Intelligence Quotient Level Research Articles

Non-syndromic Intellectual Disability: An Experimental In-Depth Exploration of Inheritance Pattern, Phenotypic Presentation, and Genomic Composition.

Background Intellectual disability (ID), also termed mental retardation (MR), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or below and a deficit in at least two behaviors associated with adaptive functioning. The condition is further classified into syndromic intellectual disability (S-ID) and non-syndromic intellectual disability (NS-ID). This study highlights the genes associated with NS-ID. Objectives A genetic study was performed on two Pakistani families to know the inheritance patterns, clinical phenotypes, and molecular genetics of affected individuals with NS-ID. Methodology Samples were collected from two families: families A and B. All affected individuals in both families were diagnosed by a neurologist. Written informed consent was taken from the affected individuals and guardians before collecting the data and sample. Family A belongs to the Swabi District of Pakistan having four affected individuals, out of whom three were male and one was female. Family B also belongs to the Swabi District of Pakistan having two affected individuals, out of whom one was male and one was female. A total of 10 candidate genes were selected and were further screened by microarray analysis. Results In family A, this analysis identified a region of 9.6 Mb on chromosome 17q11.2-q12 between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs953527 and rs2680398. The region was genotyped using microsatellite markers to confirm the haplotypes in all family members. Based on the phenotype-genotype relationship, 10 possible candidate genes were selected out of more than 140 genes in this critical region of 9.6 Mb. In family B, homozygosity mapping through microarray identified four homozygous areas of affected individuals: two (27,324,822-59,122,062 and 96,423,252123,656,241) on chromosome 8, one (14,785,224-19,722,760) on chromosome 9, and one (126173647-126215644) on chromosome 11. Conclusion An autosomal recessive pattern was found in the pedigrees of both families A and B. Phenotypically affected individuals showed IQ levels below 70. Three genes, CDK5R1, OMG, and EV12A, were found on chromosome 17q11.2-q12 region of affected individuals in family A with high expression in the frontal cortex of the brain, hippocampus, and spinal cord, respectively. Other regions on chromosomes 8, 9, and 11 as evident from the affected individuals in family B can also contribute to the non-syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability (NS-ARID). Further research is needed to find the association of these genes with intelligence and other neuropsychiatric conditions.

Mathematics Achievement - Intelligence Quotient (IQ): A Study of Simple Relations in Class 10 High School Students

This study aims to test whether students' mathematics achievement affects their Intelligence Quotient levels based on the correlation and regression. The sample of the study consisted of 81 new students from one Madrasah Aliyah in Surakarta City. The learning achievement data and IQ data were obtained from school documents. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey design. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics covering prerequisite tests in the form of normality tests and linearity tests, classical assumption tests in the form of multicollinearity tests and heteroscedasticity tests, and hypothesis tests in the form of simple regression analysis. The results showed that the mean score of students' mathematics achievement was 45.78 with the smallest score of 8 and the highest score of 92. While the mean score of student's IQ was 112.43 with the lowest score of 100 and the highest score of 126. The test results showed that students' mathematics achievement affected their IQ level with the regression equation of Y=107.739+0.103X indicating that for every 1% addition of math achievement scores, the IQ score will increase by 0.103. Therefore, it can be said that when students' mathematics achievement increases, their IQ will also increase. The influence of students' mathematics achievement on IQ is 16% with a correlation value of 0.4.

Is your blood grouping associated with personality and intelligence?

<p><strong>Background and Objective: </strong>Personality and blood group type are both heritable factors. Personality is the compound mannerism or constitution that forms an individual’s peculiar state of mind. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is the quantification of one’s aptness to reason and solve problems. There is contemplation on the interconnection of the ABO blood group with personality traits and IQ. This study aimed to uncover the relationship between standard personality traits, IQ levels, and the ABO blood group.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional descriptive study comprised 200 healthy individuals (faculty and students of a teaching hospital). The blood typing of the participants was carried out by the standard tube method and the Big Five Inventory, a personality questionnaire containing 60 questions and the Naglieri nonverbal ability test, a mental capacity testing form, with 20 nonverbal questions were distributed, which were solved by all participants in a given time. After obtaining the results, scoring for personality traits and the levels of their IQ were determined. Data were analysed to find associations between personality traits, IQ level, and the ABO blood group.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>There exists an association between the ABO blood group and one of the personality traits, i.e., agreeableness (p = 0.001), while no significant relationship was found between the ABO blood group and the remaining four personality traits or the IQ level of the participants (p > 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ABO blood grouping may determine distinct personality-wise characteristics of an individual which may or may not be related to the IQ levels. </p>

Developmental and Intelligence Quotient in Autism: A Brief Report on the Possible Long-Term Relation.

Developmental level and cognitive skills assessment represents a crucial aspect in the delineation of the clinical phenotype and long-term outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, the evaluation of cognitive development trajectory across a lifespan ranging from birth to school age appears challenging for clinicians and researchers, because of the lack of measures that coherently cover this timeframe. Thus, the main goal of this community-based study was to investigate within a sample of ASD children if the developmental quotient (DQ), evaluated through the Griffiths Mental Development Scales Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) scale, predicts the non-verbal brief intelligence quotient (IQ), measured through the Leiter-R at follow-up. The main observation of our study was a positive correlation between the level of DQ and nonverbal IQ at follow-up evaluations, highlighting that ASD children characterized by a greater developmental profile will later present higher non-verbal IQ.

Neuropsychological and behavioral profile in a cohort of Becker muscular dystrophy pediatric patients

Cognitive and executive function impairment as well as the association between executive functions and dystrophin gene mutation position have been widely investigated in individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, whereas few studies explored these functions in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the neuropsychological and behavioral profile in a cohort of Becker muscular dystrophy patients and whether there is any correlation with site of dystrophin gene mutation. This is a single-center, observational, cross-sectional study in which a full neuropsychological assessment, including intellectual functioning, executive functions, and language abilities, was performed in children and adolescents without cognitive impairment. A comparison between groups based on site of mutation or Intelligence Quotient level was attempted. 22 patients were enrolled. Overall, the patients in our cohort did not perform well in tests investigating the executive functions. No statistically significant difference was found in groups stratified by site of mutation or cognitive level. This study confirms that these patients have a risk of impairment of the executive functions, despite having a normal Intelligence Quotient in most cases (mean 94). This is a very important aspect, as it puts them at risk of developing learning disabilities.

Non-coding de novo mutations in chromatin interactions are implicated in autism spectrum disorder.

Three-dimensional chromatin interactions regulate gene expressions. The significance of de novo mutations (DNMs) in chromatin interactions remains poorly understood for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We generated 813 whole-genome sequences from 242 Korean simplex families to detect DNMs, and identified target genes which were putatively affected by non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions. Non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions were significantly involved in transcriptional dysregulations related to ASD risk. Correspondingly, target genes showed spatiotemporal expressions relevant to ASD in developing brains and enrichment in biological pathways implicated in ASD, such as histone modification. Regarding clinical features of ASD, non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions particularly contributed to low intelligence quotient levels in ASD probands. We further validated our findings using two replication cohorts, Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and MSSNG, and showed the consistent enrichment of non-coding DNM-disrupted chromatin interactions in ASD probands. Generating human induced pluripotent stem cells in two ASD families, we were able to demonstrate that non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions alter the expression of target genes at the stage of early neural development. Taken together, our findings indicate that non-coding DNMs in ASD probands lead to early neurodevelopmental disruption implicated in ASD risk via chromatin interactions.

Relationship between Different Types of Intelligence and Effect of Music on Intelligence

Background and Aims: Intelligence is an abstract ability which is easily identifiable and recognizable but interestingly very hard to define. The study of intelligence is a dynamic field which is continuously evolving and expanding. The idea of multiple intelligence includes both interpersonal (to understand other individuals' emotions and intensions) and intrapersonal (to understand one's own emotions) intelligence. The present study was performed to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), social intelligence (SI), and resilience level of subjects and to assess the effect of music on different types of intelligence. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 college-going students chosen randomly. The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, baseline parameters of IQ, EQ, SI, and resilience level were assessed. They were asked to listen to receptive music for 1 month and to maintain the record of the same. In the second phase, the effect of music was studied on parameters. Results: Significant correlation was found between IQ, EQ, SI, and resilience scores. Correlation and paired t-test values of each parameter analyzed between baseline and post music intervention levels exhibited significant difference. Comparison of mean values of parameters in males and females studied at baseline level and post music intervention level also exhibited statistical differences at different levels of significance. Conclusion: Music improves cognitive abilities in both males and females with more effect on IQ in males and SI in females.

Fuzzification of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) for the Determination of Individual Temperament (Mizaj-e-Shakhsi)

Introduction: Temperament assessment is the key point on which whole of the Unani therapeutics depends. The various methods mentioned in classical Unani manuscripts are observation based liable to mistakes. Therefore, there is a need of searching some scientific methods of temperament assessment not the mere subjective parameters and that can be employed universally. Keeping this aim in mind this work was done in the department of Tashreeh wa Munafeul Aza, AKTC, AMU. Method: The author has submitted a thesis in which the IQ was established as a tool for assessment of individual temperament using Boolean logic. Then taking those data, fuzzy logic was applied and fuzzification of IQ levels was done. The results thus obtained were compared. Result: The assessment of individual temperament using Boolean Logic applied to IQ levels the individuals can be identified as Hot and Cold temperament persons. While applying fuzzy logic the subjects were identified as haar, baarid anf motadil temperament with specifications of degrees of temperaments. Conclusion: Fuzzification is the better method of assessment of individual temperament.

The Correlation between Children's Intelligence Quotient and Their Behavior in Dental Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Children with high intelligence quotient (IQ) are more capable of managing adverse situations. These children may show more cooperation to receive dental treatments. This study assessed the effect of intelligence quotient (IQ) of 5-10-year-old children on their cooperation during dental treatments. Eighty children without previous dental history and in need of pulpotomy and stainless steel crowns in one tooth were selected. A written consent was obtained from the parents, and after the children's IQ was measured by Raven intelligence test, the treatments were performed and their cooperation level was determined using Frankl's behavior rating scale with rating 1 to rating 4 (definitely negative, negative, positive, and definitely positive). In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between IQ and cooperation level was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test while the effect of age and gender on IQ and cooperation level was studied by ordinal regression test. Out of the total samples, 5% had definitely negative, 16.2% had negative, 56.3% had positive, and 22.5% had definitely positive level of cooperation according to Frankl criteria. There was a significant and positive correlation between IQ and level of cooperation (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). According to the results of the linear regression analysis, to examine the effect of age, sex, and IQ variables on cooperation, children's age (p value = 0.003) had a positive effect on their cooperation, but gender had no effect on predicting IQ and cooperation level (p value = 0.557). Regarding significant relationship between IQ scores and cooperation level, dentists can predict cooperation in pediatric patients to deliver better treatments and increase patients' satisfaction.

Virtual reality based multiple life skill training for intellectual disability: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

• A VR based life skill training was developed, including shopping, cooking, and cleaning tasks. • VR training can improve cooking and cleaning performance. • VR training had better improvement on memory span than traditional training. • IQ is a significant confounder to the outcome. Life skill-based training is essential for intellectual disabled individuals to regain autonomy and social inclusion. Virtual reality (VR) could deliver a nascent application that is more engaging and secure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the training effects of the VR-based multiple life skill training program on life skill performance, self-efficacy, memory, cognitive and behavioral functions via a multicenter randomized controlled trial. A total of 145 intellectual disabled participants were recruited for a randomized controlled trial with three intervention arms: VR ( n = 42); traditional ( n = 53); and control ( n = 50). The life skill tasks for the interventions included 1) grocery shopping, 2) cooking, and 3) kitchen cleaning. Outcome measures were performance scores for the three tasks, self-efficacy scale, digit span score, and Frontal Assessment Battery score, graded by blinded assessors. Before-after effects of each group were evaluated using separated Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests. VR significantly improved cooking, cleaning performance, and memory span, while traditional training significantly improved shopping, cooking, and cleaning tasks. The generalized estimating equation evaluated effects between groups adjusted for age, gender and intelligence quotient (IQ). VR had significantly larger improvement effects in cooking and cleaning than the control group and memory span compared to traditional training and controls groups. IQ appeared to be a significant confounder on the training effect. Future work may consider developing artificial intelligence to customize programs depending on IQ level.

Literature Review: Hubungan Antara Riwayat Kelahiran Prematur dengan Tingkat Kecerdasan Intelektual (Intelligence Quotient - IQ) pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar

Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Several studies have reported that premature babies may have a risk of cognitive problems. Premature babies with gestational age between 32-35 weeks have lower intelligence and poor neuropsychological function at early school age. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the association between preterm birth and the level of Intellectual Intelligence or (IQ) in school-age children. This study used a literature review method. Researcher did research using three databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar with keywords: preterm, IQ (intelligence quotient), intelligence, cognitive, and school-age children. From 19.256 articles, 12 articles were reviewed that met all the criteria. Based on the results of this review study, there is a relationship between degree of prematurities and IQ level. The more immature and the lower the baby's birth weight, is more likely to reduce the level of intelligence and neurological disorders.

Nature, Prevalence, and Impact of Undernutrition on Intelligence Among School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India

Good nutrition is a basic criterion for optimum health, productivity, and overall functional efficiency. The children who had malnutrition in their early years secured poor cognitive test scores in school years compared to children with optimal nutrition. The present study aimed to associate the degrees of undernutrition and intelligence among school children. This is a cross-sectional study that included 600 children aged 6 and 12 years, and assessed the anthropometry and intelligence quotient levels through appropriate scales. The results revealed that the higher percentage of stunted, underweight, and thinness were highly associated with below-average intelligence, which was more than two times greater risk compared to the percentage with the degrees of undernutrition to the above-average intelligence. The children’s age, gender, birth weight, and socioeconomic status were also strongly associated with the intelligence quotient level. This study offers new insight for formulating the policies and intervention programs in the future.

Environmental lead exposure and its correlation with intelligence quotient level in children

BackgroundLead (Pb) is ubiquitous, naturally occurring heavy metal that has a neurotoxic effect on the CNS and causes a range of health problems in humans, including cognitive impairment. Its toxicity remains a worldwide health issue, especially in developing countries. In this study, we tend to investigate the relationship between Pb poisoning and sociodemographic status, intellectual and neurobehavioral capabilities of children. MethodsThe background characteristics of the research subjects were collected via questionnaire. The study involved 43 children, aged from 4 to 12 years. Blood lead (BL) levels were analysed by using anodic stripping voltammeter (ASV). Intelligence quotient (IQ) was another parameter that was assessed via using the Goodenough draw–A–person test in Pb exposed as well as control children. Although sociodemographic information was obtained in a questionnaire pattern from the parents. ResultsThe mean of BL level was 19.93 ± 9.22 μg/dL. BL levels were considerably higher with low social status (p < 0.05), maternal employment (p < 0.001) and the maximum time spent outdoors (p < 0.001). Source of water, age of subjects, type of house and kohl used by children was observed to be significantly correlated with BL levels i.e. (p < 0.05). IQ levels were decreased in a concentration dependent manner (p < 0.01). Negative correlations were found between BL levels and IQ levels (r = −0.963, <0.01). Girls were found to be higher IQ level than boys (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher socioeconomic status had a higher IQ level (p < 0.01) as compared to low. ConclusionBL levels were significantly associated with IQ levels. Sociodemographic characteristic was also found to be one of the risk factors that influenced the BL levels of children. Our investigations have demonstrated that the exposure of Pb severely affected the learning with memory, and the intelligence quotient of children, that is found inversely proportional in respect to BL levels.

Relationship among four functional classification systems and parent interpredicted intelligence level in children with different clinical types of cerebral palsy

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the relationships between four functional classification systems in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and parent-interpredicted intelligence level, and the functional status in clinical types of CP. Methods Two hundred and twenty-five children with CP ages between 2 and 18 (mean age 6.5 ± 4.4) years included using the Surveillance of CP in Europe (SCPE) database in Turkey. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) and Eating and Drinking Classification System (EDACS) levels were classified by clinical observation, and intelligence quotient (IQ) was determined by parent reports. Results Correlations were found between all functional levels; the strongest were between GMFCS-MACS (r = 0.784, p < .001), CFCS-EDACS (r = 0.772, p < .001). Strong correlations were found for the IQ-CFCS (r = 0.762, p < .001) and IQ-EDACS (r = 0.634, p < .001). Correlations were stronger in children with bilateral CP and IQ level <70. Conclusions Taken together, these four classification systems and reported IQ levels can adequately describe overall functioning for children with CP. Our results can guide clinicians in the rehabilitation of children with CP.

Impact of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) on Dental Caries amongst Socially Handicapped Orphan Children and Children Living with Their Parents.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the IQ and dental caries status of socially deprived orphan children and compare with children living with their parents.Study designFor comparison, 100 children in age-group 7-11 years, were divided in two groups: 50 orphanage children (orphanage-group) and 50 school-going children living with their families were included (home group). Raven's colored progressive matrices test was used to record the intelligence quotient (IQ) and dental caries status of children was recorded using dmft Index.ResultsThere was statistically significant difference between children with different levels of IQ for both the groups. However, the majority of children who belong to below average IQ score had higher dental caries.ConclusionChildren with better IQ had less dental caries. There was no difference in IQ and DMFT/dmft score between both the genders. The overall DMFT/dmft was high in children living with their parents when compared to orphanage children.How to cite this articleAgarwalla S. The Impact of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) on Dental Caries amongst Socially Handicapped Orphan Children and Children Living with Their Parents. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S230-S233.

Applied Study of Rasa and Raktasarata w.s.r. to Intelligent Quotient: A Survey

Background: Dhatu Sarata is defined as the supreme quality &amp; functional aspect of Dhatu. (2) Chakrapani described it as "Vishuddhatara Dhatu," which means the finest, purest &amp; excellent state of Dhatu. It is the actual test to measure an individual's strength (physical and mental). On the other hand, Intelligence is a feature that is defined to describe a person's cognitive abilities concerning their Sarata. Aim: The Present study primarily deals with intelligence quotient (IQ) &amp; its correlation with Dhatu Sarata through questionnaires &amp; assessments with special reference to Rasa and Rakta Sarata. Material &amp; methods: The present survey(Observational) study was conducted on apparently healthy individuals randomly selected from O.P.D/I.P.D. of Pt. Khushilal Sharma Government (Autonomous) Ayurvedic College and Institute, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), including students and staff of the college and people living in the surrounding areas. All the volunteers who have Rasa or Rakta Sarata evaluated by Ayursoft software were further assessed for IQ with the help of the Wechsler Adult intelligence scale online test with 20 questions. A non-parametric test (Spearman Correlation) was used to explore the correlation between the two variables, i.e., Rasa Sarta &amp;IQ and Rakta Sarta &amp; IQ, as at least one of the variables. Result &amp; observations: Out of 300 individuals, a total of 290 persons were found to be of Rasa Sara and Rakta Sara. There was a moderate correlation between Rasa Sarata &amp; IQ, while Rakta Sarta and IQ showed a strong positive correlation. These positive findings obtained through this study validate the classical reference about the clinical manifestation of Rasa &amp; Rakta Dhatusarata. Conclusion: Furthermore study can be carried out to find out its relationship with recent laboratory parameters. All remaining Dhatu Sarata can also be studied &amp; compared with IQ level.

Relationship of Study Habit to Intelligence Quotient Level and Academic Performance

Nothing is stronger than a habit. When a habit is already established in the system or routine of an individual, it promises great, or on the opposite, damaging result to the life of that individual. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship of study habit and Intelligence Quotient Level of high school students. Sixty high school students of Sta. Cruz, Laguna, Philippines participated in this study. It was found out that the mean level of study habit of high school students is 2.57 (frequent), the mean IQ level is 107 (average), and the mean level of academic performance is 84.12 (average). Also, it was found out that the study habit of high school students has nothing to do with their IQ level; study habit and academic performance of high school students has a low to moderate relationship, and the IQ level of high school students significantly affects their academic performance. A more frequent parent-teacher conference will play a very vital role in making the plan to create consistency. This, of course will materialize if parents have realized that they have a big part/role on their children’s achievement. Peers, parents and school should work together to improve students’ performance.

Applied Study of Rasa and Raktasarata w.s.r. to Intelligent Quotient: A Survey

Background: Dhatu Sarata is defined as the supreme quality &amp; functional aspect of Dhatu. (2) Chakrapani described it as "Vishuddhatara Dhatu," which means the finest, purest &amp; excellent state of Dhatu. It is the actual test to measure an individual's strength (physical and mental). On the other hand, Intelligence is a feature that is defined to describe a person's cognitive abilities concerning their Sarata. Aim: The Present study primarily deals with intelligence quotient (IQ) &amp; its correlation with Dhatu Sarata through questionnaires &amp; assessments with special reference to Rasa and Rakta Sarata. Material &amp; methods: The present survey (Observational) study was conducted on apparently healthy individuals randomly selected from O.P.D/I.P.D. of Pt. Khushilal Sharma Government (Autonomous) Ayurvedic College and Institute, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), including students and staff of the college and people living in the surrounding areas. All the volunteers who have Rasa or Rakta Sarata evaluated by Ayursoft software were further assessed for IQ with the help of the Wechsler Adult intelligence scale online test with 20 questions. A non-parametric test (Spearman Correlation) was used to explore the correlation between the two variables, i.e., Rasa Sarta &amp;IQ and Rakta Sarta &amp; IQ, as at least one of the variables. Result &amp; observations: Out of 300 individuals, a total of 290 persons were found to be of Rasa Sara and Rakta Sara. There was a moderate correlation between Rasa Sarata &amp; IQ, while Rakta Sarta and IQ showed a strong positive correlation. These positive findings obtained through this study validate the classical reference about the clinical manifestation of Rasa &amp; Rakta Dhatusarata. Conclusion: Furthermore study can be carried out to find out its relationship with recent laboratory parameters. All remaining Dhatu Sarata can also be studied &amp; compared with IQ level.

Effect of spirituality, exercise, music, and engagement with nature on intelligence, stress, and cognition

Background: Spirituality is recognition of a sense that there is something greater than myself. Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances physical fitness and overall health. Music is a universal language to express mind through tone and emotions. Nature is the physical world or the universe. Intelligence is the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand one’s own emotions and emotions of others. Adversity quotient deals with ability of a person to deal with adversities in life. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to study the effect of different interventions on intelligence, stress and cognitive functions. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed on 144 subjects in age group of 30–39 years. Their basal level of intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), resilience score (RS), acute stress score (ASS), perceived stress score (PSS), isometric handgrip (IHG), and stroop tests was recorded. The subjects were divided into four groups of 36 each. Four groups were allotted different interventions of spirituality practices, moderate intensity physical exercise, receptive music, and engagement with nature respectively for 1 month duration. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and post hoc tests along with student t-test were used for computing the results. Results: IQ, EQ, RS, ASS, IHG, PSS, and stroop subtests yielded mixed results with four interventions at different levels of significance. Conclusion: Although every intervention had different and positive impact on parameters, overall spiritual practices exhibited better response on parameters.

EFFECT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA ON INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT IN SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN OF PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

OBJECTIVE: To find the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on intelligence quotient (IQ) in school going children of Peshawar, Pakistan. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study a total of 153 children (male and female) of age 7-11 years were included. Socio-demographic questionnaire was designed for the collection of data. Blood specimens were collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and gel tubes. Complete blood count (CBC) was analyzed using fully automatic hematology analyzer (Model Sysmex XP-100, serial no.B2444) in EDTA blood. Ferritin levels were analyzed using chemistry analyzer (Model: Cobas e-6000), by Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) in serum. Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) was used for finding IQ of children. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-22. RESULTS: Out of 153 children 66 (43.1%) were females and 87 (56.9%) were males. The prevalence of IDA was 11.7%. The mean IQ of nuclear family (57.3±37.33) was significantly higher than joint family children (34.8±34.53). The mean IQ of male (41.7±35.0) is bit higher than female (39.0±38.62). In 153 children, 66 (43.1%) were normal, 33 (21.6%) were obese and 54 (35.3%) were underweight. IQ of below average children with the average ones shows significant difference with hemoglobin and hematocrit (HCT). IQ of iron deficient anemic children was significantly lower than the normal children. The mean IQ, hemoglobin and ferritin levels for children having IDA were 9.1±8.01 (percentile), 11.2±0.33 (g/dl), and 9.6±1.2 (ng/ml) respectively. CONCLUSION: Intelligence of school going children is significantly affected with IDA and they have low IQ values as compared to normal children.