Intelligence Reform Research Articles

Intelligence reform commissions and the producer–consumer relationship

Since 1949 intelligence reform efforts have resulted in extensive studies on every aspect of the intelligence community. One common aspect of commission comment has been how policy-makers interact with the intelligence products, commonly known as the producer–consumer relationship. Decades of successive commissions identify the same or similar problems with the relationship and recommend organizational changes aimed at improving the analyst – policy maker interaction. Eventually, the same issues arise because most structural reforms are incapable of addressing critical aspects of this relationship. Future efforts should first consider previous commission results as well as understand what reforms can and cannot impact this relationship.

MENAKAR PARADIGMA KEAMANAN NASIONAL MELALUI ANALISIS ISI TERHADAP UNDANG-UNDANG No. 17 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG INTELIJEN NEGARA

The evolution of both domestic and international security issues have influenced the development of Indonesia intelligence and its agencies. Indonesia intelligence reform is marked by the establishment of Badan Intelijen Nasional or Indonesia National Intelligence Agency and the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence. In order to reveal the paradigm used in determining the direction of Indonesia’s national security policy, this paper analyzes Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence using content analysis method. Analysis among indicators representing three paradigms; realism, liberalism, and constructivism shows that Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence is strongly influenced by realist paradigm.

Organization Intelligence and Bureaucracy Reform at Public Organization in Indonesia

Organization intelligence and bureaucracy reform are important part of public administration. It is values and credibility agreed (the shared value and beliefs) which is learnt, applied continuity becoming main characteristic as guidance for organization members have behaviors, concurrently increasing its performance. It achieved through bureaucracy reform. In taking an easy way of explaining and more operational bureaucracy reform, thus government proclaims nine programs of acceleration bureaucracy reform. Illustrating paradigm changing, organization structure, management, policy, framework term and human resource intelligence work that are guided to budget conserving, rectifying public service quality, stimulating government performance mechanism efficiently and effectively. Tidying up of organization intelligence by one of its dimension is the difficult act into bureaucracy reform implementation while compared with intelligence process, structure and procedure. This research is done by applying descriptive methods of qualitative analysis include in a case study research. The result shows that one of public organization has implemented integrity values, professional and accountable in an internal area of nine programs on bureaucracy reform acceleration. There are nineteen activities becoming part of following up of these programs that totally reflect on an organization intelligence dimension, the suggestion of this model and able to overcome obstacle factor. In accelerating realize apparatus whose have integrity, professional and accountable need a lot of activities as following up of survey result of nine programs on bureaucracy reform acceleration program both of internal or external areas cooperate with independent institution.

Combatting Terrorism Through Fusion Centers: Useful Lessons From Other Experiences?

European nations might consider an institutional option in their ongoing fight against terrorism. Research on intelligence reform globally indicates that certain institutional innovations to combat...

Lessons through Reform: Australia’s Security Intelligence

ABSTRACTInternational security studies (ISS) is a young discipline in the political science realm. The study of intelligence is even more obscure because of its intrinsic secretiveness and resulting lack of documentation. Therein lies the need for exploration of Australian intelligence reforms. Justice Robert Marsden Hope carried out three security reviews with three profound outcomes: political freedom, national intelligence independence, and security oversight. Hope transformed a backward post-war alliance requisite into an inter-collaborative complex intelligence community. While intelligence agencies vexed the left and gratified the right, Hope was able to institutionalize political neutrality and bipartisan support of the agencies. This study explains the societal, political, and historical context under which Hope worked objectively for the long-term view of Australia and its civil liberties.

Intelligence reform and the transformation of the state: the end of a French exception

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the intelligence sector is a privileged vantage point to observe and analyse a transformation of the State in France, as this transformation deeply affects the heart of the executive power and the French intelligence and security apparatus. Traditionally, intelligence was not conceived in France as a functional tool in the hands of the decision-maker but was rather defined as a ‘regalian power’. Intelligence activities were derived from a very specific conception of the State, and especially the particular notion of ‘reason of State’ (raison d’État). The current intelligence reform prompts speculation as to whether it represents more than a ‘simple’ functional reorganisation or in fact could signify that intelligence is now recognised as a tool in the hands of a ‘État de droit’ (‘liberal state’). The idea of a French ‘exceptionalism’ is addressed through a theoretical approach of the way France redefines intelligence and surveillance in relation with a major evolution of the notion of ‘reason of State’ itself. Then the article illustrates the assumption of a ‘lost tradition’ of reason of State through an analysis of the current reform of the intelligence sector in France. This reform is based on processes of rationalisation, centralization, modernisation and normalisation of both intelligence activities and intelligence services in France. As a conclusion, the article addresses the reactions to the January and November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, and asks whether resilience towards terrorism requires to accelerate the pace of the transformation of the French intelligence sector.

Security sector reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A case study of the Europeanization of the Western Balkans

Abstract Security sector reform (SSR) has become an important part of the EU’s efforts to transform the Western Balkans from a conflict-ridden area into a stable and democratic part of Europe. This paper studies SSR in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) as an illustration of the multifaceted and complex Europeanization policies employed by the EU in the region. It does not present a study of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) missions, as there is already a wealth of material available on this subject, but offers instead a broader examination of changes in two sectors of BiH’s security system with the aim of improving understanding of the EU’s impact on the domestic environments of candidate states. Its main argument is that the EU used police and intelligence reforms in Bosnia, both of which were part and parcel of the SSR efforts in the country, as state-building tools. But because domestic competence in Bosnia was lacking and the EU was rather inexperienced in implementing SSR, the reforms have had a mixed record of success and reveal the limitations of the region’s Europeanization.

Intelligence Reform and the Snowden Paradox: The Case of France

Taking France as a case study, this article reflects on the ongoing legalisation strategies pursued by liberal states as they seek to secure and expand the Internet surveillance programs of their domestic and foreign intelligence agencies. Following the path to legalisation prior and after the Snowden disclosures of 2013, the article shows how post-Snowden controversies helped mobilise advocacy groups against the extra judicial surveillance of Internet communications, a policy area which had hitherto been overlooked by French human rights groups. It also points to the dilemma that post-Snowden contention created for governments. On the one hand, the disclosures helped document the growing gap between the existing legal framework and actual surveillance practices, exposing them to litigation and thereby reinforcing the rationale for legalisation. On the other hand, they made such a legislative reform politically risky and unpredictable. In France, policy-makers navigated these constraints through a cautious mix of silence, denials, and securitisation. After the Paris attacks of January 2015 and a hasty deliberation in Parliament, the Intelligence Act was passed, making it the most extensive piece of legislation ever adopted in France to regulate secret state surveillance. The article concludes by pointing to the paradoxical effect of post-Snowden contention: French law now provides for clear rules authorising large-scale surveillance, to a degree of detail that was hard to imagine just a few years ago.

National Intelligence University: a half century educating the next generation of U.S. Intelligence Community Leaders

Founded in 1962, the National Intelligence University has evolved over more than five decades into living up to its current vision as ‘The Center of Academic Life for the Intelligence Community.’ With the intelligence reforms post-9/11 and the development of the NIU concept, the mission has changed from a military-centric focus of instruction to educating a more diverse audience from throughout the IC, both military and civilian, full-time and part-time, active and Reserves, with an emphasis on taking higher education to an interagency clientele spread globally and desiring different learning outcomes. The result is a rapid growth in offsite academic centers and a resurgence of certificate programs geared to professionals who already have a degree but wish to enhance their credentials in intelligence specialty fields. There is also an effort to revive concentrations and programs of study. This article outlines the steps NIU is taking to make itself more flexible and marketable to a growing and demanding academic audience that is much more than the uniformed DoD students who matriculated in the past with full-time resident study as their only option.

Why do analysts use structured analytic techniques? An in-depth study of an American intelligence agency

This article presents findings from the first publicly available survey generalizable to an intelligence agency to explore why analysts use structured analytic techniques (SATs). Mandated by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (2004), SATs are simple methodologies supposed to make analysis more transparent and, hopefully, valid. Despite the US government’s investment in training thousands of analysts, there is no solid evidence on how often or why analysts actually use SATs. A survey of 80 analysts and nine follow-up interviews at the State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research reveals a simple, but important, truth: implementing the techniques requires training and compelling evidence they will improve analysis. Other factors, most notably the amount of time pressure an analyst experiences, were not significantly related with the use of the techniques despite anecdotal accounts and conjecture from the literature. Future research should examine other intelligence agencies to cross-validate these findings. If these findings hold in other cases, intelligence agencies should focus on reforming and incorporating evidence into the training process.

Albania's Intelligence after Hoxha: The Cat's Grin and Hidden Claws

Albania's intelligence transformation began in earnest after the end of the Cold War and the country's transition to democracy in 1991. In general, democratic reform of intelligence is an onerous a...

ЗАКОН О НАБЛЮДЕНИИ ЗА ИНОСТРАННЫМИ РАЗВЕДКАМИ 1978 ГОДА И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРАВОВЫЕ СТАНДАРТЫ В СФЕРЕ СБОРА И ДОБЫВАНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИИ РАЗВЕДЫВАТЕЛЬНЫМИ СЛУЖБАМИ США

This article reviews the development process for the legislation, regulating the U. S. intelligence agencies’ activities in the field of electronic surveillance. The article displays the reasons which prompted U. S. lawmakers to pass the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978; it analyzes the provisions of the law, governing the conditions and procedures for obtaining judicial order or Attorney General authorization on the implementation of electronic surveillance. Considerable attention is paid to the evolution of legal standards, added to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act after the events of September 11, 2001. In particular, it analyzes amendments and additions to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, introduced on the basis of the USA Patriot Act of 2001, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Protect America Act of 2007, and other laws. The article also shows the patterns of formation of the legislative balance between the interests of the intelligence services and the need to respect the constitutional rights and liberties of American citizens.

Professionalizing Intelligence Analysis

This article examines the current state of professionalism in national security intelligence analysis in the U.S. Government. Since the introduction of major intelligence reforms directed by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) in December, 2004, we have seen notable strides in many aspects of intelligence professionalization, including in analysis. But progress is halting, uneven, and by no means permanent. To consolidate its gains, and if it is to continue improving, the U.S. intelligence community (IC) should commit itself to accomplishing a new program of further professionalization of analysis to ensure that it will develop an analytic cadre that is fully prepared to deal with the complexities of an emerging multipolar and highly dynamic world that the IC itself is forecasting. Some recent reforms in intelligence analysis can be assessed against established standards of more fully developed professions; these may well fall short of moving the IC closer to the more fully professionalized This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol8/iss3/1 analytical capability required for producing the kind of analysis needed now by the United States. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol8/iss3/1

Has the ODNI Improved U.S. Intelligence Analysis?

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA) created a Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and ordered him and his Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)...

Dewey on habit, character, order and reform

Does Dewey’s account of social reality acknowledge sufficiently its practical dimensions or does his notion of social structure, like Veblen’s, remain ultimately ideational or mentalistic? Many aspects of the relationship between Dewey and Veblen have been explored previously, but this fundamental issue has been left unaddressed. In this article I concentrate on elaborating relevant aspects of Dewey’s contribution, such as his interpretation of habit, instinct, impulse, character, deliberation, choice, custom and growth. His views regarding the possibilities for (and the nature of) the intelligent reform of social institutions are also reviewed. I show that Dewey does acknowledge a significant practical dimension to human existence but then demonstrate that his conception of human sociality and social order ultimately remain aligned with Veblen’s in being predominantly ideational.

Intelligence Reform in Brazil: A Long, Drawn-Out Process

In our edited book, Reforming Intelligence: Obstacles to Democratic Control and Effectiveness, Steven Boraz and I argued that intelligence should be analyzed as a subset of civil–military relations...

‘Do We Still Need the CIA?’ Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the Central Intelligence Agency and US Foreign Policy

AbstractIn May 1991, writing in the op‐ed column of the New York Times, the US Senator for New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, called for the Central Intelligence Agency to be disbanded. Arguing that the CIA represented an historical anachronism that had outlived its usefulness to American foreign policy‐makers, Moynihan proposed that the Agency should be stripped of its autonomy and have its intelligence functions subsumed by the Department of State. Moynihan's rhetorical assault on the CIA marked the opening salvo in a protracted campaign that, over the following decade, until his death in March 2003, would see the one‐time member of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence lobby relentlessly for reform of America's intelligence community and against pervasive official secrecy. To date, Moynihan's evangelical fervour in championing a more open intelligence paradigm, which came to incorporate the drafting of congressional bills, the chairmanship of a bipartisan commission on government secrecy, the publication of a book, and innumerable speeches and articles, has been interpreted in a narrow personal and political context. Commentators have tended to characterize Moynihan's turn against the CIA, and towards government transparency as symptomatic of individual eccentricity, disenchantment with purported Agency excesses during the Reagan administration, and ill‐judged post‐Cold War hubris. This article breaks new ground by reframing and reperiodizing Moynihan's relationship with intelligence. It suggests that Moynihan's attitudes to intelligence and state secrecy were formulated much earlier than has hitherto been acknowledged, and in an environment far removed from Washington's corridors of power. Specifically, the essay relocates Moynihan's emergence as an advocate of intelligence reform in the global political turmoil of the early 1970s when, as Richard Nixon's ambassador to India, he was afforded ample scope to assess the CIA's utility as an instrument of American diplomacy.

Intelligent Reform of Activated Sludge Sewage Treatment Control System

Based on the working process of the traditional sewage treatment process, this paper aims at reform the defects of intelligent energy-saving. This system uses various sensors for on-line monitoring of wastewater parameters and uses the PLC to control the air blowers. Under the premise of guarantee the quality of water, this reform system can achieve the effect of energy conservation and emissions reduction.

Building Better Intelligence Frameworks Through Effective Governance

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsPatrick F. WalshDr. Patrick F. Walsh is a former intelligence analyst who has worked in Australia's national security and law enforcement agencies, the Office of National Assessments, the National Crime Agency, and the Australian Crime Commission. Since 2003 he has been a Senior Lecturer in Intelligence and Security Studies at the Australian Graduate School of Policing and Security of Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, and course coordinator for the post-graduate intelligence analysis program. Dr. Walsh, the author of Intelligence and Intelligence Analysis (London: Routledge, 2011), is also a consultant to government agencies on intelligence reform and issues of capability. He earned his B.A. and M.A. degrees at the University of Queensland, and his Ph.D. at Charles Sturt University.

Intelligence Reform and Parliamentary Oversight: a Comparative Study of the Church Committee and the Pike Committee

Intelligence Reform and Parliamentary Oversight: a Comparative Study of the Church Committee and the Pike Committee