Intensive Contact Research Articles

Application of mesh-free and finite element methods in modelling nano-scale material removal from copper substrates: A computational approach

This study explores the modelling methodology using mesh-free smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite element modelling (FE) techniques to simulate the AFM-based nano-scratching processes for advancing precision engineering in nanotechnology. Tip wear in nano machining substantially increases the tip radius, thereby influencing the material removal mechanism and subsequently affecting the quality of machined nanostructures. In this context, this study examines the effects of rake angle (the inclination of the main cutting edge to the plane perpendicular to the scratched surface), tip radius and scratching depth on cutting forces, groove dimensions, and deformed thickness. This was achieved by implementing an in-house SPH method based particle code employing a Lagrangian algorithm, and an FE model incorporating the dynamic explicit algorithm implemented (in ABAQUS) to carry out nano-scratching simulations. The investigation revealed that the cutting mechanism transitioned to ploughing when the scratching depth decreased to 30% of the tip radius for OFHC-Cu workpiece material machined with a diamond tip. The dominance of normal forces over cutting forces during scratching indicated the side flow of material in the vicinity of the tip radius under intense contact pressure. The ploughing mechanism exhibited more sensitivity at a higher negative rake angle of 60°. Increased scratching depth and tip radius led to more significant material deformation owing to the induction of higher cutting forces, with the maximum deformation thickness 3.6 times the tip radius. The simulated results demonstrated favourable concordance with the experimental data.

Bi-ZFO/BMO-Vo Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysis-PMS bidirectionally enhanced coupling system for environmental remediation

Given the urgency of organic pollutant removal and the low efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), a novel Bi-ZFO/BMO-Vo photocatalyst was fabricated via the solvothermal method. A coupling system was constructed to combine photocatalysis with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation processes, which synergistically degrade organic pollutants. Bi-ZFO/BMO-Vo exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, which could remove 100 % RhB in 110 min and degrade 100 % MG in 70 min, and 88 % H-TC in 50 min. The excellent catalytic performance of Bi-ZFO/BMO-Vo was not only attributed to the synergistic effect of PMS activation and photocatalysis, but also attributed to the SPR effect of Bi nanoparticles, electron capture of oxygen vacancies, and intense contact of Bi-ZFO/BMO-Vo heterojunctions. The active species capture experiments and EPR tests indicated that 1O2, SO4–·, ·OH, and O2–· worked together for the RhB removal. The degradation intermediates of RhB were identified by LC-MS. Based on the experimental results, the band structure and Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism were proposed. Toxicity evaluation indicated that Bi-ZFO/BMO-Vo-Vis/PMS could significantly reduce RhB toxicity. This efficient and stable catalyst is expected to be used in organic wastewater degradation and practical applications.

Koineización en el occitano de Navarra y Aragón

Abstract The presence of francos settlers in Navarre and Aragon left abundant administrative and legislative documentation in the Occitan language. This presence of settlers of different origins, both lengua d’oc and lengua d’oïl, with also differentiated dialectal modalities, who carried out commercial activities, produced intense linguistic contact between the different dialectal modalities. The paper tries to determine the type of language reflected in the aforementioned administrative and legal documents, which use the graphic system of the scriptae of Navarre and Aragon, conveying the romance varieties. Although the term koine has been used to define this language, the concept of koineization more adequately defines the dynamic process of leveling and blending of dialects, whose formation of a stabilized koine may be one stage. Thus, within the scriptae of Navarre and Aragon in the Occitan language, different linguistic norms and stable as well as diffuse language varieties can be identified.

Continuous In-woods Production of Biochar Using a Trailer-mounted Air Curtain Burner.

Fuel treatments and other forest restoration thinning practices aim to reduce wildfire risk while building forest resilience to drought, insects, and diseases and increasing aboveground carbon (C) sequestration. However, fuel treatments generate large amounts of unmerchantable woody biomass residues that are often burned in open piles, releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases and particulates, and potentially damaging the soil beneath the pile. Air curtain burners offer a solution to mitigate these issues, helping to reduce smoke and particulates from burning operations, more fully burn biomass residues compared to pile burning, and eliminate the direct and intense fire contact that can harm soil beneath the slash pile. In an air curtain burner, burning takes place in a controlled environment. Smoke is contained and recirculated by the air curtain, and therefore burning can be conducted under a variety of climatic conditions (e.g.,wind, rain, snow), lengthening the burning season for disposal of slash material. The mobile pyrolysis unit that continuously creates biochar was specifically designed to dispose of residual woody biomass at log landings, green wood at landfills, or salvaged logged materials and create biochar in the process. This high-carbon biochar output can be used to enhance soil resilience by improving its chemical, physical, and biological properties and has potential applications in remediating contaminated soils, including those at abandoned mine sites. Here, we describe the general use of this equipment, appropriate siting, loading methods, quenching requirements, and lessons learned about operating this new technology.

Neurogenic Bladder: A Rare Autonomic Sign in a Patient With Preserved Speech Variant (Zappella Variant) Rett Syndrome

Background: Rett syndrome is characterized by the loss of speech and purposeful hand movements, ambulation problems, and typical hand stereotypies. Preserved speech variant Rett syndrome (Zappella Variant) is a much less common form where speech is relatively preserved, from words to simple sentences. Lower urinary tract dysfunction and neurogenic bladder due to autonomic involvement have been only rarely reported in Rett syndrome. We aimed to emphasize neurogenic bladder due to autonomic dysfunction, which has very rarely been reported in the literature, in a patient with preserved speech variant Rett syndrome, a rare form of the Rett syndrome. Case presentation: A 7-year-old female patient who had been diagnosed with severe vesicoureteral reflux and neurogenic bladder when 11 months old due to the inability to urinate was suspected of suffering from Rett syndrome after intense eye contact and the stereotypic movement of hand wringing were observed. The patient could talk with phrases and walk and had purposeful hand movements. The presence of the c.961C>T (p.Arg321Trp) mutation in the C terminal region of the MECP2 gene was demonstrated with Sanger sequencing. The patient is currently 13 years old and is receiving special education and continues to be monitored for chronic renal disease at the pediatric nephrology department. Conclusion: The presence of hand stereotypies and intense eye pointing could indicate the Zappella variant Rett syndrome in a female patient who has developmental problems, can talk, has purposeful hand skills. Rett syndrome patients can also have lower urinary tract dysfunction although this is less common than cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal autonomic involvement. The development of intermittent urinary retention and vesicoureteral reflux may be associated with neurogenic bladder caused by autonomic involvement should be considered in these patients and one must be aware of the complications.

The Rural Borderland House: Functional‑Spatial and Ritual-Symbolic Specificities

This publication reviews the monograph by Polish researcher and PhD in Architecture Magdalena Sulima, which addresses the topics of architectural and ceremonial specifics of traditional rural housing in border territories. under-studied in Russia: Sulima, M. Dom pogranicza w kulturze wsi podlaskiej. – Białystok: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej, 2018. – 277 p. The novelty of the work lies in identifying the specific features of the borderland from the perspective of preserving archaic elements in house-building, structuring of home space, and its use in calendar and family rituals. The monograph may interest Russian-speaking readers not only due to its interdisciplinary approach to studying the house and dwelling but also for defining the specifics of border identity and developing its typology. Further studies of dwellings in zones of intensive ethno-cultural contact can broaden the relatively scarce domestic tradition of understanding and conceptualizing the dwelling as a frontier topos.

Pathways to professional mental care in the Swiss young adult community: a case-control study.

Treatment success for mental health (MH) problems depends, among others, on the timeliness of help-seeking. Therefore, we studied the effect of symptoms and reasons for help-seeking on the point-of-contact and the most intensive professional treatment in a community sample. Participants were recruited as part of the 'Bern Epidemiological At-Risk' (BEAR) study on 16-40-year-old community persons of the Swiss canton Bern. Of the 2,683 participants, 615 (22.9%) reported at least one instance of help-seeking for MH problems and were selected for the presented analyses. Help-seeking behavior was assessed by a modified version of the 'WHO pathway-to-care questionnaire', from which the outcome 'most intensive MH professional contact' was generated. The effect of symptoms and reasons for help-seeking were analyzed in separate models using path analyses. Most help-seeking persons sought MH professional help (n = 405; 65.9%) with a high number of medical pre-contacts (n = 233; 37.9%). The 'most intensive MH professional contact' was provided after an average of 1.47 contacts. Both models showed negative associations between non-MH professional pre-contacts and the most intensive, likely most adequate MH treatment. In the symptom model, 'substance misuse' and 'central-vegetative problems' increased the general likelihood of MH professional contact. Our findings highlight the importance of the first point-of-contact in pathways to adequate MH care and, when seeking help from non-MH professional, of quick referrals to MH professionals. Awareness campaigns or training of health professionals, such as general practitioners, may support timely contact with MH professionals to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and outcome.

Das Netzwerk der ungarländischen Studenten in Basel im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. Unbekannte Beziehungen in den Hochschulschriften

Network research can be used to reconstruct personal relationships in the early modern period. A very good source for such research is provided by the entries in memorial books (or alba amicorum). An analysis of the memorial books in the Inscriptiones Alborum Amicorum database reveals that Professor Johann Heinrich Fries of Zurich had very intensive contacts with students from Hungary. However, it is possible to reconstruct contact systems not only on the basis of alba amicorum, but also on the basis of thesis, because the paratexts included in these booklets contain references of a wide variety of contact types, including teacher–student, student–student, and patron–student relationships. The University of Basel played an important role in the development of the Reformed Church in Hungary in the early modern period, but no research has yet been done into the paratexts of the thesis summaries published in Basel. The present study has therefore focused in reconstructing several connections that were unknown up until now: the Ruland family’s links with Bratislava/Pozsony/Pressburg and Basel, and the friendship between Ferenc Paris of Pápai and Jacob Högger. It also emerged that it was customary to thank Johann Martin Weiss, the leader of the Basel students, in the thesis summaries.

Self-report versus clinical ratings using the SWAP-200 in the assessment of personality disorders

The relationship between self- and informant reports of personality using psychometric instruments is constantly the focus of attention for researchers in the field of clinical assessment in psychology. The research shows weak agreement between clinicians and patients’ assessments of personality disorders (PDs). The current study aimed at the convergence of measurement of PDs using the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200), the self-report Character Styles Questionnaire-R (CSQ-R) and Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI). Paper-pencil questionnaires were administered to 102 inpatients (88.2% female, aged 18-64, M = 38.4) in a voivodeship hospital and outpatient health care centre. The SWAP-200 allowed us to gather expert (clinician) personality ratings basing on the intensive contact with patients. Results show that only a few SWAP-200 PD scales showed low positive correlations with corresponding self-reported PD scales from the CSQ-R. With the canonical correlation analysis, we identified two functions (borderline and internalising) that described similarities between the SWAP-200 and CSQ-R. SWAP-200 Obsessive-Compulsive PD correlated negatively with BPI scales. Consistent with previous studies, the self-report and the clinical assessment were only marginally convergent. Furthermore, OCPD stands out from other disorders in that it correlates positively with health indicators and negatively with some of the other personality disorders. The highest agreement was observed in the description of Borderline PD.

Intense Body Contact Increases Homosexual Pair Bond Stability in Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)

The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) has become a key species for studying homosexual behavior over recent decades. With the non-conceptive nature, their same-sex consortships illustrate that individual partner preferences can exist beyond direct reproductive benefits or apparent sociosexual strategies. An open question is whether the behavior shared between partners in consortship directly affects their choice to remain with a partner. With this study, we examined behavioral aspects underlying consortship temporal patterns in these promiscuous and bisexual primates. While these patterns could be relevant in both homo- and heterosexual consortships, our study primarily focused on female-female pairs. We hypothesized that the stability of consortships (duration and occurrence) is influenced by a pair’s sexual behavior, mutual sexual stimulation, and close affiliative inter-mount behaviors involving high-intensity body contact. A semi-free population of Japanese macaques was observed over one mating season. In total, 40 h of focal data on female-female consortship behaviors were analyzed. Forty-six percent of all sexually mature females engaged in homosexual interactions. Our behavioral analyses of female-female pairs found that close body contact, rather than grooming or sexual interactions, was correlated with the stability of homosexual consortships. The greater the amount of huddling and embracing a pair engaged in, the more likely they were to stay together and reunite again. However, the frequency of mounting, rubbing or thrusting had no discernable effect on consortship stability. The results of this study thus add important knowledge to partner qualities in promiscuous primates as well as to inter-group differences of homosexual behavior in Japanese macaques.

Knowledge, perceptions, and practices around zoonotic diseases among actors in the livestock trade in the Lake Victoria crescent ecosystem in East Africa.

Zoonotic diseases such as anthrax, rabies, brucellosis, and Rift Valley fever pose a direct threat to health and undercut livelihoods in the communities in which they occur. A combination of anthropogenic and animal activities like migration and interaction with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors drives the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases. Consequently, One Health interdisciplinary approaches that incorporate social scientists can provide key insights into complex local perceptions. The approach calls for collaboration between the human and animal health sectors, including the sharing of disease surveillance data necessary to alleviate disease impacts. Livestock traders interact closely with livestock, which puts them at elevated risk of infection and creates conditions by which they may spread zoonotic disease. It is thus essential to examine practices among actors involved in the livestock trade to understand the most appropriate ways to mitigate these risks. A qualitative study was conducted among the actors in the livestock trade in Busia County on their knowledge and perceptions of zoonotic diseases and practices that may contribute to the spread, control, and prevention of zoonotic disease transmission. A thematic analysis framework was used to categorize and synthesize data from in-depth interviews (IDIs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and structured observations. Whereas participants could list livestock diseases, they could not identify which ones were zoonoses, demonstrating insufficient knowledge of zoonosis. They identify sick animals by checking for dropped ears, excess mucus production, diarrhea, bloody urinal discharge, and general animal activity levels. To prevent the spread of these diseases, they wash their animals, isolate sick animals from the rest of the stock, and vaccinate their animals. They seek help from animal health professionals for sick animals as part of curative practices. This shows that they perceive the diseases as serious and that they need to be attended to by professionals. The results also show that they perceive animals from outside the region to be more vulnerable to diseases compared to those from within. The actors in the livestock trade engage in practices like skinning dead animals before burying them; to them, this is a normal practice. Some also consume dead carcasses. These increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. The actors involved in the livestock trade are critical in the prevention and elimination of zoonotic diseases; hence, they need to be involved when developing intervention programs and policies for animal health extension services. Training them as a continuum of animal health workers blends lay and professional knowledge, which, alongside their intense contact with large numbers of animals, becomes a critical disease surveillance tool. Increasing awareness of zoonoses by using multi-disciplinary teams with social scientists is urgently needed so that practices like skinning dead animals before disposing of them and consumption of dead carcasses can be minimized.

A multi-proxy approach to reconstruct chronology, human mobility, and funerary practices at the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age urnfield of San Valentino (San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy).

The site of San Valentino in San Vito al Tagliamento is one of the main urnfield cemeteries in northeastern Italy. Archaeological excavations carried out in the seventies brought to light a cremation cemetery consisting of mainly urn graves with pottery and metal artefacts as grave goods. These materials suggest that the individuals buried in San Valentino were not an isolated local community but had intense contacts with other north-Adriatic communities, in particular with the neighbouring Veneto area, as suggested by the close similarity of the biconical vessels with those recovered in the graves of Este. This paper provides the first osteological study of a preserved sample of individuals buried at San Valentino and uses an innovative multi-proxy approach to refine the chronology of the site through radiocarbon dating of bone apatite, investigate human mobility using strontium isotopes on calcined human remains, and reconstruct the funerary practices by combining FTIR-ATR data with carbon and oxygen isotope ratios on cremated bones. The results date the cemetery to the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, with a sporadic occupation in the fourth century BC. Strontium isotopes and concentrations show the analysed individuals buried at San Valentino were a local community that exploited nearby food resources. Interestingly, variations in cremation conditions were detected between San Valentino and the contemporary sites of Velzeke, Blicquy, Grand Bois, and Herstal, located in Belgium, by using FTIR-ATR and carbon and oxygen isotope data. This multi-proxy approach applied to the study of cremated human remains can open new research possibilities, being potentially extendable to the study of many pre- and proto-historic and historic communities that practised cremation.

Industry 4.0, servitization, and reshoring: A systematic literature review

The goal of this literature review is first of all to help define, characterise and contextualise the phenomena that make up Industry 4.0 (I4.0), the servitisation of manufacturing and re-shoring; and secondly to explore the strong interactions between them. We conduct a systemic literature review to identify, synthesise, assess and interpret the findings of past studies to address the research question analysed here. Industry 4.0 technologies (I4.0Ts), and particularly increased digitisation, has made for the configuration of new business models and the servitisation of the economy in the context of a new paradigm of competition. This digital servitisation is conducive to networking and enhances the role of proximity. Together with other concurrent factors (changes in relative costs, agglomeration economies, the skills and expertise in data management required by I4.0Ts) this is favouring re-shoring. Technology is always present to a greater or lesser degree as an explanatory factor in re-shoring. The increasing cognitive complexity of technical solutions is enhancing proximity constraints. More frequent, more intense contacts are needed between customers and suppliers in a production set-up that is increasingly customised.

The Brazilian army and the low prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in women of the military garrison of Campinas between 2017 to 2020: a prospective, cross-sectional epidemiological study.

Given the characteristics of military missions, intense interpersonal contact, and wide variation in casual relationships, the military has long been recognized as a high-risk population for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To assess the prevalence of STIs and socioepidemiological profile of women in the military garrison of Campinas. This prospective, cross-sectional epidemiological study, assisted by the Health Fund in the military garrison of Campinas, assessed the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis, human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, and gonococcus in military women or companions of soldiers with active or previously active sexual life. This study included 647 women based on the non-inclusion criteria. They underwent clinical and laboratory tests for diagnosis of STIs. For statistical analysis, patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of STIs and into age groups. Most women were military dependents, and the majority were asymptomatic. The prevalence of STIs, in ascending order, was 0.3% for hepatitis B and C, 0.62% for syphilis, 0.62% for gonorrhea, 1.08% for chlamydia, and 2.63% for HPV. There were no cases of HIV infection. The Brazilian Army has the most women-like dependents in the military, belonging to the hierarchical circle of the squares. Early onset of sexual activity favored STIs approximately twice, and younger women had approximately seven times more chlamydia infections. In the general population studied, the prevalence of STIs was lower than expected than in the armed forces of other nations.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotypeVII increasingly causes anogenital infections

In the course of globalization, migration and global warming, we are increasingly confronted with pathogens that do not occur naturally in our latitudes or appear in adifferent form. We know keratinophilic dermatophytes as the cause of tinea pedis, onychomycosis and also tinea corporis and capitis. Transmission usually occurs via domestic or farm animals and via autoinoculation. In recent years dermatophytes have gained additional importance as apossible sexually transmitted disease between immunocompetent persons. For the first time, dermatophytosis was described as a sexually transmitted infection in travelers who developed pronounced pubogenital or anogenital tinea after travelling in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, mostly after intensive sexual contact. Molecular and cultural analyses have identified Trichophyton(T.) mentagrophytes ITS (internal transcribed spacer) genotypeVII as the main pathogen. Although this dermatophyte genotypically belongs to the zoophilic complex, direct (sexual) and occasionally indirect human-to-human contact with infected persons is suspected to be the current route of transmission. The infection can lead to inflammatory and purulent dermatophytosis, causing ahigh level of suffering. In this respect, arapid and reliable diagnosis is essential in order to be able to initiate targeted treatment. The discovery of infection pathways and the awareness of the need to take rare diseases into account in our everyday lives will increasingly accompany us over the next few years and present us with new challenges, particularly in terms of prevention and treatment.

РОЛЬ ТРАНСГРАНИЧНЫХ МИГРАЦИЙ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ЭТНОКОНТАКТНЫХ ЗОН (ПРИМЕР РОССИЙСКО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОГО ПОРУБЕЖЬЯ)

The state border, as a rule, reflects the complex history of relations between the neighboring countries, which are based on a common cultural and political heritage. For centuries, on the territory of the Russian-Kazakh transborder region was being formed a single socio-economic, infrastructural, and ethnocultural space, which was divided by a political border at the end of the 20th century. This study aims to analyze the impact of migration processes in the Russian-Kazakh trans-border region on the transformation of the geospace of the neighboring states under the influence of historical, geographical, and other factors. The object of the present study are ethnic-contact zones (ECZs). Their formation reflects the general evolution of the ethnocultural space at various historical stages. The ethnocultural similarity between migrants and the autochthonous population is the result of the general complex ethnic structure of the population and intensive interethnic contacts during the 16th – 20th centuries. Thus, in the border areas on both sides of the border, traditional Kazakh culture was greatly transformed, it acquired a great similarity with Russian culture and underwent Westernization. Currently, the situation is changing toward the revival of culture and traditions of the Kazakh population in Kazakhstan. The problem for the population of the Russian border regions is that the culture and mentality of immigrants are becoming increasingly different. This situation complicates intercultural relations and requires a reasonable migration policy and cultural regional policy. Among the geographical consequences of migrations in the 21st century, in addition to the change in the ethnic composition, Kazakhization of the population of Kazakhstan, and the formation of new ECZs in Russia, there is observed a decrease in the population density in Kazakh regions bordering Russia. An analysis of statistical data for the period from 2013 to 2023 showed a decrease in the population of the border regions of Russia and Kazakhstan, with the exception of Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Atyrau, Aktobe and West Kazakhstan regions, and the Altai Republic. The study has discovered that migrant flows to Russia significantly exceed reverse ones. They are mainly intellectual elite and qualified personnel who leave Kazakhstan. In the structure of immigrants from Kazakhstan, a significant part is young people, who, in the overwhelming majority of cases, go to Russia to study and often do not return. However, an increase in the number of Kazakhstan’s citizens who do not know the Russian language slows down these processes. Border regions of Russia often serve as ‘transshipment bases’ for migrants who rush to more attractive areas.

Jinghpaw loanword typology

Abstract Jinghpaw is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and adjacent areas of China and India. The language is known for both its conservative nature (e.g., comparative Tibeto-Burman linguistics) and the innovative nature of its speakers (e.g., social anthropology of highland Burma). In view of this duality, this paper explores the Jinghpaw lexicon asking whether it is conservative enough to shed great light on the reconstruction of the proto-language or whether it is innovative, having undergone a grand-scale lexical replacement under intensive contact. This paper addresses this question by measuring the lexical borrowing rate in the language based on the methodology laid out by the Loanword Typology (LWT) project. The results put Jinghpaw among average borrower languages in terms of the borrowability scale of the world’s languages. This study concludes that the Jinghpaw lexicon, especially its basic vocabulary, is relatively conservative, and the semantic fields affected by borrowing are mostly restricted to those that show high cross-linguistic susceptibility to intercultural influences. The results and discussion in this paper enable further understanding of comparative Tibeto-Burman linguistics and contact linguistics of northern Burma and beyond.

Early Neolithic settlers on the border of the loess of Eastern Poland: new data from the Nałęczów Plateau

This article is an interim presentation of the colonisation of the loess upland border of the western Lublin Regionby LBK societies. The main point of reference are materials discovered in Bogucin (Nałęczów Plateau) in 2011,which are currently the only homogenous Early Neolithic collection from this region. The results of the research indicate that the LBK settlement on the loess borderland started at least at the end of the 6th millennium BC, in the classical stage of the Music-Note phase (NII). It clearly intensified during its latest part (NIII), which was linked with the adaptation of the early-Želiezovce ornamentation style. The obtained data confirms the existence of at least two settlement micro-regions in the discussed period. They dynamically developed through intense and far-reaching interregional contacts and exchange of goods (especially flints and flint artefacts). The initial territories of the LBK societies inhabiting the analysed loess borderland were most probably the areas of the northern foreland of the Sandomierz Upland.

Origins of the cosmopolitan approach in philosophy

In the modern globalized world with an increasingly intense contact between cultures and nations, there is a need to develop new philosophical concepts that can unite and overcome differences between people of different cultures and nationalities. One such concept is the cosmopolitan approach, based on the idea of global citizenship and the unity of all people. The origins of the cosmopolitan approach can be found in the evolution of philosophy over the centuries. In different national and cultural traditions, ideas about the unity and interconnection of all living in the world were manifested. This article analyzes the ancient and enlightenment origins of the cosmopolitan approach in philosophy, their comparison, as well as the prospects for the cosmopolitan approach in modern philosophy. Various philosophical traditions are examined, their influence on the formation of cosmopolitan thought, as well as their relevance in the modern globalized world. Particular attention is paid to the ideological milestones in the development of the cosmopolitan approach and its role in overcoming differences between cultures and nations. It is noted that cosmopolitanism, both in Ancient Greece and during the Enlightenment, was an important philosophical and cultural movement that laid the foundations for thinking about universal citizenship and the common purpose of humanity, about the importance of universal values and human rights. It is concluded that the influence of ancient and Enlightenment cosmopolitanism on the cosmopolitanism of the 21st century is manifested in the general idea of the unity of the universe and universal moral principles, in the development of global consciousness, emphasis on reason and cooperation.

Contact influence in the Tjhauba variety of Kgalagadi

Tjhauba, spoken in northwestern Botswana, is a regional variety of the Bantu language Kgalagadi. Tjhauba exhibits a number of striking linguistic differences with respect to other, previously described Kgalagadi varieties, some the result of language-internal changes, but mostly due to contact with different surrounding Khoisan and Bantu languages. Making use of newly collected field data, this paper shows that Tjhauba has an extensive inventory of click phonemes, contrasting different click accompaniments and, in the speech of elderly speakers, also different click types. Tracing the sources of Tjhauba click words shows that these originate in different Khoisan languages, but also in the Bantu click language Yeyi. Semantically, click words, but also loanwords that do not contain clicks, cluster in the domain of flora and fauna, particularly species found in or close to water. These linguistic findings also shed light on the history of Tjhauba speakers. The adoption of a large number of click phonemes suggests intensive language contact, as still evidenced by ongoing Tjhauba/Khwe bilingualism. A number of the likely source languages for Tjhauba click words are no longer spoken in the area, suggesting contact situations that are no longer ongoing. Furthermore, clicks occur in loanwords, but unlike in neighbouring Bantu click languages, there is no evidence that clicks were also extended to inherited Tjhauba words. This suggests that the sound symbolic or identity marking functions of clicks as posited for other Bantu click languages do not play a role in Tjhauba.