Intense Smoking Regime Research Articles

Cytotoxic impact of nicotine products on periodontal ligament cells

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this in vitro experiment was an assessment of proliferative capacity, metabolic activity, and potential cellular detriment of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDL) exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), electronic cigarette vapor (eCV), and heated tobacco product aerosol (HTP), or air (control).Materials and methodsUsing a CAD/CAM-designed exposition chamber, hPDL were exposed to CS, eCV, HTP, or air (control) based on the Health Canada Intense Smoking Regime. Cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and cellular detriment were assessed at various time points.ResultsCompared to the control, hPDL exposed to CS exhibited significantly decreased cell numbers at all time points. HTP exposure led to reduced cell numbers 48 h and 72 h post-exposure, while eCV-exposed cells showed no significant decrease. The metabolic activity of eCV-treated hPDL was slightly reduced at 7 h but recovered at 24 h and 48 h. In contrast, CS-treated cells exhibited significantly decreased metabolic activity at 24 h and 48 h, and HTP-exposed cells showed a significant decrease after 48 h. Flow cytometry indicated both apoptotic and necrotic cell death following CS exposure, with necrotic cell death being more pronounced.ConclusionseCV and HTP demonstrated comparatively reduced detrimental effects on hPDL compared to CS.Clinical relevance: The findings suggest that conventional cigarette smoke poses a substantial risk to periodontal health by significantly impairing cell proliferation and metabolic activity. However, alternatives such as eCV and HTP may offer a comparatively reduced risk.

A Comparative In Vitro Toxicological Screening of a Closed-End Heated Tobacco Product *

SUMMARY Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a recent category of tobacco products, with their relative safety compared to cigarette smoking and potential to help smokers to quit being two reasons why regulators may consider their market approval. Designed to heat tobacco rather than to burn in order to produce aerosol, different heating techniques are applied to commercial HTPs, which may result in differing aerosol formation. Therefore, each product requires separate assessment. This work focuses on a closed-end HTP (coded as HTP-A), which is electrically heated and designed to allow puffing air flow to bypass its tobacco section, resulting in reduced oxygen concentration within the tobacco section during heating and aerosol forming. To provide a preliminary aerosol chemistry and in vitro toxicological screening, this study assessed HTP-A against a commercial electrically heated HTP (IQOSTM, coded as HTP-B) and a 3R4F reference cigarette. Under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, the levels of 9 regulatory priority toxicants in the aerosol of HTP-A were either reduced or comparable to those in HTP-B on a per-stick basis. Additionally, both HTPs showed significant reduction (greater than 90%) in comparison to those measured in mainstream smoke of 3R4F cigarette for these toxicants. Using a set of standard in vitro toxicological assays (Ames, Micronucleus and Neutral Red Uptake), the two HTPs showed no observable responses while significant toxicity responses were recorded for 3R4F’s total particulate matter. Based on these preliminary results, the novel closed-end HTP-A design may provide similar toxicological profiles to the comparator HTP-B. Further toxicological and clinical assessments are warranted to evaluate HTP-A’s potential for exposure or disease risk reduction. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 146–156]

Impact of More Intense Smoking Parameters and Flavor Variety on Toxicant Levels in Emissions of a Heated Tobacco Product.

IQOS HEETS are promoted as reduced-risk alternatives to cigarettes. Although some studies have investigated the chemical composition of HEETS emissions, little is known on whether toxicant levels in such emissions are affected by different puffing parameters and flavor varieties. This has important implications when assessing actual human exposure, since IQOS users develop a specific and personalized puffing behavior and may use different HEETS variants. This study measured the levels of nicotine, total particulate matter, carbonyl compounds, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in the emissions of nine differently flavored HEETS and two cigarettes (1R6F and Marlboro Red, MR). Emissions from Yellow HEETS, 1R6F, and MR were collected using the World Health Organization Intense smoking regime and four more intense smoking regimes. Yellow HEETS aerosol contained lower levels of toxicants compared to 1R6F and MR smoke. More intense smoking regimes increased carbonyl release in cigarette smoke, whereas only higher puff frequency led to lower levels of toxicants in Yellow HEETS aerosol. Some HEETS varieties exhibited higher levels of formaldehyde and TSNAs in their aerosols compared to Yellow HEETS. Puff frequency was identified as the only smoking parameter that significantly lowered the release of almost all toxicants in Yellow HEETS, whereas a combination of higher puff volume and puff duration led to increased levels of some carbonyls. Differences in toxicant levels between various commercially available HEETS have important implications when assessing their health impact, as their consumption might induce different toxicant exposure and health effects. HEETS release about half as much nicotine and substantially lower levels of toxicants compared to cigarettes. Literature data showed that puffing intensity is increased in cigarette smokers switching to HEETS, maybe in reaction to these lower nicotine levels. Our results show a differential impact of increased puff frequency, puff duration, and puff volume in the release of toxicants from HEETS. Thus, industry-independent studies on puff topography are critical to make choices for the most relevant puffing regime for heated tobacco product regulation. Regulators should consider evaluating the health impact of multiple HEETS varieties, as the tobacco filler composition significantly affects the release of certain toxicants.

The Effects of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on Delivery and Retention of Organic Acids

Summary A method for simultaneous identification and quantitative determination of 30 organic acids was established. The smoke yields and filter retentions of organic acids and routine smoke components, total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) at different filter ventilation levels were determined under both International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Health Canadian Intense (HCI) smoking regimes. As a result of smoke dilution during filter ventilation, the yields of all organic acids were reduced in mainstream cigarette smoke. The spatial distribution pattern of the concentration of each organic acid in the filter was investigated at different ventilation levels and their filter retention determined. On one hand, the concentration of organic acids with a lower boiling point (BP) and lower molecular weight (MW) was relatively higher at the smoking end and the periphery part of the filter and spatial concentration distributions within the filter were significantly affected by smoke diffusion. On the other hand, those acids with high BPs and high MW were mainly distributed at the tobacco rod end and central part of the filter and spatial concentration distributions were only slightly influenced by their smoke diffusion within the filter whilst air compression around the filter vents also led to less change. This way, different acids in mainstream cigarette smoke were reduced to different extents which can also influence the acid-base equilibrium and sensory quality of the smoke. Compared with ISO smoking regime, the vent blocking and more intense smoking HCI regime led to different extents of yield increase for each of the studied acids. The effect of filter ventilation in the HCI smoking regime was not investigated, as the HCI smoking regime requires blocked ventilation holes. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 30 (2021) 199–211]

Toxic mechanisms of cigarette smoke and heat-not-burn tobacco vapor inhalation on rheumatoid arthritis

Tobacco combustion exposure worsens rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Non-combustible tobacco devices, as heat-not-burn tobacco (HNBT), are emerging as harm reduction to smokers by releasing nicotine and lower combustible tobacco products. Nevertheless, HNBT toxicity remains unclear. Hence, here we investigated the impacts of the tobacco combustible product (cigarette smoke; CS) or HNBT vapor exposures on antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were exposed to airflow, HNBT vapor, or CS during 1 h/twice a day, under the Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, between days 14 to 20 after the first immunization. At day 21, 16 h after the last exposures, mice were i.a. challenged and the AIA effects were evaluated 24 h later. CS- or HNBT-exposed mice presented equivalent blood nicotine levels. CS exposure worsened articular symptoms, pulmonary inflammation, and expression of lung metallothioneins. Nevertheless, CS or HNBT exposures reduced lymphoid organs' cellularity, splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion. Additional in vitro CS or HNBT exposures confirmed the harmful effects on splenocytes, which were partially mediated by the activation of nicotine/α7nAchR pathway. Associated, data demonstrate the toxic mechanisms of CS or HNBT inhalation at HCI regime on RA, and highlight that further investigations are fundamental to assure the toxicity of emerging tobacco products on the immune system during specific challenges.

Investigation of the content of carbonyl compounds and specific nitrosamines of tobacco in cigarette smoke and in the aerosol of the tobacco heating system

Investigation of some toxic compounds concentrations in aerosol of new class of tobacco products - tobacco heating systems and comparing their levels with regular cigarettes aerosol is an important step in understanding whether these products are low-risk, as some manufacturers claim. Three popular in Russia cigarette brands, reference cigarette 3R4F and new heated tobacco products (HTP) were tested for levels of emissions of some harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC). Aerosols of these products were collected under the ISO intense smoking regime and quantified for levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, acrolein, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde. Levels of above mentioned HPHCs were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS). The results demonstrate that highest levels of measured HPHCs are obtained for reference cigarette 3R4F. As for popular in Russia cigarette brands their levels vary greatly and for some compounds can be very close to levels of 3R4F aerosol. Levels of all measured HPHCs in aerosol of HTP were significantly lower compared to all cigarettes. This can be explained by specific mechanism of HTPs aerosol formation without pyrolytic and pyrosynthetic reactions which are typical to all combustive tobacco products due to their high temperature of the process.

Comparative and cumulative quantitative risk assessments on a novel heated tobacco product versus the 3R4F reference cigarette

Novel tobacco products that heat rather than burn tobacco (heated tobacco products or HTPs) have been shown to produce lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents than conventional combusted cigarettes. The present study uses a quantitative risk assessment approach to compare non-cancer and cancer risk estimates for emissions generated by an HTP with smoke from a reference cigarette (3R4F). Fifty-four analytes were evaluated from the HTP aerosol and the 3R4F cigarette smoke. Emissions were generated using the ISO and the Health Canada Intense smoking regimes. The measured values were extrapolated to define a conservative exposure assumption for per day use and lifetime use based on an estimated maximum usage level of 400 puffs per day i.e., approximately 8 HTP tobacco capsules or 40 combustible cigarettes. Non-cancer and cancer risk estimates were calculated using these exposure assumptions for individual and per health outcome domains based on toxicological reference values derived by regulatory and/or public health agencies. The results of this assessment showed a reduction of non-cancer and cancer risk estimates by more than 90 % for the HTP versus the 3R4F cigarette, regardless of the smoking regime.

Comparative levels of carbonyl delivery between mass-market cigars and cigarettes

The recent 2016 deeming of cigars by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has led to increased interest in cigar science, including ways to accurately measure the harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) found within mainstream cigar smoke. At present, there are standardized methods for evaluating HPHCs in mainstream cigarette smoke but none specific to cigar analysis except for nicotine and carbon monoxide. This study sought to analyze carbonyl delivery in marketed cigars and cigarillos and compare them against levels found in cigarettes. To accomplish this the standard cigarette method, CORESTA recommended method 74 (CRM-74), was optimized for cigar smoking including an evaluation of the trapping efficiency and the stability of the carbonyl-hydrazone adducts due to the increased smoke time required for cigar collection. On a per product basis, carbonyl delivery from cigars smoked under CRM-64 conditions was found to yield similar levels of formaldehyde and greater levels of acetaldehyde, acrolein and crotonaldehyde than measured in mainstream cigarette smoke collected under conditions prescribed under ISO standard 3308. Furthermore, on a per product basis, cigarettes smoked under the ISO 20778 intense smoking regime delivered higher levels of formaldehyde, acrolein and crotonaldehyde as compared to cigars smoked under the CORESTA regime, while acetaldehyde was found to be higher in mainstream cigar smoke. Given the recent deeming, this work expands upon previously reported work, limited in scope by either number of products or analytes reported, through the analysis of carbonyl delivery found in the mainstream smoke for 12 brands of cigars and cigarillos.

Heated Tobacco Products: Volatile Emissions and Their Predicted Impact on Indoor Air Quality.

This study characterized emissions from IQOS, a heated tobacco product promoted as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes. Consumable tobacco plugs were analyzed by headspace GC/MS to assess the influence of heating temperature on the emission profile. Yields of major chemical constituents increased from 4.1 mg per unit at 180 °C to 6.2 mg at 200 °C, and 10.5 mg at 220 °C. The Health Canada Intense smoking regime was used to operate IQOS in an environmental chamber, quantifying 33 volatile organic compounds in mainstream and sidestream emissions. Aldehydes, nitrogenated species, and aromatic species were found, along with other harmful and potentially harmful compounds. Compared with combustion cigarettes, IQOS yields were in most cases 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. However, yields were closer to, and sometimes higher than electronic cigarettes. Predicted users' daily average intake of benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein were 39 μg, 32 μg, 2.2 mg and 71 μg, respectively. Indoor air concentrations were estimated for commonly encountered scenarios, with acrolein levels of concern (over 0.35 μg m-3) derived from IQOS used in homes and public spaces. Heated tobacco products are a weaker indoor pollution source than conventional cigarettes, but their impacts are neither negligible nor yet fully understood.

Investigation of menthol content and transfer rates in cigarettes and Tobacco Heating System 2.2

Menthol cigarettes account for a significant market share in many countries. However, little recent data exists on menthol levels in cigarettes and in mainstream smoke, limited to some markets or specific cigarette designs, such as cigarettes containing capsules filled with flavoring liquids. Samples of mentholated cigarettes bought worldwide with a variety of cigarette designs were analyzed for menthol content in cigarettes and in cigarette mainstream smoke with two analytical machine smoking regimes. A wide range of menthol content in cigarettes, from 1 to 22 mg/cigarette, was observed. The transfer of menthol to the cigarette mainstream smoke was generally slightly higher than the transfer of nicotine, with a range of 17%–40% using an intense smoking regime and 1%–17% using the ISO smoking regime. For the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, the menthol content was 12.8 mg/stick, and the transfer of menthol into the aerosol was about 17% with the ISO intense smoking regime, similar to the transfer of nicotine. The menthol content of the novel product THS 2.2 corresponds to the midpoint of the menthol content range of cigarettes, and the transfer of menthol to its aerosol is in the low range of cigarette menthol transfer.

Modeling of cigarette smoke constituents - From intense to less intense smoking regime

Since it was first required to measure and to report NFDPM and nicotine yields in a limited number of countries, there has been an increasing trend for more testing and reporting requirements. Historically, the ISO 3308 smoking regime has been used to determine NFDPM and nicotine yields. However recommendations from the World Health Organization, now include the use of two smoking regimes such as the ISO 3308 and the WHO TobLabNet Official Method SOP01, the latter being considered as an intense smoking regime. Considering the increase in data produced and similarities between some smoke constituents formed during combustion, we explored possible correlations between emissions under intense and less intense smoking conditions. A set of 22 commercial cigarettes was tested. Eighty five smoke constituents were determined under both intense and less intense regimes. In addition 36 tobacco constituents, 14 cigarette design parameters and eight cigarette burning features were determined. A computational process was designed to implement multiple linear regression analyses enabling the identification of the best subsets of explanatory variables among emissions under intense conditions, cigarette design parameters, tobacco constituents and burning parameters. We succeeded in building simple linear models, involving four to six variables, while reaching satisfactory goodness of fit and R-squared values ranging from 0.87 to 1.00. Our findings suggest, in the range of products tested, that the additional data gained by using a second smoking regime does not necessarily increase the volume of information and consequently does not necessarily improve knowledge. This study supports the premise that the application of two smoking regimes does not produce a more comprehensive product characterisation compared to using one.

Cigarette Filter Ventilation and Smoking Protocol Influence Aldehyde Smoke Yields.

The WHO study group on tobacco product regulation (TobReg) advised regulating and lowering toxicant levels in cigarette smoke. Aldehydes are one of the chemical classes on the TobReg smoke toxicants priority list. To provide insight in factors determining aldehyde yields, the levels of 12 aldehydes in mainstream cigarette smoke of 11 Dutch brands were quantified. Variations in smoking behavior and cigarette design affecting human exposure to aldehydes were studied by using four different machine testing protocols. Machine smoking was based on the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and Health Canada Intense (HCI) regime, both with and without taping the filter vents. The 11 cigarette brands differed in (i) design and blend characteristics; (ii) tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels; (iii) popularity; and (iv) manufacturer. Cigarette smoke was trapped on a Cambridge filter pad and carboxen cartridge. After being dissolved in methanol/CS2 and derivatization with DNPH, the aldehyde yields were determined using HPLC-DAD. Using an intense smoking regime (increased puff volume, shorter puff interval) significantly increased aldehyde yields, following the pattern: ISO < ISO-taped < HCI-untaped < HCI. For all of the regimes, acetaldehyde and acrolein yields were strongly correlated (r = 0.804). The difference in TNCO and aldehyde levels between regular and highly ventilated low-TNCO cigarettes (as measured using ISO) diminished when smoking intensely; this effect is stronger when combined with taping filter vents. The highly ventilated low-TNCO brands showed six times more aldehyde production per mg nicotine for the intense smoking regimes. In conclusion, acetaldehyde and acrolein can be used as representatives for the class of volatile aldehydes for the different brands and smoking regimes. The aldehyde-to-nicotine ratio increased when highly ventilated cigarettes were smoked intensely, similar to real smokers. Thus, a smoker of highly ventilated low-TNCO cigarettes has an increased potential for higher aldehyde exposures compared to a smoker of regular cigarettes.

Optimized method for determination of 16 FDA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mainstream cigarette smoke by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry

A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was validated for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the FDA list of 93 harmful or potentially harmful constituents of mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS). Target analytes were extracted from total particulate matter using accelerated solvent extraction with a toluene/ethanol solvent mixture. Matrix artefacts were removed by two-step solid-phase extraction process. Three different GC–MS systems [GC–MS (single quadrupole), GC–MS/MS (triple quadrupole) and GC–HRMS (high resolution, magnetic sector)] using the same separation conditions were compared for the analysis of MCS of 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes generated under ISO and intense smoking regimes. The high mass resolution (m/∆m ≥ 10,000) and associated selectivity of detection by GC–HRMS provided the highest quality data for the target PAHs in MCS. Owing to the HR data acquisition mode enabling measurement of accurate mass, limits of quantification for PAHs were 5 to 15-fold lower for GC–HRMS than for GC–MS/MS and GC–MS. The presented study illustrates that the optimised sample preparation strategy followed by GC–HRMS analysis provides a fit-for-purpose and robust analytical approach allowing measurement of PAHs at (ultra)low concentrations in MCS. Furthermore, the study illustrates the importance and benefits of robust sample preparation and clean-up to compensate for limited selectivity when low-resolution MS is used.

Selected Constituent Yield Variation in the Smoke of Commercial Cigarette Brands on the Japanese Market

Summary This study focused on the variation in the yields of constituents in smoke from commercial cigarette brands available on the Japanese market. Nineteen commercial cigarette brands were sampled five times every two months from 2009 to 2010. The target constituents were benzo[a]-pyrene, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), carbon monoxide, “tar”, and nicotine. The results of this study showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) values varied greatly by brands, constituents, and smoking regimes. The yields of NNN and NNK in the smoke were strongly correlated to their yields in the tobacco filler blend for most brands. The yields of benzo[a]pyrene under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regimes and 1,3-butadiene under the HCI smoking regime were found to be influenced by the measurement. It was shown that factors for variation were highly varied among constituents. The grand mean of CV values for NNN and formaldehyde associated with cigarette manufacturing over ten months and measurement at the JT laboratory under the HCI smoking regimes were 17.1% and 6.6% respectively. The grand mean of CV values for NNN and formaldehyde associated with both cigarette manufacturing over ten months and measurement at different laboratories under the HCI smoking regimes were 23.7% and 22.9% respectively. This is due to the fact that formaldehyde showed the highest CV values for reproducibility among the constituents. Thus, in order to set realistic and robust confidence intervals, it is very important to take into account the variations associated with cigarette manufacturing and measurement within and between laboratories.

A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 2): In vitro biological assessment and comparison with different tobacco-heating products

This study assessed the toxicological and biological responses of aerosols from a novel hybrid tobacco product. Toxicological responses from the hybrid tobacco product were compared to those from a commercially available Tobacco Heating Product (c-THP), a prototype THP (p-THP) and a 3R4F reference cigarette, using in vitro test methods which were outlined as part of a framework to substantiate the risk reduction potential of novel tobacco and nicotine products. Exposure matrices used included total particulate matter (TPM), whole aerosol (WA), and aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) obtained after machine-puffing the test products under the Health Canada Intense smoking regime. Levels of carbonyls and nicotine in these matrices were measured to understand the aerosol dosimetry of the products. The hybrid tobacco product tested negative across the in vitro assays including mutagenicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, tumour promotion, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. All the THPs tested demonstrated significantly reduced responses in these in vitro assays when compared to 3R4F. The findings suggest these products have the potential for reduced health risks. Further pre-clinical and clinical assessments are required to substantiate the risk reduction of these novel products at individual and population levels.

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

SUMMARY The objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists when evaluating information published on smoking machines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years - from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and fully automated analytical smoking machines available today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. The standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces has solved several technical problems and produced sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine smoking regimes. Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configurations for in vivo smoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent species and the machines generating the required smoke (condensate). Covered as well is the field of in vitro toxicity testing, including the increasingly informative new techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are becoming more and more refined with the use of organotypic cultures and genetic analyses. The review is completed by the examination of the considerable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices (filters and traps) developed over time - some for very specific purposes - and refers to the perpetual problem of artifact formation by aging.

A modified trapping method to quantify hydrogen cyanide in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke under ISO and Health Canada intense smoking regimes

Hydrogen cyanide is a toxic compound and plays a critical role in cigarette smoke hazard assessment. Due to its reactivity with other chemicals of cigarette smoke, hydrogen cyanide collection was accomplished by the novel trapping method established in our laboratory using glass-fibre filter pads (GFP) treated by sodium hydroxide. However, the GFP trapping method has not been tested under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime and the trapping efficiency of GFP versus traditional methods have not been evaluated. The present study employed the two trapping methods to collect hydrogen cyanide in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke under ISO and HCI smoking regimes. The causes leading to losses of hydrogen cyanide and effects of smoking parameters used in the traditional trapping method were also investigated in this study. It was found that under both ISO and HCI smoking regimes the amounts of hydrogen cyanide in GFP trapping method were strongly correlated (r>0.99) with those by the traditional trapping method, though the traditional method trapped less hydrogen cyanide in sidestream smoke. Carbonyl compounds, such as formaldehyde, were identified as the contributors for the loss of hydrogen cyanide in the alkaline solution. Puff profile was affected to some extents by the use of impinger. Collectively, the results indicate that the modified trapping method is preferred for the routine analysis of hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke under ISO and HCI smoking regimes.

Quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with atmospheric-pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry

J. Sep. Sci. 2015, 38, 3862–3869 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500623 Atmospheric pressure photoionization coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been used to analyze 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate. Atmospheric pressure photoionization is able to efficiently ionize lesspolar compounds and enhance the ionization efficiency through the activation of appropriate reaction channels under the condition of a dopant. The results indicated the concentrations of the individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound and the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content increased with the labeled tar content under the International Standardization Organization smoking regime and the Health Canadian intense smoking regime.

Quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with atmospheric-pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry.

A stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate was developed and validated. Compared with previously reported methods, this method has lower limits of detection (0.04-1.35 ng/cig). Additionally, the proposed method saves time, reduces the number of separation steps, and reduces the quantity of solvent needed. The new method was applied to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in 213 commercially available cigarettes in China, under the International Standardization Organization smoking regime and the Health Canadian intense smoking regime. The results showed that the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content was more than two times higher in samples from the Health Canadian intense smoking regime than in samples from the International Standardization Organization smoking regime (1189.23 versus 2859.50 ng/cig, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the concentration of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) increased with labeled tar content in both of the tested smoking regimes. There was a positive correlation between total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the International Standardization Organization smoking regime with that under the Health Canadian intense smoking regime. The proposed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method is satisfactory for the rapid, sensitive, and accurate quantitative evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in cigarette smoke condensate, and it can be applied to assess potential health risks from smoking.

Five-year yield variation in N-nitrosonornicotine and (4-methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone from the smoke of commercial cigarette brands on the Japanese market

This study reports on variation in the yields of N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and (4-methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) from the mainstream smoke of cigarette brands and describes factors affecting this variation. Yields of NNN and NNK from smoke and tobacco filler, which is blended and cut tobacco filled in a cigarette tube, together with cigarette design parameters, were measured for 11 commercial cigarette brands, which were available in Japan from 2009 to 2013. The ranges of the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for NNN from the smoke of each brand were 5.0%–29.9% under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and 6.3%–26.3% under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime. When these RSDs were compared with those of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in each brand, they were found to be much higher for all of the brands under the HCI, and higher for most of the brands under the ISO smoking regime. In addition, the RSDs of NNN and NNK in smoke were mostly higher than those of KY3R4F which was manufactured in a single batch. It was identified that variation in NNN yields from tobacco filler mainly contribute to variation in NNN yields from smoke.