in Western art, music, and literature and the function of the Triumph burlesque as an antidote to the emotional intensity of the monologue, which Nicholas Boyle has rightfully recognized to be the most starkly tragic of Goethe's dramatic works.3 Later on, in his Tag- und Jahreshefte (Annals), the author expressed regret at his insertion of his tragedy into a farcical context, calling it a ?criminal? act that robbed it of its dramatic effect by making it the target of a satire of sentimentality (Goethe, Tag- und Jahreshefte bis 1780, FA 1.17:13).Such self-criticism channeled the purpose of his newer Proserpina adaptation, almost forty years after its original composition, which was realized in close collaboration with the musician Carl Eberwein, student of Carl Friedrich Zelter and director of Goethe's ?house choir,? who also produced numerous other musical settings for Goethe's poems. In full recognition of the role of music in capturing and maintaining the affectivity of lyrical poetry, both artists cooperated to produce a score that would enhance the emotional power of the monodrama.4 Conceived and executed by its director as an enticing multimedia experience, the new production was also the result of a long and intense working partnership with the gifted Weimar actress Anna Amalia Wolff.5 The stage event, which premiered on February 4, 1815, for the birthday celebration of the Weimar crown prince Carl Friedrich, trespassed classical genre boundaries to combine the separate strands of the myth's tradition-poetic, pantomimic, pictorial, and musical-turning the artistic blend into a highly sophisticated synesthetic experience, a Romantic Gesamtkunstwerk. It was so well received by the local audience, usually cool to Goethe's theatrical experiments, that it would be repeated several times.6Goethe and the Attitude Performer Henriette Hendel-SchutzWhile recent scholarly treatments of the 1815 production have highlighted its intricate interplay of textual and musical discourse and discussed its elaborate stage decoration, the present investigation focuses primarily on its unstudied performance style, inspired by the famous attitudes of Emma HartHamilton and her German successor Henriette Hendel-Schutz, which was captured by the Calderon translator Johann Diederich Gries in his eyewitness account, written to Bernhard Rudolf Abeken on February 7, 1815:Die Proserpina war eine ganz einzige Vorstellung. Ich habe gar nicht geglaubt, das ein so verwerfliches Genre, wie das Melodram doch eigentlich ist, einen solchen Eindruck machen konnte. Aber die Wolff hat auch in dieser Rolle sich selbst ubertroffen. Sie gab eine rein plastische Darstellung, wie man jetzt zu sagen pflegt. Anfangs misfiel es mir, das sie ihre ganze Garderobe mit in die Holle gebracht hatte; denn nicht weniger als drei Shawls hatte sie um und an sich, die sie an den Baumen und Buschen umher aufhing, und wovon sie, nach Masgabe des Textes, bei den majestatischen Stellen den purpurnen, bei den tragischen den dunkelfarbigen, bei den heitern den himmelblauen gebrauchte. …

Haemodialysis work environment contributors to job satisfaction and stress: a sequential mixed methods study.

BackgroundHaemodialysis nurses form long term relationships with patients in a technologically complex work environment. Previous studies have highlighted that haemodialysis nurses face stressors related to the nature of their work and also their work environments leading to reported high levels of burnout. Using Kanters (1997) Structural Empowerment Theory as a guiding framework, the aim of this study was to explore the factors contributing to satisfaction with the work environment, job satisfaction, job stress and burnout in haemodialysis nurses.MethodsUsing a sequential mixed-methods design, the first phase involved an on-line survey comprising demographic and work characteristics, Brisbane Practice Environment Measure (B-PEM), Index of Work Satisfaction (IWS), Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The second phase involved conducting eight semi-structured interviews with data thematically analyzed.ResultsFrom the 417 nurses surveyed the majority were female (90.9 %), aged over 41 years of age (74.3 %), and 47.4 % had worked in haemodialysis for more than 10 years. Overall the work environment was perceived positively and there was a moderate level of job satisfaction. However levels of stress and emotional exhaustion (burnout) were high. Two themes, ability to care and feeling successful as a nurse, provided clarity to the level of job satisfaction found in phase 1. While two further themes, patients as quasi-family and intense working teams, explained why working as a haemodialysis nurse was both satisfying and stressful.ConclusionsNurse managers can use these results to identify issues being experienced by haemodialysis nurses working in the unit they are supervising.

Residency Programs and Clinical Leadership Skills Among New Saudi Graduate Nurses.

Nurse residency programs have been adopted by health care organizations to assist new graduate nurses with daily challenges such as intense working environments, increasing patient acuity, and complex technologies. Overall, nurse residency programs are proven beneficial in helping nurses transition from the student role to independent practitioners and bedside leaders. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of residency programs on leadership skills of new Saudi graduate nurses who completed a residency program compared to new Saudi graduate nurses who did not participate in residency programs. The study design was cross-sectional involving a convenience sample (n = 98) of new graduate nurses from three hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The Clinical Leadership Survey was used to measure the new graduate nurses' clinical leadership skills based on whether they completed a residency program or not. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine leadership skills in this sample of new Saudi graduate nurses. A significant difference was found between residents and nonresidents in their leadership skills (t = 10.48, P = .000). Specifically, residents were significantly more likely to show higher levels of leadership skills compared to their counterparts. Attending a residency program was associated with a significant increase in clinical leadership skills. The findings of this study indicate that there is a need to implement more residency programs in hospitals of Saudi Arabia. It is imperative that nurse managers and policy makers in Saudi Arabia consider these findings to improve nurses' leadership skills, which will in turn improve patient care. Further research should examine how residency programs influence new graduate nurses' transition from student to practitioner with regard to clinical leadership skills in Saudi Arabia.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSTRUCT &amp; HUMAN RESOURCE DETERIORATION: HOW BURNOUT STRESS AND JOB INSECURITY TRIGGER TURNOVER INTENTION? A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY FROM PAKISTAN

Purpose:- This study examines the impact of job burnout, occupational stress and perceived job insecurity which has been termed as a psychological construct; on turnover intention of the employees working in private healthcare sector of Pakistan. The psychological construct consists of bunch of variables which have not been measured so far in the proposed combination in any study conducted in Pakistan. This study examines the phenomenon in healthcare sector where under the influence of perceived job insecurity, working for long hour in consecutive shifts under chronic pressure for a long time causes occupational stress and burnout which leads to turnover intention that ultimately results in deterioration of human resource. Methodology/Sampling:- This is cross-sectional, hypothesis testing research based on primary data collected from 5 renowned private sector healthcare institutions. The data was gathered through convenient sampling technique from 141 respondents comprising of doctors, nurses, administrative &amp; allied-health staff. Findings:- The results suggest that the turnover intention is significantly positively influenced by job burnout, occupational stress and perceived job insecurity. Results also support that these conditions may lead loss of potential talent and hence failure in attainment of organizational long term objectives. Practical Implications:- Excessive workload, long working hours, intense working environment and demanding job tasks are the key factors that contribute to occupational stress and burnout. These conditions become more severe when accompanied by perceived job insecurity due to economic instability or elevated unemployment rate. This study can also be helpful to devise strategies to prevent or attenuate long term psychological and physical disorders of incumbents which ultimately affect the entire society.

Experimental study on a hybrid energy system with small- and medium-scale applications for mild climates

This paper presents the design and performance of a hybrid energy system. The hybrid energy system consists of a standard air-conditioning unit (i.e., a split system), with an integrated boiler for heating water. The entire system is driven by a small off-grid photovoltaic plant and was tested at a geographical location with a typical Mediterranean climate in the summer. Three different working regimes were analyzed: a daytime working regime, a nighttime working regime, and an intense working regime. The boiler water consumption was also simulated to investigate its effect on the overall performance of the hybrid energy system. Experimental measurements in different work regimes indicated that the hybrid energy system achieved a COPc between 5.0 and 6.0. The mean engaged electric power of the compressor ranged between 500 and 700 W. The mean temperature of the water heated in the boiler ranged from 43.1 °C to 51.0 °C, with a maximum recorded value of 60.6 °C. The research results demonstrate that the hybrid energy system could be implemented in small- or medium-scale residential touristic facilities for countries with mild climates, where heat pump systems can be used to achieve relatively high seasonal COP (coefficient of performance) values.

The influence of heat treatment and deep rolling on the mechanical properties and integrity of AISI 1060 steel

This work addresses the influence of distinct microstructures and deep rolling parameters on the behaviour of AISI 1060 steel. For this purpose, the work material was initially subjected to subcritical and full annealing as well as to hardening through quenching and tempering. The specimens were subsequently deep rolled under different rolling pressures and numbers of passes. The findings indicate that plastic deformation increases with rolling pressure and number of passes due to more intense cold working and that under identical deep rolling conditions the fully annealed material presents more severe deformation than the subcritically annealed samples. Moreover, the ability of deep rolling to increase surface hardness decreases with the elevation of the hardness of the original material. The values of the yield and ultimate tensile strength were affected in different manners by deep rolling depending on work material condition and the tensile residual stresses observed after turning were converted into compressive values by deep rolling. Finally, the elevation of rolling pressure and number of passes presented distinct effects on the microhardness distribution beneath the surface depending on the work material condition.

The Role of Civil Society in Recalibrating Conservation Science Incentives

The Role of Civil Society in Recalibrating Conservation Science Incentives

Turistik Ürün Çeşitlendirmesi Kapsamında Dalyan Destinasyonunun Rekreasyon Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

The different stress sources such as intense working tempo, increasing usage of technology, adverse living conditions, population crowd, noise and environmental pollution, artificial human relationships causes physical and emotional frazzles on humans. At this point people start to turn though the nature as they start to see the recreational activities as a necessity to protect themselves against the physical and emotional frazzles. So the places that host the recreation areas connected to the nature, water, watching and sports should be organized though the availability usage of the locals and tourists at the highest level. In this context, the aim of this study is to identify the recreational potential of Dalyan destination. To determine the potential of the recreation area of Dalyan, the method developed by Gulez (1990) in accordance with the conditions of our country that supply the opportunity to analyze the potential of the in forest and outdoor recreational potential. In the study, the data taken from the interviews with Koycegiz Governorship, Koycegiz Governorship, Ortaca Municipality, Dalyan Tourism Information Bureau, Koycegiz Forestry Administration, Dalaman Meteorological Department and the secondary data sources were used. The findings obtained from the analysis, the recreation potential of Dalyan have been identified according to the landscape value, the climate value, accessibility value, recreation conveniences value and negative factors value criteria.

Analysis of influence of dynamic modes of a car engine operation on the state of cylinder liners

The study of the dynamics of the crankshaft mechanism of car engines permits to establish the laws of wear of liners of engines under the influence of different conditions of operation; to improve design features of parts, mechanisms and systems of engines of loading vehicles and machines of cyclic action, which operate mostly in transient conditions. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the conditions and dynamics of the stress state of cylinder liners of a car engine according to the operating conditions, and to identify the changes of the internal diameter of the cylinder liner along the cylinder element. In order to determine the voltage magnitudes, which appear in the cylinder liners as a result of the influence of intense working conditions and in order to calibrate the experimental setup, the analytical calculations were carried out. The study of the dynamics of the crankshaft mechanism of car engines helped to ascertain the regularities of wear of cylinder liners of engines under the influence of different working conditions of engine that will permit to continue the improvement of the design features of the parts, mechanisms and systems of engines, which operate in transient conditions. The studies permit to determine the order of magnitudes of deformation and the nature of their origin that allows more reasonable performance of experimental studies.

The functional state of children from 9 to 10 years of age under the conditions of intense informational load and physical working capacity

Three-way ANOVA has shown that the functional state (FS) of children from 9 to 10 years of age (n = 91) under intense informational load is significantly influenced by the aerobic and anaerobic components of physical working capacity and their interaction. It has been found that 4 to 21% of the total variation of the studied FS indices are related to the bioenergetic resources of the body. It has been shown that the high levels of development of the aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic capacities are associated with the optimal changes in the FS under the conditions of intense informational load. At the same time, the interaction of the aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic components of physical working capacity exerts the most significant influence on the productivity and “psychophysiological cost” of intellectual activity. The high anaerobic glycolytic and anaerobic alactate capacities proved to have opposite functional effects. The former contribute to a decrease in excessive autonomic reactivity under the conditions of intense work and diminution of trait anxiety; the latter, on the contrary, determine hypermobilization of the system of autonomic support of activity. The results suggest that a combined use of rational proportions of physical loads of the aerobic, anaerobic glycolytic, and anaerobic alactate types will provide efficient control of children’s FS under the conditions of intense intellectual activity.

Zeitzeuge der Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik von 1970 bis 2003

Abstract This article shows clearly the experiences of the author concerning the social restart of Germany after 1945. The ZEE was and is a place for reflection and reorientation. Personal encounters with personalities of the »first hour« constitute the opening. This is followed by five central situations which were witnessed and devised by the author. They had a direct effect on the ZEE. 1. The participation in the senior staff of Willy Brandt had an effect on the contemplation of an »ethos of inner reforms«. 2. The reform process in South Africa with its »peaceful revolution« brought the author there, having intense working relations to the leaders of the »black majority«. These experiences found their way into the ZEE. 3. As chairman of the chamber for social order of the EKD (Evangelical Church in Germany) the author worked nearly 20 years intensively on memoranda concerning the reorientation of the welfare state in many dimensions. The ZEE was a central place of scientific debate. 4. and 5. As head of the Diakoniewissenschaftliches Institut (I. for Christian social work) of the University of Heidelberg basic questions of deaconry theologically and at the same time world wide aspects were at the centre of interest also at the ZEE

Effect of rolling-assisted deformation on the formation of an ultrafine-grained structure in a two-phase titanium alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation

The effect of rolling in the temperature range 450–650°C on the fragmentation of the primary phase in a hot-rolled VT6 alloy rod preliminarily subjected to severe plastic deformation by equal-channel angular pressing at 700°C (scheme B c, the angle between the channels is 135°, 12 passes) is studied. Rolling at 450°C without preliminary ECAP is shown not to cause α-phase fragmentation and to favor intense cold working of the alloy due to multiple slip. ECAP provides partial fragmentation of the initial structure of the α phase and changes the morphology of the retained β phase: it transforms from a continuous matrix phase into separated precipitates located between α particles. This transformation activates the fragmentation of the α phase during rolling at 550°C owing to the development of twinning and polygonization processes apart from multiple slip. Both a decrease (to 450°C) and an increase (to 625–650°C) in the rolling temperature as compared to 550°C lead to the formation of a less homogeneous and fragmented structure because of weakly developed recovery and intense cold working in the former case and because of the beginning of recrystallization and the suppression of twinning in the latter case. A relation between the structure that forms upon SPD followed by rolling and the set of its properties is found. A general scheme is proposed for the structural transformations that occur during ECAP followed by rolling at various temperatures.

Spark source of some metals and carbon

Experimental results of comparative tests of a spark ion source (closed geometry) with a MEVVA ion source (open geometry) are presented in this paper. Carbon (graphite) and some pure metals (such as Al, Cu, Ta) have been used as the working substances. It was discovered that the vapor ionization degree in the spark depended on the discharge gap shape that changed in time and became self-sustaining during the tests. It is supposed that this dependence had been determined both by the considerably increased value of power density released in the discharge, accompanied by the intense working substance transfer, and by a voltage drop growth in the spark ion source which led to deeper ionization of the vapors by fast electrons. Prolonged tests of the closed shape ion source (22 000 pulses, f=0.3 Hz) have been carried out. Spectra have been obtained for different times from the beginning of the test. Results are discussed.

Creating a Family in the Workplace

Modern service work in bureaucratic organizations requires possibilities for acting aggressively in intimate relationships without anxiety. This article describes a local planning agency where staff created a “family” to solve these problems. Staff members originally created family activities to structure intimacy under intense working conditions. Simultaneously, they negotiated room for these activities in the bureaucracy. Consciously and unconsciously, they designed the family so as to transform organizational authority into family relationships, as well as to exclude Oedipal and sibling conflicts that are normally part of families. The departmental family eventually foundered on a changing reality: increasing individual and racial competition over promotions, as well as the departure of the family “father.” The case offers lessons for modern, bureaucratic service work.