Intelligent Transportation Systems Projects Research Articles

WORKING PRINCIPLE AND PERFORMANCE EVOLUTION OF CAMERA-BASED INTELLIGENT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: SAMSUN CITY, TÜRKIYE EXAMPLE

In the current literature, it is clearly seen that most of the traffic chaos is generally observed at intersections of the urban roads in cities. On the other hand, many current traffic studies and research prove that fixed-time signalized intersections cannot have a good ability to control and manage current traffic flow at signalized intersection legs. For this aim, intelligent intersections were developed and started to be used in many cities all over the world in the last decade. These new intelligent intersection systems suggest dynamic signal times for all intersection legs by using real-time measured traffic data. These systems generally use cameras or loop detectors, which are located in the proper places on a signalized intersection leg and record vehicle movements. Within the scope of this study, a performance comparison was made for before and after the camera-based intelligent intersection applications at three isolated pilot signalized intersections within the scope of the "Smart City Traffic Safety" project, which is one of the largest Intelligent Transportation System projects in Turkey. After the system was activated, it was observed that the drivers had impatient behaviors in the beginning and had difficulty getting used to these new systems. After the signal cycle was regulated with the learning of artificial intelligence, it was seen that the drivers had more patience and more observant behaviors. It was also obtained from the analysis results that these new intelligent systems resulted in an average 16% decrease in control delays and a 20% decrease in vehicle speeds.

Developing a Hybrid Method for Weighted Distance-Based Prioritization (HWDP) to Prioritize the Implementation of Urban Intelligent Transportation Systems Projects

Developing a Hybrid Method for Weighted Distance-Based Prioritization (HWDP) to Prioritize the Implementation of Urban Intelligent Transportation Systems Projects

INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO CURRICULA DEVELOPMENT IN GEOMATICS EDUCATION: ERASMUS+ LBS2ITS PROJECT

Abstract. LBS2ITS is a Curricula Enrichment delivered through the Application of Location Based Services to the Intelligent Transport Systems project funded by the Erasmus+ programme. The main goal of the LBS2ITS project is the development of the new and the modernisation of the existing curricula in four Sri Lankan universities. The project takes an interdisciplinary approach and is currently developing curricula on topics of Location Based Services and Intelligent Transportation Systems from the perspective of disciplines such as geomatics, cartography, transport engineering, urban planning, environmental engineering and computer science. In the paper, we detail our approach to curricula modernisation and development in two phases: teacher training and development. We also provide more details and theoretical backgrounds for the methodologies such as Problem Based Learning, Problem Based e-Learning, and Quality Aassurance in teaching.

A comprehensive study & outlook on integrated structural health monitoring and C-intelligent transport system for pavement condition assessment

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) projects have been a trending topic of research in the last decade. However, even with positive results, ITS and SHM projects struggle to compete with conventional roads and transport infrastructure projects. The standalone systems encounter many limitations which motivate to have integrated ITS and SHM systems. Nevertheless, SHM combined with ITS could be an interesting approach to expand single-minded systems into systems with multiple functions. Both ITS and SHM are vast fields involving complex technology and data management systems, but using an integrated approach could increase the efficiency of a standalone system. This research focuses on doing a literature survey and identifying the shared aims and limitations of standalone ITS and SHM systems. This would help in developing an integrated framework to mitigate the limitations of individual systems and help expand the projects beyond their initial used cases. It would also improve the applicability of these projects.

Intelligent Transport Systems in Greece: Current status and future prospects

This paper reviews the development and implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in Greece by adopting a methodology that uses Key Performance Indicators – KPIs. Based on these indicators ITS implementation in Greece appears to perform in varying ways depending on a number of factors that relate to the local conditions in each urban area. Based on the analysis and quantification of the KPIs selected, the analysis facilitates the identification of some areas on which ITS experts and policy makers should focus for further improvement and speeder implementation. The main problems that are indicated in the study, relate to the fact the large majority of ITS projects implemented in Greece are not adequately documented and do not provide, at least to a limited extent, information over the web regarding their status or their provided services. Another problem area relates to the fact that there are no ITS projects that go beyond the road sector to encompass multiple modes of transport and support intermodality and multimodality. Also, there is a weakness identified for more ITS implementations associated with freight transport and the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS).

Factors affecting intelligent transport systems towards a smart city: a critical review

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is one of the basic components of a smart city (SC); however, very few studies have examined the impact of surrounding factors on the effectiveness and development of ITS. This study aims to identify the core factors affecting the development of ITS in Vietnam and as a result, form a branching database to approach the standards of SC. To achieve the stated purpose, materials are collected for research in developing and developed countries which comes from official sources including scientific articles, conference papers, books, and opinions from experts (from 2010 to 2020). This study identified 28 factors affecting the development of ITS projects. These factors are divided into 5 main groups namely the lack of undivided attention from the government, financial constraints, inadequate/incomplete transport infrastructure, the over-development of urbanization, the readiness and integration for ITS, which are analyzed depending on their influence. This study adds to the body of knowledge by offering new insights and contributes toward a greater understanding of mobility in a smart city. Furthermore, to guarantee sustainable ITS development, the digital infrastructure ecosystem should be extensively discussed. As a result, it created a useful measurement tool for government agencies, planners, and traffic system designers to help them self-assess and make action plans now or in the near future.

The barriers to the implementation of intelligent transportation system at Semarang City

This study aimed to investigate the underlying barriers that make Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) project development in Semarang City still hard. Based on previous research, validation process, and accommodating the panel of experts’ request, this study identifies 16 barriers related to ITS project implementation. Then, this study uses interpretative structural modeling (ISM) methodology to find the direct or indirect relationship among the barriers. Data processing with ISM methodology indicated that internal organizational barriers in the timing of procedure for writing plans, divided responsibilities, and the right organizational system to drive ITS occupied the topmost level. This barrier is affected by the lower level and has less influence than the remaining barriers. The result of data processing with ISM methodology also indicated three very significant barrier for ITS project implementation, namely low interoperability of the system at the Department of Transportation Semarang City, which is making it challenging to integrate the ITS-based transportation system; lack of involvement of related institutions to build long-term commitment and awareness that ITS project has potential to reducing, crashes and saving; and political problems (political short-termism or discontinuities due to political cycles).

Framework for Estimating the Impact of Camera-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Technology on Incident Duration

Safety is a major motivator of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) projects, and most efforts have addressed the potential to avoid incidents. Managing and reducing the duration of incidents is another key application for ITS despite challenges in distinguishing the true versus the reported duration of an incident. This paper presents a framework for modeling the impact of camera-based (closed-circuit television or CCTV) ITS technology on incident duration including an increase in the reported duration and a reduction in the true duration. The framework is validated against a data set of 121,793 accidents in New South Wales, Australia, covering 4.5 years. The results demonstrate that the use of CCTVs for incident duration contributes a 4.5 min reduction in average duration (as earlier detection can lead to more efficient clearance) and a 9% reduction in variance in the duration (as a uniform detection method supports standardized response procedures). These impacts are only visible when the 8.5 min median detection delay (the difference between the recorded duration and the true duration) is modeled and accounted for. These results offer a quantitative support tool for decision makers wishing to assess the value of incident-detection ITS projects.

Scientific and methodological approaches to the development of a feasibility study for intelligent transportation systems

Abstract The article addresses the role of the feasibility study in the life cycle of an ITS (intelligent transportation systems) project. The feasibility study of an ITS project is an integral part of project validation, which is conducted according to methods described in this article. Despite the importance of the feasibility study, works dedicated to the formalization of the requirements to such study are just beginning to appear in the technical and legal regulatory framework. The methods considered in this article form the basis for a preliminary national standard.

Vulnerable Road User needs towards ITS

Due to fast development of new technologies in the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) a number of new research topics arise, especially in view of vulnerable road users (VRUs). While most advancements in the ITS sector are primarily targeting motorised transport with focus on safety and ecological aspects of transport, there is still a lack of both research and innovation considering VRUs. The vulnerable road users and ITS (VRUITS) project, co-funded by the European Commission, aims at actively integrating the "human" element into the ITS approach. The focus of this paper is on the mixed methods approach applied in the project to assess both actual user needs and expert opinions on perceived barriers and necessary adaptations on technological, societal and behavioural levels for a successful and sustainable deployment of new technologies.

Algorithm for Risk Assessment in the Introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems Facilities

Abstract Introduction of intelligent transport systems (ITS) facilities is a complex and time consuming process. It requires developing various ITS architectures, a clear definition of tasks (needs of the user) and compilation of databases. In order to avoid negative results of introduction of ITS projects, a new approach in designing ITS, taking into account all possible risks of each stage of designing and introducing ITS facilities, becomes a priority. The paper proposes an algorithm for risk assessment during introduction of ITS projects. A risk management system is required for identification, grouping and analysis of major risks of ITS, as well as for developing the ways to mitigate possible risks.

RESEARCH EFFORTS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA: DEVELOPMENT OF TRIP PLANNING MODELS

The critical situation of unwelcome frustration experienced by urban trip makers and roadside dwellers alike, calls for a very strong push by all stakeholders in the transportation sector to enhance the service performance of transportation facilities using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Needed strategies for successful ITS implementation in both developed and developing nations, include but not limited to policy formulation and planning, funding of ITS projects, development and deployment of research products, system performance measurement, optimization of the performance of existing infrastructure, capacity building, etc. which could be much promoted with research efforts. Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) and Advanced Traveller Information System (ATIS) categories as products of research on ITS were developed with data derived from urban trip makers on captive corridors, both in Ilorin, Kwara State and Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The fundamental basis and status of the research activities targeted at developing and deploying the ITS in Nigeria are highlighted in the paper. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i3.4

Editorial: Automated Driving

This issue of the International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Research publishes six papers on automated driving. The objective of this issue is to review current research and development studies on automated driving. Six papers on automatic driving, four of which are related to the research on the Energy Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) project funded by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), are published. In this project automatic platoon driving consisting of four trucks was developed, establishing reliable international evaluation methods for the ITS. The first four articles are studies related to the Energy ITS project. The first article deals with a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system, and proposes and develops control procedures and inter-vehicle communication schemes to implement a CACC system for heavyduty vehicles. The second article introduces a braking system for automatic platoon driving. To guarantee safety, a secondary braking system that works in emergency situations was installed. In addition a system was developed to change the maximum deceleration of braking, to avoid collisions between the preceding and following trucks. A schematic shows the brake system for automatic platoon driving. The third article proposes a method for identifying the mass and center of gravity of a truck which vary widely, depending on the condition of the load. Automatic platooning control is not feasible without identifying the loads. The fourth article proposes a method for establishing the position of a truck while travelling in a tunnel, where a GPS sensor cannot function. By detecting emergency telephone indicators with infrared cameras, the position of the truck can be correctly identified. The other two articles concern a driver assist system. The fifth proposes a driver model for a microscopic traffic simulator, developing a model for following a car using adaptive cruise control and verifying behavior through computational platoon experiments with four cars. The last article is about an assist system for less skilled drivers, proposing a system that judges the skill of drivers by extracting features of their driving operations and examining performance through experiments using a driving simulator. Automated driving has become one of the research topics attracting engineers and people in the industry as well as researchers in the control field. Although the six papers published in this special issue do not cover all the technologies needed for automated driving, we would be delighted if it helped promote the development of automated driving in the future.

Safety Testing of an Improved Brake System for Automatic Platooning of Trucks

An automatic platooning technology for energy-saving logistics utilizing intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technologies have been developed in the Energy-Saving ITS Project of Japan. The automatic platooning of trucks is studied to save energy consumption by reducing air resistance. Considering the experimental testing and practical application for automatic platooning, it is important to ensure driver safety, and high levels of safety and efficacy are required for truck braking systems. Therefore, a new brake system for automatic platooning needs to be developed. In this study, two approaches are proposed. One is to design a secondary brake system working in a fail situation with the main brake system, the other is to adjust for different maximum decelerations for the preceding and following trucks. In the first step, the proposed measure was investigated using an actual vehicle and a simulation experiment. Based on this, the proposed brake system was developed and mounted on the experimental trucks, and full brake testing was carried out to evaluate its effectiveness. The experimental result showed that the improved brake system was effective in ensuring brake safety by incorporating these functions in the trucks.

A Framework to Analyze the Survivability and Vulnerability of Intelligent Transportation System Networks

This paper presents a framework to model and analyze the survivability and vulnerability of intelligent transportation system (ITS) networks. The proposed framework includes qualitative and quantitative approaches and can be implemented during the planning and design phase of new ITS projects or assess the survivability and vulnerability of existing ITS networks. The qualitative approach is based on Survivable System Analysis (SSA). It identifies threat mitigation strategies for each threat identified and provides suggestions for improved security and survivability. The paper also presents a quantitative survivable system analysis approach that is aimed to compute the essentiality of ITS network components and rank-order these essentialities to determine the most essential components of the network. The proposed framework provides a significant addition to the current design practices by integration system security, vulnerability, and survivability into the design, operation, and management of ITS networks. While the case-study presented in the paper focused on ITS networks, the proposed framework can be applied to any other critical infrastructure distribution, control, and monitoring networks.

State of Knowledge and Practice

This study examined the capacity of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to reduce energy consumption in the transportation sector. Research included a literature review focused on the energy-saving capacity of ITS technologies and interviews with ITS stakeholders and transportation experts and practitioners. A case study of an ITS project in Portland, Oregon, was used to illustrate the challenges and the opportunities associated with implementing ITS technologies. The objective of this study was to document the state of knowledge and practice and to create a resource for action and implementation of ITS technologies with energy savings as a goal. There is a lack of empirical evidence to substantiate the capacity of ITS to reduce energy consumption in the transportation sector. However, research indicates that the use of ITS has contributed to reductions in vehicular delay but further benefits may be limited. In contrast, ITS does have the potential to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT), with significant benefits, although the benefits are uncertain. The shortage of empirical evidence of ITS benefits may be a function of the limited interest in the energy and environmental benefits of ITS compared with the interest in congestion and safety. In the ITS industry, the focus is on the connected vehicle initiative and, more broadly, the many opportunities to integrate and to leverage multiple ITS applications. There are opportunities to deploy ITS technologies with the purpose of reducing energy consumption in the transportation sector, to document any gains, and to address the lack of evidence supporting the energy-reducing capacity of ITS.

The Warrigal Dataset: Multi-Vehicle Trajectories and V2V Communications

Intelligent Transportation Systems rely on understanding, predicting and affecting the interactions between vehicles. Development of such systems must be based upon data derived from actual interactions if they are to be effective when used in real world applications. Increasingly, systems are being developed that are based on radio communication of state and intent between vehicles. Understanding of how these interactions occur is also necessary to creating robust systems. In order to test and compare new techniques, approaches and algorithms it is necessary to have a rich dataset to experiment with. This paper presents a detailed dataset useful for members of the Intelligent Transportation Systems community. It contains vehicle state information, vehicle-to-vehicle communications and road maps at high temporal resolution for large numbers of interacting vehicles over a long time period. This data set has already been used for a number of Intelligent Transportation Systems projects such as road mapping, driver intent prediction and collision avoidance among others.

A Study of Wireless Sensor Networks for Urban Traffic Monitoring: Applications and Architectures

With the constant increasing of vehicular traffic around the world, especially in urban areas, existing traffic management solutions become inefficient. This can be clearly seen in our life through persistent traffic jam and rising number of accidents. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) based intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have emerged as a cost effective technology that bear a pivotal potential to overcome these difficulties. This technology enables a new broad range of smart city applications around urban sensing including traffic safety, traffic congestion control, road state monitoring, vehicular warning services, and parking management.This manuscript gives a comprehensive review on WSN based ITS solutions. The main contribution of this paper is to classify current WSNs based ITS projects from the application perspective, with discussions on the fulfillment of the application requirements.

Simulation-Based Planning Framework for Choosing Where to Implement Bus Signal Priority in Mixed-Mode Operations

Planning is the first phase in a systematic approach toward better implementation of the bus signal priority (BSP) strategy and is required by the U.S. Department of Transportation as the first step of a standard system engineering approach for any federally funded intelligent transportation system project. Numerous studies have focused on various aspects of BSP design and operation; however, less attention has been paid to the planning phase of a BSP project. This study concentrated on planning for a BSP implementation project. The proposed framework is a heuristic approach to the combinatorial problem and is based on microsimulation; it requires a basic concept design for the BSP system, which is in planning. This concept design should be available from the planning steps that precede the choice of intersections to be equipped. The framework evaluated various scenarios for BSP at individual intersections by considering their marginal impact on the entire network and on the intersection. The intersection-level scenarios that resulted in the maximum total marginal improvement were selected for BSP implementation. The final output of the framework provided information on the intersections that should be equipped with BSP and the bus lines that were eligible to receive this priority at each intersection. The proposed framework was demonstrated in the network of downtown Dover, Delaware. An 18% savings in network average bus delay and no significant disbenefit to automobile traffic were achieved. The benefits translated into minimum savings of about $0.25 million a year through implementation of this framework during a peak traffic hour.

ITS 사업평가를 위한 효과척도 대안

본 연구의 목적은 ITS 사업의 시행효과를 효율적으로 측정할 수 있는 지표를 선정하고 지표와 관련된 자료의 수집 및 가공방법을 제시함으로써, ITS 사업의 효과를 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 방법론을 정립하는 것이다. 본 연구는 국내 외 ITS 사업평가 방법론 및 평가지표를 검토하였으며 검토 과정 중 ITS 효과 평가 시 평가의 범위, 표준화된 ITS 효과분석 방법론의 부재, 효과평가 부문별 지표의 중복성의 문제를 파악하였다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자, 평가지표로 도로의 통행상태를 직접적으로 반영할 수 있는 평균통행속도와 통행량을 선정하였다. 선정한 두 지표는 기존의 효과평가 방법론에서 적용한 지표들의 의미를 포함하면서 소통 상태를 잘 반영할 수 있는 것으로 기존의 연구에서 제시한 지표들에 비해 단순하면서 객관적 평가가 가능하다. 통행량의 측정방법은 Cordon line, All Point Average 방법이 있으며, 평균통행속도의 측정방법은 교통류의 특성(연속류/단속류) 및 소통상태(혼잡/비혼잡)에 따라 측정방법을 달리 적용한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 평가방법론은 누구나 쉽게 이해할 수 있고 어느 사업에나 적용이 가능한 평가체계를 수립할 수 있다. 이를 정책적으로 활용할 목적으로 도입한다면 표준화된 ITS 평가체계를 수립할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. The objective of this study is to build a methodology for evaluating intelligent transportation systems (ITS) projects, by selecting measures of effectiveness (MOEs) and developing an approach to collect and process traffic data. While reviewing the existing MOEs and evaluation methodologies for ITS projects, several problems were found, such as the complication in delineating study areas, the absence of standardized evaluation methodologies, and the duplication in selecting MOEs. To tackle these problems, two MOEs capable of directly evaluating traffic conditions were chosen: i.e., average vehicle speed and traffic volume. Both MOEs can not only include all the functions of the existing MOEs, but also be simpler and more objective in evaluating real traffic conditions. The traffic volume can be measured by using either "cordon line" or "all point average" methods. On the other hand, measuring the average vehicle speed depends on site-specific characteristics such as traffic flow states (interrupted or uninterrupted) and traffic conditions (congested or uncongested). The present methodology is easily understandable for anyone and applicable for any ITS project, and is also expected to contribute to building a standardized evaluation system.