Intellectual World Research Articles

Science and Medicine

Abstract The works reviewed here explore a broad range of topics within the field of science, medicine, and technology studies. We have divided the chapter into three sections organized around a conceptual link. In the first section, Anna K. Sagal reviews two monographs that employ oceanic studies to explore novel forms of community and connection: Michele Currie Navakas’s Coral Lives: Literature, Labor, and the Making of America, and Hannah Freed-Thall’s Modernism at the Beach: Queer Ecologies and the Coastal Commons. In the second section, William J. Ryan examines two monographs that forcefully interrogate Western definitions of cognition and intellect: Sara E. Johnson’s Encyclopédie Noire: The Making of Moreau de Saint Méry’s Intellectual World and Abigail Williams’s Reading It Wrong: An Alternative History of Early Eighteenth-Century Literature. In the final section, Leah Benedict reviews an edited anthology that explores numerous exchanges between technology and culture: Kristen M. Girten and Aaron R. Hanlon’s British Literature and Technology, 1600–1830.

A Library in One Volume – The Notebook of the Nineteenth-Century Ismāʿīlī Scholar Sayyidī Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Hamdānī from Surat

Abstract The focus of this article is the eminent Ismāʿīlī scholar Sayyidī Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Hamdānī (1833–98) and his private notebook, which over time he filled with a wide variety of content, ranging across religions, history, the sciences and mathematics, literature, and the occult. The multiple-text manuscript (majmūʿa) is part of the Hamdani Manuscript Collection, now at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London (Ms. 1662). Al-Hamdānī, who is known as an important protagonist in the history of this family library, was also a “moving spirit” in the Daʿwa, the religious and political mission of the Ismāʿīlī Dāʾūdī Bohra Ṭayyibīs in Gujarat. As most of his epistles and his memoirs are not accessible and have not been researched until now, the notebook provides a preliminary testimony, opening a window to his intellectual world. In this article, this unique document is presented in its historical context and described in terms of its materiality, content and use. It is considered as a rich source of information about its owner and the literary holdings a nineteenth-century Bohra scholar could draw on. We also ask what role the personal manuscript might have played with respect to Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Hamdānī’s religious commitments in the Ṭayyibī Daʿwa.

The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. Edited by Lewis Ayres, Michael W. Champion, and Matthew R. Crawford

<i>The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions</i>. Edited by Lewis Ayres, Michael W. Champion, and Matthew R. Crawford

The Mapping of Shen Congwen in Characters of the Western Hunan world under the Perspective of Identity in the 1930s

The 1930s was an important turning point in the history of China's development, and the turbulence of the times also affected the spiritual world of intellectuals. Amidst the literary world of different schools of thought, Shen Congwen, with his unique identity, constructed a world of Western Hunan blending local customs and cultural atmosphere. In the 1930s, Shen Congwen, on the one hand, held fast to his self-identity as a countryman by virtue of his bloodline rooted in the countryside, and on the other hand, his life experience of moving from the countryside to the city enabled him to gain the identity of a "marginal man" in the society. While hovering between the urban and rural areas ,this led Shen to create a lot of far-reaching, complex and diversified characters in the western Hunan world. This process also reveals the impact of the formation of the Dual urban-rural structure on the author.

A Comunidade Derivativa

In this article, Erik Bordeleau presents, as a form of anarchic resistance to the capitalist logic, The Sphere project in which he is involved. For the author, The Sphere can be understood as a virtual space for exchanges between artistic processes and financing practices, whose root comes from a need to give new understanding to the meaning and use of digital media. He also states that the project is specifically interested in promoting the integration of creators, producers and the public, enabling an ecosystem that facilitates the alignment between interests and purposes through a spirit of speculative generosity. Therefore, the author uses reflections from renowned figures in the intellectual world, such as, for example, Deleuze and Guattari, Hito Steyerl, Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Rancière and Yuk Hui fundamentally to propose the defense of the need for a new look at crypto and blockchain technology, considering the decentralization provided by DAOs and Web3. Generating new forms of rhizomatic organization, instead of nostalgic notions of mass organization, ends up producing the possibility of codifying relations of equity through vectors of mutual participation.

The Intellectual World of Phillis Wheatley and the Politics of Genius

Abstract: This article examines the life and work of Phillis Wheatley and her interlocutors to consider how African-descended people conceptualized liberty and formed an intellectual community during the American Revolution. Her poetry and epistolary exchanges, shared with a range of acquaintances in the Atlantic World, reveal an intellectual universe that she created for herself and one that drew her into the political spotlight. Leaders of the founding generation began to question the intellectual possibilities for an African girl in ways that held political implications for the future of slavery. I argue that Wheatley's life and work opens critical avenues for exploring intellectualism as an aspiration of Black life in early America, and that her world of ideas sheds light on the possibilities of Black girlhood in the late eighteenth century.

AESTHETICS IN THE WORK OF ABULKASIM FIRDAVS

In this article, the author presented his research results on the function of existentialism. Existentialism has become a significant phenomenon in Western culture. This philosophy greatly influenced the work of artists Alberto Giacometti and Jackson Pollock, as well as film directors Jean-Luc Godard and Ingmar Bergman. This concept still plays a significant role in the intellectual world today

Une figure oubliée de la promotion de la culture roumaine en France : Marcel Montandon et les « Lettres roumaines » dans le Mercure de France (1905–1914)

A Forgotten Figure in the Promotion of Romanian Culture in France: Marcel Montandon and His “Lettres roumaines” in Mercure de France (1905–1914) From 1896 to 1940, the “Lettres étrangères” section of the Mercure de France magazine presented foreign literatures and cultures in the form of more or less regular columns aimed at a cultivated Frenchspeaking readership. Romania made its debut in 1905 under the pen of Marcel Montandon, a Swiss art critic and columnist born in Bucharest and living in Munich, who delivered 38 in-depth and regular articles until 1914. The presentation of this little-known corpus and its author provides an insight into the wealth of Romanian cultural production during this period, the arguments of the time and the choices and opinions of the author, standing as a cultural mediator between two intellectual worlds.

EXISTENTIALISM AND ITS FUNCTION

In this article, the author presented his research resultson the function of existentialism. Existentialism has become a significant phenomenon in Western culture. This philosophy greatly influenced the work of artists Alberto Giacometti and Jackson Pollock, as well as film directors Jean-Luc Godard and Ingmar Bergman. This concept still plays a significant role in the intellectual world today

RUDAKI AND HIS SOME PHILOSOPHICAL AND ETHICAL VIEWS

In this article, the author presented his research results on the function of existentialism. Existentialism has become a significant phenomenon in Western culture. This philosophy greatly influenced the work of artists Alberto Giacometti and Jackson Pollock, as well as film directors Jean-Luc Godard and Ingmar Bergman. This concept still plays a significant role in the intellectual world today

Matteo Ricci and the New Horizon of the Intellectual World in late Ming: A Response to Prof. XIE Wenyu’s Article “The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven and the Differences in Concerns between Chinese and Western Thinking”

With the publication and circulation of The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven by Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) since the late Ming Dynasty, related criticisms abound. On the whole, the accusations against this book are no more than three: invoking backward medieval theosophy and science, misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the indigenous Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and a missionary hermeneutics in the style of "for my own use". This article is a response to Prof. XIE Wenyu's article on The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven. The article responds to each of the points in Prof. Xie Wenyu's article from ten aspects. The article argues that Matteo Ricci and The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven played a positive role in the cultural exchanges between China and the West and the development of Confucianism in the late Ming Dynasty. If this role is not considered to be significant, the reason lies not in Matteo Ricci himself, but in Confucianism itself.

The Alchemies of Science: The Kīmīyā Concept Across Persian and Urdu Intellectual Worlds

Abstract This article explores the transformation of the kīmīyā concept across Persian and Urdu intellectual worlds in South Asia. It shows how kīmīyā, a premodern alchemical tradition, transformed in the nineteenth century to become the primary Urdu translative equivalent to chemistry and a popular synonym for wealth. The article argues that these changes were a result of changing conditions of knowledge production, specifically the expansion of print, as well as the arrival of new forms of knowledge, such as chemistry and political economy. In doing so, the article offers a new case study to think about the semantic and conceptual transformation of premodern bodies of scientific knowledge in colonial modernity.

The Golden Age of Islamic Intellectuals and The Development of Science During The Abbasid Dynasty

This paper aims to examine the era of Islamic intellectual packaging during the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid during the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad. History has recorded that during the reign of the Abbasid dynasty, Muslims were truly at the peak of their glory and led world civilization at that time. The reign of the Abbasid dynasty was a "golden age" in the history of Islamic civilization, especially during the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun. Harun al-Rashid is considered by historians to be the greatest and most brilliant caliph who brought the Abbasid dynasty to its golden age. He ruled for 23 years and made this dynasty achieve progress and glory in the fields of politics, economy, trade, science and Islamic civilization. This research concludes that the Abbasid Dynasty was the heyday of Islam in various fields, especially science and science. Islamic intellectual progress at that time was due to the caliph's love of science, the establishment of the Baitul Hikmah library, and the movement to translate various books and literature into and out of Arabic played a major role in shaping the Islamic intellectual world at that time.

Emili Du Châtelet – on Matter

This paper draws on Emily du Châtelet, an early 18th Century philosopher’s life and work to reflect on posthuman feminist theory’s redefinition of the historical feminist project away from emancipatory, dialectical epistemologies in relation to science. In her 1740 published book, Institution de Physics (Foundations of Physics), du Châtelet, in an enlightenment fashion turns to empiricism in an attempt to explain the physical world and specifically bodily agency. It is empiricism that leads her to critic both the Cartesians as well as the Newtonians disembodied account of force. Turning to Leibniz’s metaphysics, du Châtelet critiques Newton’s theory of bodies and gravity and in its place suggests a vital, agential approach to matter. Having an insight into her intellectual world at the dawn of enlightenment renders the lacuna of our scientific paradigm to account for bodies as a nonlogical one and affirms technoscience/ posthuman feminist transformative project.

Comparison of the Novels of Najib al-Kilani and Jurji Zaidan in Terms of Subject

Literature involves emotional communication between the writer and the reader based on literary taste and artistic sensibilities. Also, it transforms into a medium through which the writer aims to influence and guide the reader according to his thoughts and ideas. Two productive authors of modern Egyptian literature, Najib al-Kilani (1931-1995) and Jurji Zaydan (1861-1914) have strived to establish a connection with their readers that encompasses both literary pleasure and artistic expression, as well as intellectual and ideological communication. In this study, a comparison has been made between the novels of these two authors. Najib al-Kilani, an Egyptian writer who conducted research and authored works on the theory of Islamic literature, defines Islamic literature as follows: "It addresses the subjects of humanity, the universe, life, and their relationships from an Islamic perspective beautifully and artistically." Having produced around eighty works across various literary genres, including novels, plays, poetry, and short stories, al-Kilani aimed to embody this perspective of Islamic literature in his writings. In this vein, he delved into Islamic history in some of his novels, seeking to instill a sense of historical awareness among Muslims, encouraging them to unite around their shared history. In another segment of his novels, he focused on the issues faced by contemporary Muslims, ranging from Palestine to Africa, Central Asia to the Far East, intending to draw the attention of Muslims worldwide to the suffering Muslim regions. Some of the author's works have been translated into Turkish. Another author whose works have been translated into Turkish is Jurji Zaydan. In addition to his articles published in al-Hilal for twenty-two years, he wrote works on history, the Arabic language, and social issues, and authored historical novels. Among them, Tarikh al-Tamaddun al-Islamiled to his appointment to the Chair of Islamic Studies at Cairo University. Zaydan has written around forty works in total. He has a stance that roots Arab nationalism in Islamic history, attributing the entire Islamic history as the heritage of the Arab nation. In most of his works, the influences of orientalists' perspectives on Islam and Islamic history are evident. In his novels focusing on the early period of Islamic history, he depicted the conflicts among Muslims. Whereas in those portraying later periods, Zaydan predominantly dealt with the conflicts, disputes, and dramatic events stemming from ethnic and sectarian differences. Both authors have chosen certain events from Islamic history and developments within Muslim societies as central themes in some of their novels, but they approached these subjects according to their individual priorities. We will conduct a comparative analysis examining four novels from each author. The information regarding the novels is concise and succinct. Therefore, the research highlights how the themes in these novels are portrayed by the two authors with different perspectives and bring the literature's influence on the intellectual world to the research community’s attention.

The Struggle of the Prophet Muhammad SAW in Building the ummah of Islam: A Story of Sacrifice and Courage

Background. Based on his life journey, the prophet Muhammad has always been a hot topic of conversation among the world's intellectuals (Ondeng, 2004). Da'wah is the main pillar in the teachings of Islam, because it has woven every story of the Prophet Muhammad's life. Purpose. In the midst of this difficult situation, the prophet Muhammad and his companions did everything they could to maintain the security and safety of Muslims. The emergence of these various problems shows that the truth of Islam is challenged to provide the right solution. Method. This research uses a literature study that collects and analyzes data related to the Prophet Muhammad's struggle in building Muslims. Results. Before Islam came through the prophet Muhammad, the Arabs believed in the existence of gods through the worship of idols and these were made of stone. During his childhood, Prophet Muhammad always contemplated the lives of the Jahiliyyah people and regularly visited the cave of Hira. On the 27th of Rajab in 610 AD prophet Muhammad was sent as an apostle. The Quran is a sacred revelation delivered directly by God to Prophet Muhammad. Conclusion. So based on the description above, the author will explain the struggle of the Prophet Muhammad to free Muslims from the grasp of the hands of the infidels. So compelling is the life of the Prophet Muhammad, a story colored by divine light and unwavering glory.

초고령사회에서 에이징-테크와 웰-에이징의 공존성 연구

This study aims to improve quality of life for the elderly population and strengthen care services through age-friendly technology as an effective method to preemptively respond to a super-aged society. The aim is to provide an opportunity to consider artificial intelligence care robots without leaning towards either side, such as groundless blueprints for artificial intelligence care robots or vague fears caused by misinformation. In other words, wethis study explores how “Aging-Tech” and “Well-Aging” can coexist, avoiding bias to one side or being antagonistic, with a focus on either the perspective of AI technology or the humanities of old age. It is not a one-sided point of view but rather a fused point of view, and it is intended to reveal its positive role in how the two can maintain a relationship and be one be fused structure. In a situation where Korea is entering a super-aged structure, artificial intelligence robots, a type of “aging-tech,” do not focus on “anti-aging” as a negative meaning to reverse the trajectory of aging or the end of aging. The goal here is to look at how we can contribute to the humanities of the elderly while expanding the scope and target of the field of ‘caring.’ Some even refer to this as the starting point of the 5th industrial revolution. In other words, it is the 5th industrial revolution that will launch the era in which humans and robots cooperate for mutual benefit. In the 5th industrial revolution, robots are positioned as human companions and, thanks to that, the possibility of human ability, that is, the intellectual world, will be explored more than ever before in developing into a world different from the past before. In other words, through the convergence of well-aging and aging-tech, the elderly will no longer be alienated from the mainstream but rather will be able to glimpse the possibility that they will be spotlighted in a new revolution.

Manuskrip Beraksara Jawi Pada Khazanah Pustaka EAP British Library

Jawi script is Arabic/hijaiyah letters with 6 additional letters as local modifications which -when read or pronounced- form Malay words/sentences. This Jawi script is proof of the influence of Islam in the archipelago. This study is historical research employing literature analysis examining the Jawi script collection within the digital library provided by the Endangered Archives Program (EAP) Riau manuscripts: The Gateway to The Malay Intellectual World (EAP153). The data obtained was then analyzed qualitatively through historiography descriptive analysis. The data was then discussed by comparing with other literacy sources such as journals, books and internet sources. Malay manuscripts stored in the British Library EAP library &amp; Linggam Cahaya Library consist of 454 manuscripts including 65 (14%) written in Dutch, 30 (6.6%) written in Indonesian, 3 (0.7%) written in Arabic, 2 (2) 0.4%) written in English and 353 Jawi manuscripts (78%) and 118 bi-lingual literature collections. Based on the Jawi manuscripts provided in the EAP British Library collection and that of Linggam Cahaya Library, it can be understood that the use of Jawi writing provides an overview of the socio-cultural conditions of Malay at the time. It is also revealed that there had been ups and downs in the use of Jawi script. In the 19th century Jawi writing was the government official script, the most mastered script by the community, a sign of identity and a resistance symbol against colonialism. The prestige of Jawi script began to decline since school system spread and the use of Latin script in the schooling world started as the impact of the ethical politics of 1901.

O nouă apropiere franco-română: bimilenarul naşterii lui Publius Ovidius Naso în 1957 (o mărturie în Arhivele Naţionale ale Franţei)

Like many other aspects of the society, Romanian cultural life underwent radical changes during the first years of the communist regime. Apart from the new course imprinted by ideological pressure, it has become impoverished, forced to ignore its national traditions and it cut its ties with a large part of the intellectual world. The way in which, step by step, the cultural landscape freed itself from a double isolation constitutes a process worthy of interest for cultural history. In this sense, the events around the celebration of Ovid in 1957 represent lessons for the rediscovery of a symbol of the cultural past and of universal culture under the sign of the classical heritage. But it is also representative of another reality: at a time when traditional Franco-Romanian relations are seriously affected by the radical deterioration of diplomatic dialogue between the two countries, this event offers the opportunity for a new meeting between their intellectuals. Some unpublished sources existing in the National Archives of France corroborated with the reading of part of the Romanian press of the time allow us to reconstruct the importance of this episode.

Localizing Learning: The Literati Enterprise in Wuzhou, 1100–1600 by Peter K. Bol

<i>Localizing Learning: The Literati Enterprise in Wuzhou, 1100–1600</i> by Peter K. Bol