Intelligence Activities Research Articles

Data driven intelligent action recognition and correction in sports training and teaching

Data driven intelligent action recognition and correction in sports training and teaching

A Public Sphere for AI

The present article addresses key elements of the unique ontology of AI and argues that these require the expansion of the public sphere, in order to successfully manage the entry of new intelligent actors in legally regulated relationships which are based on the identification of causal connections. In this sense it attempts to link law and political science, given that the governance of any phenomenon or field includes law and in particular the detection, of legally interesting, causal relationships. Regulating such relationships effectively offers legal certainty, which in turn is a fundamental element of effective governance. In our self- evidently, human- centered world, whether we are talking about natural persons, or for legal persons, it is self- evident that there is, in the end, a human hand behind the causal relations with which law is involved. Once other, non- human, intelligent actors gradually enter the forefront, these causal relations become further complicated. It is on these complications and their impact that we focus.

Open source intelligence and AI: a systematic review of the GELSI literature

Today, open source intelligence (OSINT), i.e., information derived from publicly available sources, makes up between 80 and 90 percent of all intelligence activities carried out by Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) and intelligence services in the West. Developments in data mining, machine learning, visual forensics and, most importantly, the growing computing power available for commercial use, have enabled OSINT practitioners to speed up, and sometimes even automate, intelligence collection and analysis, obtaining more accurate results more quickly. As the infosphere expands to accommodate ever-increasing online presence, so does the pool of actionable OSINT. These developments raise important concerns in terms of governance, ethical, legal, and social implications (GELSI). New and crucial oversight concerns emerge alongside standard privacy concerns, as some of the more advanced data analysis tools require little to no supervision. This article offers a systematic review of the relevant literature. It analyzes 571 publications to assess the current state of the literature on the use of AI-powered OSINT (and the development of OSINT software) as it relates to the GELSI framework, highlighting potential gaps and suggesting new research directions.

Deception and Manipulation in an Intelligence Liaison Relationship: U.S.–Pakistani Negotiations and the 1980s Afghan Program

Small-state leaders can profit enormously by collaborating with great powers on clandestine intelligence activities. The United States historically has provided billions of dollars in military and economic aid to intelligence liaison partners that host intelligence collections facilities or support joint covert operations. While many of these relationships are characterized by trust and mutual benefit, others are subject to a constant struggle for control. Unlike the scrutiny paid to overt base negotiations, this clandestine bargaining largely has been overlooked in intelligence and International Relations literature. This review of the negotiations surrounding the U.S.–Pakistani joint covert operations in Afghanistan during the 1980s addresses this void. Declassified documents and memoirs reveal that Pakistani leaders deliberately deceived Washington as to their motives and commitment to the joint Afghan program in order to maximize their negotiating leverage. This case study demonstrates that acquiring accurate information regarding a partner’s intentions is a critical factor in determining power dynamics within an intelligence liaison relationship.

COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE AND OPEN SOURCE INTELLIGENCE – USEFUL TOOLS FOR COMPETITIVE BUSINESS

According to principles of economic security, in this era of globalization and interdependencies, we understand that economic agents work competitively in uncertain markets. In the current international economic field, we cannot find either a perfect balance or long-term security conditions. Yet, this insecurity has the ability to stimulate the competitive field, to encourage innovation and adaptive competences. The anticipation of rapid evolutions and transformations which occur within markets or different industries represents a challenge which company managers handle with increasing difficulty. Even though much scholarly attention is paid to conceptual elements of competitive intelligence and its benefits, little is known about the way open-source intelligence can act like an instrument. This paper addresses this gap in the literature and analyze the way open-source intelligence can provide support for competitive intelligence actions.

Intelligent Retrofitting Paradigm for Conventional Machines towards the Digital Triplet Hierarchy

Industry 4.0 is evolving through technological advancements, leveraging information technology to enhance industry with digitalisation and intelligent activities. Whereas Industry 5.0 is the Age of Augmentation, striving to concentrate on human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience of the intelligent factories and synergetic industry. The crucial enhancer for the improvements accomplished by digital transformation is the notion of ‘digital triplet D3’, which is an augmentation of the digital twin with artificial intelligence, human ingenuity, and experience. digital triplet D3 encompasses intelligent activities based on human awareness and the convergence among cyberspace, physical space, and humans, in which Implementing useful reference hierarchy is a crucial part of instigating Industry 5.0 into a reality. This paper depicts a digital triplet which discloses the potency of retrofitting a conventional drilling machine. This hierarchy included the perceptive level for complex decision-making by deploying machine learning based on human ingenuity and creativity, the concatenated level for controlling the physical system’s behaviour predictions and emulation, the observing level is the iterative observation of the actual behaviour of the physical system using real-time data, and the duplicating level visualises and emulates virtual features through physical tasks. The accomplishment demonstrated the viability of the hierarchy in imitating the real-time functionality of the physical system in cyberspace, an immaculate performance of this paradigm. The digital triplet’s complexity was diminished through the interaction among facile digital twins, intelligent activities, and human awareness. The performance parameters of the digital triplet D3 paradigm for retrofitting were eventually confirmed through appraising, anomaly analysis, and real-time monitoring.

Proksi-obavještajna delatnost i klasifikacija obavještajnih aktera na primeru SAD

This paper provides a definition of proxy intelligence and a classification of intelligence actors using the United States as a model. The activity of the main U.S intelligence actors is briefly discussed. An intelligence service is defined as a service provided by both state and non-state intelligence actors. Document analysis, content analysis and comparative method were used. Based on the study conducted, it was concluded that the U.S. actively uses non-state intelligence actors, particularly private intelligence companies, in its political activities. Their role, contribution and significance in making foreign policy decisions are defined. "An intelligence service" is systematized as a specific service that intelligence agencies provide to their clients. Based on the conclusions reached, practical recommendations are proposed to the Russian authorities to build communication and business relations with Russian private intelligence companies. Based on the finding obtained in this study, a course in the Political Science, Information and Hybrid Warfare master's degree program at Moscow State University was designed.

The Tricking Actions of Witty Figures in Folk Stories

Even though witty figures in folk stories are brave and resourceful, they still use tricking actions to achieve their goals in special condition. Actually, the cognitive logic behind cajoling is consistent with intelligent actions which still reflects ordinary people's deep-seated pursuit of justice and fairness. The superficial cheating methods of folk witty figures do not weaken their artistic appeal, on the contrary, when powerful class makes troubles or in the process that they consciously deceives the upper class basing on given aims, witty figures' seemingly tricking actions strengthen the public's morality.

The construction and operation of the Southern Security Forces in the period 1973-1975

The role of the Vietnam Workers’ Party in shaping the organizational structure and operation of the Southern security forces in the period 1972-1975 is a topic of considerably historical and academic significance. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the process of construction, development, and operation of the Southern Security Forces during the struggle to implement the Paris Agreement and for the complete liberation of the South, leading to the reunification of the country (1973-1975) the Party’s leadership. The research results have further clarified the process of strengthening and enhancing the Southern Security Forces, reorganizing the organizational structure, intensifying operations, thwarting espionage and intelligence activities by the United States and the Republic of Vietnam government, contributing to a comparative shift in the balance of forces on the battlefield, ultimately culminating in the victory of the General Offensive and Uprising of Spring 1975. In the endeavor of the nation building and safeguarding, the mission of ensuring national security holds a uniquely critical position and is one of the decisive factors for the political stability and comprehensive development of the nation. The study of the construction and operation of the Southern Security Forces during the period of resistance against the United States, especially in the years 1973-1975, not only revisits an arduous and heroic journey in the history of the Vietnam People's Public Security’s confrontation with epoch-making international significance, but also reignites the people’s pride in the contemporary mission of safeguarding the nation's security.

Борьба Сакской подпольной организации с нацистскими оккупантами. 1942–1944 гг.

In the article, based on both previously unknown and published documents, there is considered the history of the underground struggle of Valentin Vyacheslavovich Kamler in the territory of the city of Saki of the Crimean ASSR. The author used materials from: the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, the archival department (municipal archive) of the administration of the city of Saki, the museum of local history and mud therapy of the city of Saki. The actions of the underground workers are analyzed, including the following aspects: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation; collection, manufacture and storage of ammunition, military equipment; intelligence activities; the attraction of personnel from Nazi-allied foreign military contingents to the side of the Soviet government. In this work for the first time since the end of the Great Patriotic War, the names of the provocateurs who extradited V. V. Kamler and his associates to the Nazi special services and the police, are named. The publication is addressed primarily to researchers of the underground resistance movement, local historians and publicists

Construction of an operator support system utilizing Digital Triplet

In recent years, as typified by Industry 4.0, the digitalization of the manufacturing industry has been promoted. "Digital Triplet" has been proposed, which consists of a digital twin consisting of the physical and cyber worlds and a world of intelligent activity where operators perform value-producing activities by utilizing the digital twin. In this study, a system to support operators by formalizing tacit knowledge was constructed based on the concept of Digital Triplet for the CAM process in mold manufacturing. The CAM process is the process of creating programs for machining molds using machine tools This process is an important process related to accuracy and delivery time of molds. In this study, a generic description, process modeling language for Digital Triplet (PD3), was formulated to record the intelligent activities of operators as process models, based on the concept of Digital Triplet. The works of the CAM process were described as a process model by PD3, and an operator support system was built by implementing the process model. In a case study of supporting unskilled operators in the CAM process, it was confirmed that unskilled operators could design appropriate machining processes using the operator support system, compared to the case where no support is provided.

John Chrysostom on the Roman-Persian Wars

The writings of St. John Chrysostom include numerous information about Persia and the Persians. Some of them relate to military history and reflect the military and military-political realities of Roman-Persian relations in the John Chrysostom’s period. The main part of the information reported by John Chrysostom about the Roman-Persian wars is connected with the Persian expedition of the emperor Julian the Apostate in 363 AD. The Saint explains the unsuccessful outcome of the campaign of 363 for the Romans by the fact that Julian organized anti-Christian persecutions. So, the death of Julian during the campaign is interpreted by John Chrysostom as a Divine punishment. The saint leaves the question of the death of the emperor open, not leaning towards any of the versions that circulated at that time. The description by John Chrysostom of the invasion of the Roman army into Persia in many details coincides with the information of our main source - the “Res Gestae” by Ammianus Marcellinus, who was not only a contemporary of the saint, but also the participant of the events of 363 AD. This indicates a high degree of reliability of the information reported by John Chrysostom. At the same time, the saint demonstrates an ambivalent attitude towards the Persians, considering them, on the one hand, barbarians and opponents of Rome, and, on the other hand, a people demonstrating high moral qualities (in particular, humanity towards the Romans). In addition, John Chrysostom reports some information about the activities of the Persian military intelligence.

Dynamically Scaled Fuzzy Control of Autonomous Intelligent Actor

Dynamically Scaled Fuzzy Control of Autonomous Intelligent Actor

Dislocated accountabilities in the “AI supply chain”: Modularity and developers’ notions of responsibility

Responsible artificial intelligence guidelines ask engineers to consider how their systems might harm. However, contemporary artificial intelligence systems are built by composing many preexisting software modules that pass through many hands before becoming a finished product or service. How does this shape responsible artificial intelligence practice? In interviews with 27 artificial intelligence engineers across industry, open source, and academia, our participants often did not see the questions posed in responsible artificial intelligence guidelines to be within their agency, capability, or responsibility to address. We use Suchman's “located accountability” to show how responsible artificial intelligence labor is currently organized and to explore how it could be done differently. We identify cross-cutting social logics, like modularizability, scale, reputation, and customer orientation, that organize which responsible artificial intelligence actions do take place and which are relegated to low status staff or believed to be the work of the next or previous person in the imagined “supply chain.” We argue that current responsible artificial intelligence interventions, like ethics checklists and guidelines that assume panoptical knowledge and control over systems, could be improved by taking a located accountability approach, recognizing where relations and obligations might intertwine inside and outside of this supply chain.

Getting Sophisticated: In Favor of Hybrid Views of Skilled Action in Expertise

The long history of research and debate surrounding expertise has emphasized the importance of both automaticity and intelligent deliberation in the control of skilled, expert action – and often, their mutual exclusion of one another. To the contrary, recent developments in the cognitive science of skill implicate the likelihood of a third, hybrid line of interpretation and a new path forward. This paper surveys these recent developments, arguing that hybrid models of expertise and skill are the most fruitful way forward in interpreting and conducting research on experts. I categorize a new set of interpretations of skill as ‘sophisticated hybrid models’ owing to the fact that they deny the mutual exclusion of automaticity from intelligent action control. I then argue that this interpretive strategy is the most fruitful way forward to making clear much of the complexity of skilled action and expertise.

Romanian Military Intelligence Activities in the Territory of Modern Ukraine during World War II

Romanian Military Intelligence Activities in the Territory of Modern Ukraine during World War II

Data integration systems and bibliometrics

The expansion and multiplication of information sources and their heterogeneity on the Web are one of the main difficulties encountered by users today. As a result, the integration of information is essential. It enables data from several sources to be brought together and consolidated. A concrete case of this diversity of information concerns the use of bibliometrics to analyze the literature indexed in bibliographic databases. Indeed, huge amounts of information are generated every day in scientific databases, and the proper analysis and decoding of this data are essential to uncover patterns of collaboration, emerging trends, research constituents, etc. These data would provide a solid basis for the development of new research projects. This information would constitute a solid basis for initiating a strategic and economic intelligence activity....

FBI Opposition to German and Japanese Nationalist Organizations in the United States (1941–1945)

In modern research on the history of the United States in World War II, it is quite popular to study the opposition of the American special services and, in particular, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to various organizations of the German and Japanese diasporas in new historical conditions. The appeal to traditional methods of historical research, comparative studies and the principles of historicism will make it possible to more accurately trace the process of tightening the counterintelligence work of the Bureau and the close connection of concerns about the involvement of public organizations in the intelligence activities of the enemy. The broadcast of nationalist ideas by various communities of Germans and Japanese under the auspices of their governments quickly attracted the attention of the FBI, which is in the process of consolidating its powers as the main US counterintelligence service. At the same time, the investigations and trials conducted by the John Edgar Hoover department following these investigations often had an openly political color and increasingly consolidated the beginning of a political investigation in this service. This practice and its implementation ran into a tough contradiction between the legal norms of America, which proclaimed "democratic values," the right to freedom of speech and the needs to strengthen the internal security of the state and society in wartime. All these processes and the associated nuances and complexities are considered on specific examples of the work of federal agents against various pro-German and pro-Japanese organizations in the period 1941-45.

The Inadequacy of the October 2022 New US Presidential Executive Order on Enhancing Safeguards for United States Signals Intelligence Activities

The Inadequacy of the October 2022 New US Presidential Executive Order on Enhancing Safeguards for United States Signals Intelligence Activities

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТА ВЕДЕННЯ ОСОБОВОЇ РОЗВІДКИ ОРГАНАМИ РОЗВІДКИ ФОРМУВАНЬ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПІД ЧАС УЧАСТІ У ВІДСІЧІ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ

The article examines the peculiarities of organization and conduct of personal intelligence by the defense forces of Ukraine based on the analysis of experience in performing reconnaissance tasks during the repulsion of full-scale armed aggression by the russian federation. It clarifies the list of main tasks of personal intelligence in modern conditions and discusses the problematic issues related to the collection of intelligence information from the local population. It describes general approaches to obtaining information through the analysis of social media and monitoring services used for this purpose. Furthermore, it outlines the ways to further develop the capabilities of personal intelligence within the National Guard of Ukraine. Personal intelligence, in this article, refers to a complex of measures and actions carried out by designated units using methods of acquiring information from human resources (sources) in order to provide intelligence information to military command (staff) for the purpose of preparing and conducting combat (special) operations by military units (subunits) of the defense forces of Ukraine. It provides detailed information that helps confirm or refute intelligence information, enables obtaining answers to specific questions, and increases the reliability of information used by defense management authorities for decision-making. Conducting personal intelligence through obtaining information from the local population is one of the effective methods of collecting intelligence information in dynamic combat situations. This approach involves interacting with individuals residing in territories occupied by the enemy or having access to valuable information concerning enemy actions, population attitudes, significant events, and other intelligence-relevant aspects. In addition to obtaining information from the local population, gathering intelligence from open sources is a particular tool that helps collect valuable data for the effective execution of reconnaissance tasks by intelligence units within the National Guard of Ukraine formations. The acquisition of intelligence information from the local population and open sources is an integral component of reconnaissance activities. These processes assist reconnaissance units in having a comprehensive understanding of the situation, ensuring the timeliness and accuracy of intelligence information, thereby contributing to the successful accomplishment of tasks and ensuring national security by the National Guard of Ukraine formations. The experience of organizing and conducting personal intelligence activities to provide reconnaissance support for operations of the defense forces in countering the aggression of the russian federation allows drawing conclusions that intelligence from open sources, including the actions of the population regarding documenting and disseminating information about enemy activities, significantly contributes to enhancing the capabilities of reconnaissance support for defense operations in repelling armed aggression.