Intelligent Individuals Research Articles

Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in Korea: The Mediating Effect of Social Networks

We examine the effect of emotional intelligence (EI) on help-giving and helpreceiving interactions in dyadic relationships. We further investigate how the dyadic reciprocity extends to organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) toward whole group drawing on the collectivistic characteristics of East Asian culture. In addition, we use a social network approach to reveal how individuals’ position in social networks mediates the relationship between EI and OCB. Through a two-wave survey study with 63 MBA and graduate students, we found that emotionally intelligent individuals were more active in social networks. They showed more concentrated social interactions in acquaintance networks and engaged in more intermediary social interactions. Also, emotionally intelligent individuals received more assistance from various groups in the helping network. Furthermore, the more the emotionally intelligent individuals engage actively in social network, the more they engage in OCB later. Our study sheds light on the critical role that EI and interpersonal relationships play in understanding prosocial behaviour.

Autism classified by magnetic resonance imaging: A pilot study of a potential diagnostic tool.

ObjectivesIndividual anatomical biomarkers have limited power for the classification of autism. The present study introduces a multivariate classification approach using structural magnetic resonance imaging data from individuals with and without autism.MethodsThe classifier utilizes z‐normalization, parameter weighting, and interindividual comparison on brain segmentation data, for estimation of an individual summed total index (TI). The TI indicates whether the gross morphological pattern of each individual's brain is in the direction of cases or controls.ResultsMorphometric analysis found significant differences within subcortical gray matter structures and limbic areas. There was no significant difference in total brain volume. A case‐control pilot‐study of TIs in normally intelligent individuals with autism (24) and without (21) yielded a maximal accuracy of 78.9% following cross‐validation. It showed a high accuracy compared with machine learning methods when tested on the same dataset. The TI correlated well with the autism quotient (R = 0.51) across groups.ConclusionThese results are on par with studies on autism using machine learning. The main contributions are its transparency and simplicity. The possibility of including additional neuroimaging data further increases the potential of the classifier as a diagnostic aid for neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as a research tool for neuroscientific investigations.

Intelligence and Music: Lower Intelligent Quotient Is Associated With Higher Use of Music for Experiencing Strong Sensations

Intelligence is a key psychological feature associated to emotion and perception. Listening to music is often linked to emotional experience and sensation seeking (SS), traits that have been shown overall negatively correlated with intelligence. In a sample of 53 musicians and 54 non-musicians, we assessed the use of music for experiencing strong emotions through the Music in Mood Regulation (MMR) and the intelligence quotient (IQ) by using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). We found a negative correlation between the full IQ score and the use of music for SS in both musician and non-musician groups. Furthermore, the use of music for SS was negatively correlated with Verbal IQ in musicians, and with Performance IQ in non-musicians. Our findings indicate that less intelligent individuals make a higher use of music for experiencing strong sensations than more intelligent ones. Furthermore, this association is modulated by the individual musical expertise.

The relationship between chronotype and intelligence: the importance of work timing

Sleep-wake patterns show substantial biological determination, but they are also subject to individual choice and societal pressure. Some evidence suggests that high IQ is associated with later sleep patterns. However, it is unclear whether the relationship between IQ and later sleep is due to biological or social effects, such as the timing of working hours. We investigated the association between habitual sleep timing during work days and work-free days, working time and membership in Mensa, an organization of highly intelligent individuals (IQ ≥130) using a sample of 1,172 adults split between Mensa members and age- and sex-matched volunteers from a large web-based database. We found no difference in chronotype, and the later sleep timing of Mensa members on work days was fully accounted for by later work start times. Our results indicate that later sleep timing in those with higher IQs is not due to physiological differences, but rather due to later work schedules. Later working times and the resulting lower social jetlag may be one of the reasons why higher IQ is associated with lower prospective morbidity and mortality.

Using the 16PF to Test the Differentiation of Personality by Intelligence Hypothesis.

The differentiation of personality by intelligence hypothesis suggests that there will be greater individual differences in personality traits for those individuals who are more intelligent. Conversely, less intelligent individuals will be more similar to each other in their personality traits. The hypothesis was tested with a large sample of managerial job candidates who completed an omnibus personality measure with 16 scales and five intelligence measures (used to generate an intelligence g-factor). Based on the g-factor composite, the sample was split using the median to conduct factor analyses within each half. A five-factor model was tested for both the lower and higher intelligence halves and were found to have configural invariance but not metric or scalar invariance. In general, the results provide little support for the differentiation hypothesis as there was no clear and consistent pattern of lower inter-scale correlations for the more intelligent individuals.

Neurocognitive Psychometrics of Intelligence: How Measurement Advancements Unveiled the Role of Mental Speed in Intelligence Differences

More intelligent individuals typically show faster reaction times. However, individual differences in reaction times do not represent individual differences in a single cognitive process but in multiple cognitive processes. Thus, it is unclear whether the association between mental speed and intelligence reflects advantages in a specific cognitive process or in general processing speed. In this article, we present a neurocognitive-psychometrics account of mental speed that decomposes the relationship between mental speed and intelligence. We summarize research employing mathematical models of cognition and chronometric analyses of neural processing to identify distinct stages of information processing strongly related to intelligence differences. Evidence from both approaches suggests that the speed of higher-order processing is greater in smarter individuals, which may reflect advantages in the structural and functional organization of brain networks. Adopting a similar neurocognitive-psychometrics approach for other cognitive processes associated with intelligence (e.g., working memory or executive control) may refine our understanding of the basic cognitive processes of intelligence.

Cognitive correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with high intellectual ability

BackgroundThere is an ongoing debate as to whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in highly intelligent individuals has a similar presentation as in average intelligent individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive correlates of ADHD in highly intelligent children and adolescents with ADHD.MethodTwo independent samples (N = 204 and N = 84) of (1) high intelligence quotient (IQ) (IQ ≥ 120) children and adolescents with ADHD were used, carefully matched on age, gender, ADHD severity, and IQ with (2) control participants with high intelligence, (3) participants with ADHD with an average intelligence (IQ 90–110), and (4) control participants with an average intelligence. These samples were selected from the Dutch node of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (NeuroIMAGE) and Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) cohorts, respectively, in which a large battery of cognitive tasks was administered. Linear mixed models were used to examine the main effects of ADHD and IQ and their interaction on cognitive performance.ResultsADHD-control group differences were not moderated by IQ; mostly equally large ADHD-control differences in cognitive performance were found for high versus average intelligent groups. The small moderating effects found mostly indicated somewhat milder cognitive problems in highly intelligent individuals with ADHD. Overall, highly intelligent children and adolescents with ADHD performed at the level of the average intelligent control children.ConclusionsOur findings indicate the cognitive profile of ADHD is similar in highly versus average intelligent individuals with ADHD, although ADHD-related cognitive deficits may be easily overlooked in the high intelligence population when compared to the typical (i.e., average intelligent) control group.

Cultural adaptation is maximised when intelligent individuals rarely think for themselves.

Humans are remarkable in their reliance on cultural inheritance, and the ecological success this has produced. Nonetheless, we lack a thorough understanding of how the cognitive underpinnings of cultural transmission affect cultural adaptation across diverse tasks. Here, we use an agent-based simulation to investigate how different learning mechanisms (both social and asocial) interact with task structure to affect cultural adaptation. Specifically, we compared learning through refinement, recombination or both, in tasks of different difficulty, with learners of different asocial intelligence. We find that for simple tasks all learning mechanisms are roughly equivalent. However, for hard tasks, performance was maximised when populations consisted of highly intelligent individuals who nonetheless rarely innovated and instead recombined existing information. Our results thus show that cumulative cultural adaptation relies on the combination of individual intelligence and 'blind' population-level processes, although the former may be rarely used. The counterintuitive requirement that individuals be highly intelligent, but rarely use this intelligence, may help resolve the debate over the role of individual intelligence in cultural adaptation.

The joint influence of intelligence and practice on skill development throughout the life span

The relative importance of different factors in the development of human skills has been extensively discussed. Research on expertise indicates that focused practice may be the sole determinant of skill, while intelligence researchers underline the relative importance of abilities at even the highest level of skill. There is indeed a large body of research that acknowledges the role of both factors in skill development and retention. It is, however, unknown how intelligence and practice come together to enable the acquisition and retention of complex skills across the life span. Instead of focusing on the 2 factors, intelligence and practice, in isolation, here we look at their interplay throughout development. In a longitudinal study that tracked chess players throughout their careers, we show that both intelligence and practice positively affect the acquisition and retention of chess skill. Importantly, the nonlinear interaction between the 2 factors revealed that more intelligent individuals benefited more from practice. With the same amount of practice, they acquired chess skill more quickly than less intelligent players, reached a higher peak performance, and arrested decline in older age. Our research demonstrates the futility of scrutinizing the relative importance of highly intertwined factors in human development.

Spiritual Neuroscience Learning at Aisyiyah East of Tebet, South Jakarta

Spiritual neuroscience is one of neuroscience sub-discipline which specialized in a study over brain and human spiritualism. Spiritual neuroscience study is aimed to enhance early childhood?s potentials, particularly, brain spiritualism. This research is directed to answer, to know, and to analyze over a study of spiritual neuroscience in a Kindergarten called TK Aisyiah 4, East Tebet , South Jakarta. Research result showed that spiritual neuroscience indicators are the meaning of life, positive emotions, spiritual experience and ritual that have been taught to the pupils at TK Aisyiah 4, Tebet Timur, Jakarta Selatan. The advance of spiritual-neuroscience study is it will develop spiritual potential over children in the early childhood phase and stimulate them to be religious. Childhood is a period of preparation, training and habituation. A spiritually intelligent individual is not only able to solve life?s problems in a rational or emotional way, but it also relates them to the meaning of life spiritually.

Emotional Intelligence and Happiness

Emotional intelligence refers to understanding and managing one's own and others’ emotions effectively. It is linked to a wide range of positive outcomes like higher academic achievement and better work performance. Furthermore, theory also suggests that emotionally intelligent individuals are most likely to experience a higher level of psychological Wellbeing. Thus, emotional intelligence has become an important topic of research worldwide in relation to various variables like personality, empathy, self-efficacy, interest, achievement, performance etc. The present study aimed at understanding the relationship between emotional intelligence and happiness as well as to find out the profession-wise differences in these variables. Since emotional intelligence and happiness are getting extremely important with reference to today's workplace contexts, in this study individuals from the Army, Teaching and Creative field were studied. Also, to get an increased and better understanding, a sample of college students was also included. A total of 88 participants were studied using The Assessing Emotions Scale (Schutte et al., 1998), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) and a structured open ended questionnaire prepared by the research. In the current time, where we are living in a global village, being sensitive towards ourselves as well as to our surroundings is a crucial need. Thus, this study provides various implications for enhancing emotional intelligence and happiness.

Can Emotional Intelligence Help in Reducing Auditor’s Engagement in Quality Threatening Behaviours?

Quality Threatening Behaviours (QTBs) in auditing are associated with reduced audit quality and are under the focus of researchers and practitioners for the last two decades following the major corporate failures around the globe. QTBs are a constant threat for audit profession and lawmakers, regulatory bodies, practitioners and researchers are striving to reduce auditors’ engagement in these undesirable behaviours. Existing literature advocates that emotional intelligence (EI) meaningfully affects workplace behaviours. Wong and Law (2002) affirm that emotional intelligence is linked to job performance. Emotionally intelligent individuals respond to negative issues related to work in a better way (Greenidge, Devonish, & Alleyne, 2014). On the other hand, individuals who score low on emotional intelligence face problems in regulating emotions instigated by negative work practices reacting in a manner that can be detrimental for the organization and its members (Quebbeman and Rozell, 2002). Emotional intelligence is equally important for individuals in the accounting profession (Daff, de Lange, & Jackling, 2012). Akers and Porter (2003) proclaim that “EI skills are critical for the success of the accounting profession” (p. 65). Auditing is a frantic occupation that causes pressure on auditors (Fisher, 2001) that fetch damaging outcomes. Negative behaviours of auditors are caused by different pressures and lessen the quality of audit, emotional intelligence ability can help auditors in avoiding indulgence in these behaviours (Yang, Brink, & Wier, 2018). Grounding on the role of emotional intelligence at work across different contexts and its ability to negatively affect harmful workplace behaviours, it can be inferred that emotional intelligence can reduce auditors engagement in quality threatening audit behaviours.

On the moderating role of chronotype on the association between IQ and conscientiousness: the compensation effect occurs only in Evening-types

ABSTRACTSeveral studies show that intelligence and conscientiousness are negatively related. One of the most popular explanations of this effect is the compensation hypothesis. It posits that less intelligent people may become more conscientious to compensate for their relative lack of intelligence, whereas more intelligent individuals tend to rely on their cognitive effectiveness rather than organization or persistence. In the present study, we aimed to test a hypothesis that the morningness-eveningness dimension, an indicator of diurnal preferences, may act as a moderator of the association. We propose that Morning-types are conscientious regardless of their intelligence level, whereas the compensation effect is particularly marked among Evening-types. The study was conducted on a group of 383 individuals aged 18–69 years. Controlling for age and gender, we obtained a significant moderation effect, showing that magnitude of the negative association between intelligence and conscientiousness increases with eveningness. Bivariate associations between morningness-eveningness, intelligence and conscientiousness are also reported. Results suggest that it may be important to provide appropriate support to high-ability Evening-types in educational and work settings.

Quality Improvement Of Early Childhood Education Through The Utilization Of Multimedia

<p>This paper aimed to describe the improvement of the quality of early childhood learning by utilizing various multimedia. The method used was a literature study by exploring various thoughts in various sources that have focused on conducting studies on early childhood education and various multimedia developed. Improving the quality of early childhood learning is very important to be performed in an effort to educate children as early as possible, so that children grow and develop as intelligent individuals, both intellectually, emotionally and spiritually. Teachers and parents need to understand and use various multimedia and guide children so that various aspects of development such as phases and tasks of child development can take place optimally.</p>

Emotional Intelligence and Day-To-Day Emotion Regulation Processes: Examining Motives for Social Sharing

There is growing interest in the emotion regulation processes that underlie the adaptive functioning of emotionally intelligent individuals. This study uses experience sampling to examine whether the emotional intelligence (EI) of undergraduate students (N = 84) relates to their day-to-day use of five emotion regulation processes over a five-day period. We also test whether EI predicts motives for one of the emotion regulation processes (social sharing). We measure both ability EI (the brief Situational Test of Emotion Management) and self-rated EI (the Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale). Self-rated EI significantly predicts more social sharing, direct situation modification and reappraisal. Ability EI does not significantly predict any of the five regulation processes. Both ability and self-rated EI are significantly related to greater bonding and relief motives for social sharing. Self-rated EI is also related to recovery motives. These results suggest that it is the self-beliefs about one's emotional abilities, rather than emotion knowledge, which influence the emotion regulation processes people use in daily life.

Sensory Processing Sensitivity Among High-Ability Individuals: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale

The purpose of the current study is to validate a measure of sensory processing sensitivity, the Highly Sensitive Person Scale, with a sample of high-ability individuals. Participants include 188 highly intelligent individuals. Results indicate a two-factor structure of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. Validity and reliability evidence are provided. Conclusions and implications of using the Highly Sensitive Person Scale are discussed.

Approach or avoidance: Neural correlates of intelligence evaluation from faces.

Intelligence is among the key determinants of power and social status in modern societies. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we examined the neural correlates of intelligence evaluation from faces. Participants underwent scans while they evaluated the perceived intelligence and friendliness of faces. We found that medial orbitofrontal cortex activity increased linearly with friendliness ratings. The relationship between perceived intelligence and brain activity was positively linear in the right caudate nucleus and U-shaped (i.e., strong responses to unintelligent-looking or intelligent-looking faces) in the right anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus. Perceived intelligence was also significantly positively correlated with both friendliness and attractiveness. Furthermore, intelligence rating scores had a positive linear effect on reaction times in the friendliness rating task, suggesting that participants had greater conflicts when making friendliness judgments for faces that appeared to belong to intelligent individuals. In addition, the degree of this effect predicted individual differences in the positive linear modulatory effect of intelligence scores in the right caudate nucleus. Our interpretation was that the activity in the caudate nucleus revealed an approach-avoidance conflict with regard to highly intelligent people, that is, they were perceived as attractive but also potentially threatening. Although our interpretations are merely suggestive because we did not measure the approach-avoidance behaviors directly, our findings have important implications for understanding the dynamics of human interaction in modern societies that increasingly allocate power and status based on intelligence.

Emotional intelligence, alexithymia, stress, and people’s reasons for listening to music

The present study investigated the relationship between people’s reasons for listening to music, trait emotional intelligence, and alexithymia whilst also controlling for the effect of participants’ gender, age, and perceived stress levels. In keeping with previous research, initial findings indicated that emotionally intelligent individuals were less likely to use music to relieve and alleviate negative moods, whilst those who had high scores on a measure of alexithymia were more likely to use music for the same reasons. However, when the effects of gender, age, and perceived stress were controlled for, these relationships were no longer significant and previously non-significant relationships between trait emotional intelligence and using music to manipulate arousal and to reminisce about the past were found to be significant. Together these findings suggest that emotional intelligence is related to the reasons why people listen to music but not in the way that previous research had suggested, and the apparent links between emotional intelligence and mood management might be better explained by the stress experienced by participants at the time of questioning.

Diffusion markers of dendritic density and arborization in gray matter predict differences in intelligence

Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with higher intelligence are more likely to have larger gray matter volume in brain areas predominantly located in parieto-frontal regions. These findings were usually interpreted to mean that individuals with more cortical brain volume possess more neurons and thus exhibit more computational capacity during reasoning. In addition, neuroimaging studies have shown that intelligent individuals, despite their larger brains, tend to exhibit lower rates of brain activity during reasoning. However, the microstructural architecture underlying both observations remains unclear. By combining advanced multi-shell diffusion tensor imaging with a culture-fair matrix-reasoning test, we found that higher intelligence in healthy individuals is related to lower values of dendritic density and arborization. These results suggest that the neuronal circuitry associated with higher intelligence is organized in a sparse and efficient manner, fostering more directed information processing and less cortical activity during reasoning.

The Role of Intelligence in Social Learning

Studies in cultural evolution have uncovered many types of social learning strategies that are adaptive in certain environments. The efficiency of these strategies also depends on the individual characteristics of both the observer and the demonstrator. We investigate the relationship between intelligence and the ways social and individual information is utilised to make decisions in an uncertain environment. We measure fluid intelligence and study experimentally how individuals learn from observing the choices of a demonstrator in a 2-armed bandit problem with changing probabilities of a reward. Participants observe a demonstrator with high or low fluid intelligence. In some treatments they are aware of the intelligence score of the demonstrator and in others they are not. Low fluid intelligence individuals imitate the demonstrator more when her fluid intelligence is known than when it is not. Conversely, individuals with high fluid intelligence adjust their use of social information, as the observed behaviour changes, independently of the knowledge of the intelligence of the demonstrator. We provide evidence that intelligence determines how social and individual information is integrated in order to make choices in a changing uncertain environment.