Intellectual Tendency Research Articles

Диалектический взгляд на нарушенную гармонию в военных письмах немецких студентов 1914–1918 годов

In this article the collection of letters written by voluntary students during the First World War is analyzed from a philosophical point of view. The collection was assembled by Philipp Witkop during the years of the First World War and after it. The author of the article analyzes two philosophical tendencies of materialism and idealism, which appear in the letters. These two philosophical tendencies are considered as phenomena of well-ordered life in peaceful times. The main material of this research is the original text of the collection of letters, as compiled by Philipp Witkop. Then, the texts of Clausewitz, Scheler, Heidegger and Ernst Jünger were added to further enrich the scope of the study. To assess the genuinity and political meaning of the compilation of letters, the author consulted with the contemporary researchers and their results. The main method of this study is the method of reading the text, conducting conceptual analysis and then attempting to develop a philosophical scheme in order to create a senseful context of what was read. Finally, the attempt is made to reunify the contradictions which were discovered as a result of the textual analysis. This attempt of reunification of the discovered contradictions is called the dialectical synthesis. Thus, the dialectical method is one of the important methods employed during the course of this study. The phenomenon of war could be successfully defined as a phenomenon of the destruction of the harmony of usual, peaceful order of life in a state. The author comes to the conclusion that the content of the letters can be mainly divided in two subgroups. The first subgroup is the subgroup of Idealism. Roughly speaking, these are the students who are enthusiastic about the participation in the war. They have an intellectual tendency towards collectivism. The second subgroup is the subgroup of materialism. This is the subgroup of those students who do not approve of the war. The mindset of these students can be called individualistic. Finally, some letters which attempt to create a dialectical synthesis of these two tendencies could be identified. This dialectical synthesis overcomes the fear of death. But it does not abandon the value of the individual conciousness and the individual personality. The discovery of the dialectical syntheses gives the prove that there can be a more complex attitude towards the historical phenomenon of war as a destructor of well-ordered harmony. It is possible not only to be afraid of death and miss the peaceful times, but also to radically welcome the new times of war. The author highlights the complexity of the human being. But at the same time, the author offers an argument for the possibility to create a senseful philosophical scheme to make sense of the complex properties of the human experience.

تطبيق نظام التصنيع بالاستجابة السريعة (QRM) في الشركات الصناعية السودانية وأثره على خفض التكلفة وتحقيق الميزة التنافسية للفترة من 2017-2021 (دراسة تحليلية)

The study aimed to shed light which the quick response manufacturing system (QRM) can be applied in Sudanese industrial companies and its impact on reducing costs and achieving competitive advantage by reducing lead times and deleting activities that do not add value and the consequent reduction in cost and speed in completing production processes and work orders In general which leads to gain customers confidence in the price and quality of products and thus increasing the competitive advantage. The research objective identifies the methods and elements of the quick response manufacturing system which are used to influence cost reduction and achieve a competitive advantage in Sudanese industrial companies. The researcher has used the deductive approach when choosing a problem, the study and the development of scientific hypotheses. In addition to, the statistical analysis that has relied on the field study. The study population and sample consist of a group of accountants, production managers, engineers and technologists. The most important results By testing the hypotheses of the study, it was found that the value of the (t) test is )23.847( with a degree of freedom of 102 and a significant level (0.000), which indicates a statistically significant relationship between the Sudanese companies' application of the quick response manufacturing system and cost reduction and an increase in competitive advantage by 95%. This means that the Sudanese industrial companies that applied this system during the study period achieved a cost reduction and that the speed of their response by increasing their market share of products leads to attracting new customers, thus achieving a competitive advantage in the local and global markets.. The study has recommended that Sudanese industrial companies adopt the quick response manufacturing system as a comprehensive applied strategy that includes an intellectual tendency that seeks to severely and continuously reduce production deadlines and develop scientific competence and skills by urging with industrial company managers’ and production managers to participate in conferences and seminars held by professional people related to the quick response manufacturing system.

Liberalism and Critique

AbstractThe three books under discussion here evince the dialectic of liberalism and critique, and the imperative of joining critique and self-critique. Rachel Greenwald Smith’s On Compromise: Art, Politics, and the Fate of an American Ideal (2021) is a trenchant meditation on the cultural logics of liberalism in the moment of its putative triumph and global generalization. Patricia Stuelke’s The Ruse of Repair: US Neoliberal Empire and the Turn from Critique (2021) clarifies the origins and political consequence of reparative thinking and feeling—a cultural and intellectual tendency that has, Stuelke submits, permitted or encouraged artists, activists, and scholars to reconcile themselves to recent iterations of “US neoliberal empire” and the longer histories of racial capitalism and settler-colonial dispossession. The affinity that Stuelke reveals, between the language of imperial power and the language of its imagined transcendence, is anatomized by Erica Edwards, in The Other Side of Terror: Black Women and the Culture of US Empire (2021)—a cogent examination of the reciprocal relationship between the making of race and the making of war, and the complex positionality of Black women within the contemporary US imperium.The co-belonging of liberalism and critique often appears, to the critic or cultural producer, like complicity. There is an unsettling affinity . . . between the language we use to critique capital and the state, and the ideological lexicon of the forces that rule us.

Optimistic nihilism in thus Spoke Zarathustra and Rick and Morty

The question of existence is the latest dilemma plaguing human psyche in the 21st century. Nietzsche advocates against nihilism through the mouthpiece of Zarathustra and traces the need of surpassing naive thinking. Rick and Morty, a comic dealing with cosmic travels and scientific rupture of logic and ethics, explores the possible interpretations of the great meaning of life or the lack of it. Both texts stimulate the intellectual tendency to relate joy with the divine and post it against science. Different dichotomies of joy and sadness spin around in the helix of the comic and the adventures of Zarathustra. Kurzgesagt, a German-made animation and design studio founded by Philipp Dettmer, illustrates an outlook that can emulate joy or contentment in a universe devoid of meaning or purpose. Their ‘optimistic nihilism’ can synergise the crown of existentialism and reality of nihilism.

«Восточное соглашение» Исмала Гаспринского: становление раннеевразийского концепта (1880–1890-е годы)

The article is devoted to the formation of the Eurasian intellectual tendency in Russia – based on the material of the Turkic social thought. The views of the Turkic-Muslim leader Ismail Gasprinsky are reconstructed. His ideas about the rapprochement between Russia and Turkey, about a potential «Eastern agreement» with the participation of Russia, Turkey, Persia and the Balkan states are shown. It is concluded that the idea of an «Eastern agreement» is (in terms of content and meaning) an early Eurasian/pro-Eurasian concept.

Information, meaning and physics: The intellectual evolution of the English School of Information Theory during 1946-1956.

In this comparative historical analysis, we will analyze the intellectual tendency that emerged between 1946 and 1956 to take advantage of the popularity of communication theory to develop a kind of informational epistemology of statistical mechanics. We will argue that this tendency results from a historical confluence in the early 1950s of certain theoretical claims of the so-called English School of Information Theory, championed by authors such as Gabor (1956) or MacKay (), and from the attempt to extend the profound success of Shannon's ([1948] 1993) technical theory of sign transmission to the field of statistical thermal physics. As a paradigmatic example of this tendency, we will evaluate the intellectual work of Léon Brillouin (), who, in the mid-fifties, developed an information theoretical approach to statistical mechanical physics based on a concept of information linked to the knowledge of the observer.

Gender bias and stereotypes in Australian, Singaporean and Turkish mathematics textbooks

This cross-national study aimed to examine gender bias and stereotypes in Australian, Singaporean and Turkish elementary mathematics textbooks. Content analysis approach was used to provide descriptive statistics about the number of male/female and gender-neutral characters in the textbooks. Findings indicated that total frequencies in textbook contents including no gender bias was under nine percent in all textbooks. No gender bias was more prevalent across the grade levels in Australian textbooks. Singaporean mathematics textbooks had more discrepancy between the percentages of boys’ and girls’ representations than the representations in Turkish and Australian textbooks. In terms of math-gender stereotypes, all textbooks across grade levels were generally neutral. Social roles in mathematics textbooks across the countries had more variation for men than women with higher frequencies in all countries. The masculine roles were commonly attributed to men with more technical and intellectual tendency while domestic roles were ascribed to females.

Rethinking Romanticism with Spinoza: Encounter and Individuation in Novalis, Ritter, and Baader

Reconstructing the theories of encounter and individuation among Novalis and his contemporaries affiliated with the Freiberg Mining Academy, this article reconsiders German Romanticism through a Spinozan materialist tradition. Countering the reception of Novalis as a poet and an idealist philosopher of subjectivity belonging to Jena Romanticism, I advance an alternative constellation of his interlocutors that comprises an intellectual tendency around 1800, herein referred to as Freiberg Romanticism. This tradition is characterized by a materialist approach to the questions on forms of life, complexity, and power in the processes of emergence and becoming. In their respective theories of individuation, I show how Novalis, Johann Ritter, and Franz Baader share Spinoza’s materialist ontology of immanence and transindividuality offered in recent interpretations of Spinoza in continental philosophy. In his engagement with Ritter’s theory of Galvanism, Novalis develops a Spinozan logic of integration of individuals in nature. In his appropriation of Baader’s theory of elementary physiology, Novalis articulates the immanent causality in the determination of individuals. Interrogating Novalis’s, Ritter’s, and Baader’s respective epistemo-ontologies through Spinoza’s thought, this article demarcates the limits of Freiberg Romanticism and its potential lapses into animism and vitalism. While Spinoza contributes a strong concept of substance to Freiberg Romanticism, regulating and problematizing the equivocations of Novalis and his contemporaries, Novalis contributes to the Spinozan tradition a strong concept of encounter.

Aportes de la concepción pedagógica de Francisco Ruiz Sánchez para una teoría motivacional perfectiva

The present work aimed to indicate some aspects for understanding motivation from the dynamic fullness, that is, from the very purpose of the educational event. This research analyzes human motivation during the learning process in the light of the anthropological thought of Francisco Ruiz Sanchez. Through a hermeneutical methodology of his published and unpublished writings, we detailed the three main elements of the educational, motivational process: a) the method used, b) the proposal of good objects, and c) the awareness of the value of the object. It is concluded that motivation constitutes a relational aspect within the framework of a process in which cognition or intellectual tendency towards an object of good knowledge intervenes. This object has also been presented sensitively and can be perceived as valuable by the learner.

Religion in the Post-Liberal Time

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of religiosity in the post-liberal time and shows such cases of change in the religious life of Latvia. Post-liberalism means the intellectual tendency arisen during the second part of the 20th century. It was first analysed in George Lindbeck’s work “The Nature of the Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age”. One of the specific features of post-liberalism is “return to traditions” while adopting this tradition to the present cultural situation and offering new explanation concerning human nature, personal experience in the world and within the particular cultural milieu. The increase of the application of tendencies of post-liberalism within the religious institutions and beyond nowadays determines also the growing interest in the mysticism and mystical experience. The paper will address some Latvian cases, which, in the author‘s opinion, are characteristic of post-liberal religiosity.

DESCARTES ’O AR RYLE ’O MITAS ?

Straipsnyje Ryle’o „Sąmonės samprata“ traktuojama kaip poleminis veikalas. Keliamas klausimas, kokiu pagrindu jame kritikuojama „intelektualinė tendencija“ yra siejama su istoriniu Descartes’u. Ginama tezė, kad „Descartes’o mitas“ – tai retorinė konstrukcija, neatspindinti svarbių Descartes’o dualizmo aspektų. Daromos dvi išvados. Pirma, neduodamas aiškių analizės kriterijų, Ryle’as mėgina suteikti savo veikalui sistemiškumo pobūdį būtent retorinėmis priemonėmis. Antra, „Meditacijų“ ir „Descartes’o mito“ kontrastai atskleidžia, kad santykis su filosofine tradicija nėra Ryle’o pakankamai reflektuotas.

Parts in Wholes (and Wholes in Pieces): The Afterlives of Culture

Parts in Wholes (and Wholes in Pieces): The Afterlives of Culture Andrew Pendakis (bio) The Cultural Return by Susan Hegeman, FlashPoints, book 7. Oakland: University of California Press, 2012. Pp. 204. $55.00 paper. When the unique destiny and fragility of British culture can be invoked to justify anti-immigration policies or creationism defended with a view to protecting organic cultural variety it would appear that something has transpired in the valence of the concept of culture such that an earlier oppositional content—found, for example, in Franz Boas or Raymond Williams and avowedly antiracist and counterhegemonic in tone—has been definitively forgotten or lost. Susan Hegeman’s new book, The Cultural Return, takes as its object the complex associational fate of culture in an age in which it is as much the prerogative of oppressed minorities as it is that of majoritarian hegemony itself. Though her analysis extends beyond the aforementioned case, craning (sometimes awkwardly) across disciplines to shake out and taxonomize the diverse connotations and usages of culture, her general (and very useful) thesis is that the social sciences and humanities have shelved the heuristic value of culture at precisely the height of its popular and political purchase. This may, she suggests, have significant consequences for the way we politically model relations between past, present, and future. According to Hegeman, the “repudiation of culture” is a “trans-disciplinary phenomenon,” one that stands to become, or already has, [End Page 339] a full-fledged academic zeitgeist. This is the intellectual tendency that “best represents our current perceived moment of intellectual rupture with the recent past” (7). The word “culture” in this formulation functions as a shorthand for what Fredric Jameson (among others) has called the “cultural turn,” that shift, first registered in the 1980s and 1990s in the Anglo-American academe, which saw the birth of movement disciplines like Cultural Studies and the New Historicism, but which also triggered existential crises in established fields like literary studies, art history, and philosophy. The injunction to context enacted by the new concept of culture—political and historical factors often methodologically bracketed by these fields—dragged back into the domain of everyday practices and relations objects long sequestered by the requirements of disciplinary reproduction and vanitas. This was experienced by many working within these fields as blunt-force personal trauma, a displacing encounter with their own specialized limits and competencies, but also a painful invalidation of basic disciplinary pleasure, the love of one’s object—whether it be literature or art—which drew so many researchers to these fields in the first place. Conflict within and between disciplines then spilled over into highly sensationalized media narratives about the despoliation of knowledge and art by politics; according to evangelical church groups and conservative pundits, tenured atheists and feminists were undertaking a war against American values and against the (cultural) civic religion required to prevent society from devolving into moral and economic chaos. Though its place in the university was always precarious and often directly contested by a whole array of skeptics ranging from professors of business to parents frustrated at the politicization of the classroom, the basic postulates of Cultural Studies—the historicity of culture, its vital role in the production and reproduction of subjects, the idea of culture as a site of social struggle over values, as well as politically precious images of the future—found their way into the bloodstream of the humanities and social sciences in subtle, but impacting ways. The basic heuristic potential of culture was effectively indisputable. Hegeman believes that the ground on which this consensus was established is now beginning to erode. She argues that the last ten years have seen a theoretical shift away from the centrality of culture towards a whole host of new universalities and truths—a shift, in other words, away from mediation, context, and politics and towards immanence, texts, and ethics. In literature, this has expressed itself in calls to a return to aesthetics and to the study of the formal [End Page 340] intricacy and structure of literary works. This is framed in the same language used to describe market corrections, a kind of natural equilibrium reached in the aftermath of...

ULUSLARARASI SERMAYE AKIMLARININ KONTROLÜ VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMI HAKKINDA BİR İNCELEME

In 1973, the United States of America, Germany, Canada, Switzerland and Holland and then, in 1979, Japan and England abolished the controls on their capital accounts. Thus, a financial liberalization movement emerged initially in the developed countries. Developing countries such as Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia joined the financial liberalization movement in 1980s hoping to raise external capital for the domestic investments. In the end, numerous countries discarded in the last forty years the regulations that could hinder the mobility of international capital. It is known that international organizations such as IMF and the World Bank had a consensus view on the need for increasing the mobility of international capital until recent past. However, from a theoretical standpoint, views for managing international capital flows always existed in the economics literature along with the views advocating perfect capital mobility. In the aftermath of the global financial collapse which hit the advanced economic centers such as the United States and the Euro Area in 2008, number of the advocates of perfect capital mobility - including the IMF and the World Bank decreased and the view that management of capital flows might result in better ends became the dominanting view. In this context, a similar intellectual tendency emerged in the European Union and some practices came into effect. This article summarizes the literature on capital movements along with various methods of capital controls and reviews the discussions and implementations within the European Union regarding the capital controls.

Provocation: Aune's Leadership: Hegemony and the Rhetorical Perspective on Argumentation

At heart of James Amt Aune's approach to rhetorical theory and criticism was John Dewey's (1927) project of improving methods and conditions of debate, discussion, and persuasion (as cited by Aune, 2001, p. 146). Aune was hopeful that learning how to improve ways and means of argument might help left leaning coalitions overcome their recent fragmentation (2011, p. xiv). As such, Aune advocated a (1994, pp. 143-149), a mixture of Marxist critique and classical republicanism, in an effort to leverage a sprit of constant vigilance and free spaces for deliberation, discussion, and as an antidote to corrupting influence of centralized power and a taste for it (Aune, 1994, p. 146). The rhetorical in rhetorical argumentation was embedded in a humanist process of self-fashioning and a political process of cultivating virtues of moral and political leadership. Aune's red rhetoric imagined arguments as more than effective or ineffective devices for persuading audiences, but imagined art of rhetoric as making one's participation in debate and discussion a creative practice that had power to (re)invent ethico-political resources of a community in order to bring a wider transformation in political community. Aune's red rhetoric blended instrumental, constitutive, and critical dimensions of argument (Greene, 1998) into a potent force for enhancing a common life. Arguments are ways to build a common life because they require interlocutors, points of stasis, and shared points of reference. One such conceptual point of stasis and shared point of reference for critical scholars interested in rhetorical perspective on argumentation is concept of hegemony. Reading Gramsci (2011) in light of intellectual tendency of Marxist theory to displace rhetorical tradition, Aune isolates hegemony as a bridge that can productively create a red rhetoric. To do so, we will argue, entailed a strong defense of rhetorical practice as a positive form of mediation suspended between structure and struggle. As a positive mediation, Aune imagines rhetoric participating in a form of hegemony that challenges dominant structures of power (positive) by cultivating a moral and political leadership worthy of consent. The purpose of this paper is to learn from Aune's leadership about positive character of hegemony. Yet, we will argue that concept of hegemony will need to be less tied to mediation. As we will argue, problem of mediation limits our rhetorical understanding of hegemony to an epistemological-political horizon that inadvertently fails to appreciate how hegemony may work in affective and technological ways. This broader dimension of hegemony suggests that to participate in argumentative process can be independent of what one argues for or against. As such, we should attend more to how debate generates sensations and perceptions to better account for argument as a method and condition of revolutionary change. HEGEMONY AS THE STRUGGLE FOR MORAL AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Aune (1994) turns to notion of hegemony within a narrative about problem of mediation in after Marx (pp. 46-49). He describes problem of mediation as the classical contradiction between structure and (Aune, 1994, p. 144). The contradiction is that struggle (revolution) cannot be guaranteed by structure (the mode of production). Economic precarity and immiseration may make organizing more difficult not less; therefore, any claims to historical inevitability of socialism must be abandoned. Mediation describes intervening actors and forces between structure and struggle that make someone align with or challenge current system. For Aune (1994) Gramsci's solves problem of mediation created by classical with an emphasis on praxis and creative activity.... One of those necessary mediations [to direct life] is art of rhetoric, an art whose traditions are most compatible with version of Marxism (p. …

Japanese Postmodern Philosophy’s Turn to Historicity

In this paper, I will outline and categorize the history of postmodernism in the Japanese context. I will also critically analyze its changes from the perspective of postwar Japanese intellectual history as well as the postwar history of Japanese political philosophy. I will position this new intellectual and philosophical tendency, which has been around for nearly forty years since the late 1970s, in a global context, and I will especially position it within an East Asian perspective, which from my point of view, has been neglected. It also means that I will not only see Japanese postmodernism as the outcome of imported theory, rather, I will attempt to see it in its own historical context. And by outlining the shift of Japanese postmodernism over these forty years, I will also attempt to see the differences and continuities between Japanese modernism and postmodernism, thus attempting to overcome the opposing dichotomy of “modernism versus postmodernism” in the postwar Japanese intellectual context. As my conclusion, I regard the shifts in the history of postmodern philosophy over the past forty years, as a process of its turn to achieve historicity, and I also see it as a kind of localization of new Western thoughts in a modern Japanese context.

The New Xenologies of Europe: Civil Tensions and Mythic Pasts

This article explores transformations in the ideologies and political languages of two main European far-right tendencies: the ‘counterjihad movement’ and the European New Right (ENR). The ‘counterjihad movement’ emerged as a widespread, concerted series of anti-Muslim campaigns and activities across many European countries from the mid-2000s, and its ideas and activities are critically explored. The ideas of the ENR, a much older and mainly intellectual tendency, have re-emerged in significant ways in the activities and policies of several European far-right and populist parties. The two tendencies are very different in origin and ideology. However, considering them together can help understand the broader themes and shapes of the ‘new xenologies’ recently emergent in Europe, ones that have complicated associations with ‘racism’ and ‘fascism’. These areas are discussed within the broader context of an enduring political narrative of ‘European decline’ and an assertion of regional ‘ethnic’ identities against the project of European Union.

Populism during the period of the 1911 Revolution

Russian populism spread in China at the turn of the twentieth century in the name of anarchism, nihilism, and socialism, and gradually contributed to the formation of modern Chinese populism. Populism around the time of the 1911 Revolution had two characteristics: one was its deep hatred of capitalism which regarded capitalism as an ugly, decadent, and regressive historical phenomenon; the other characteristic was an attempt to get around the developmental stage of capitalism in order to proceed directly into socialism. Compared with Russian populism, modern Chinese populism did not have well-organized proponents, nor did it have any systemic system of populist political thought. It manifested itself more as a populist intellectual tendency without a strong self-awareness. Agrarian civilization and Confucianism provided the hotbed for populism, and a superficial understanding of Western capitalism was the main cultural drive that bred populism. The most important feature of modern Chinese populism was the fantasy of leaping from a backward agrarian country into socialism by surpassing capitalist industrialization.

Changing Minds: Developmental Education for Conceptual Change

The study investigates the impact of a teacher education program on preservice teachers' intellectual development, specifically, their capacity to deal with pedagogical complexity, to recognize agency as internal, and to be critically reflective, together with development of more autonomy-supportive motivating styles. The study combines a repeated-measures design with qualitative analysis of interview data. The sample comprises 175 third-year preservice teachers at an Australian university. The program is inspired by a teaching model, Developmental Education for Conceptual Change (DECC), which combines conceptual change theory with the Developmental Instruction Model based on the Perry scheme of intellectual and ethical development. Findings suggest that, on average, students' participation in the DECC program has made a modest contribution to their intellectual growth and tendency to adopt more autonomy-supportive pedagogical approaches. The model might have wider application in educational settings.

Critical Constructivism and Language Teaching: New Wine in New Bottles

The traditional craft of the teacher can be rescued and strengthened by understanding the connection between the content area of the curriculum and how it will be understood by the student. Understanding this connection involves recognizing the cultural pattern of thought (the episteme) that underlies the organization of knowledge in the curriculum unit as well as the phenomenological world of the student. The latter is essential for grasping what the student is likely to understand and how that understanding will be integrated into the student's pattern of thinking. (C.A. Bowers (1984: 78) Constructivism is very much in vogue at the present time. Indeed, constructivism has taken on the force of a slogan in many educational circles – a slogan that, like “student-centered curriculum,” “reflective practice,” and “learning by doing,” has become so commonplace as to inhibit rather than promote clear thinking about teaching and learning. Its popularity has also resulted in something of an intellectual backlash, demonstrated perhaps most clearly in Michael Devitt's assertion that it is “the most dangerous contemporary intellectual tendency” as well as in efforts to link constructivism with other postmodern challenges to science and rationality. (J Language Teaching: 2003 37(1): 120-141)

Constructivism in School Science Education: Powerful Model or the Most Dangerous Intellectual Tendency?.

This paper explores and challenges a numberof the assumptions and claims commonly associated with a constructivist approach to school scienceeducation, e.g., that constructivist ideas aboutlearning require a progressive pedagogy or that`active learning' demands engaging students withpractical activities. It suggests that constructivistideas have a particular appeal within primaryeducation because they help to justify classroompractices and activities that primary school teachers,for a variety of other reasons, regard as important.It is suggested that the recent dominant emphasis uponconstructivism in science education has narrowed boththe professional and the research agenda relating toschool science teaching. The paper argues for greaterclarity and precision when referring to constructivistideas in science education and for a betterunderstanding of the role that learning theoriesshould play in influencing the ways in which scienceis taught in schools.