Intellectual Substance Research Articles

Ethical, ethnic and aesthetic, a unity in diversity, in Cernian poetry

Cerna's poetry is valuable through the osmosis between ethical, ethnic and aesthetic, even if the interest of a particular historical moment is diversely polarized and a mutation of aesthetic values is evident. Of intellectual substance in terms of substance and rhetorical in terms of form, yielding to the influences of the era, Cernian poetry, compared to the poetry of the moment, is concerned with translating the ineffable through words, to suggest states of mind, and somewhat leaves the circuit of poetic concerns contemporary.

DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG PEOPLE HAVING COVID-19 UNDERGONE QUARANTINE

Aims Of Study: Coronavirus is a potentially deadly disease that mostly affects human lung tissue. Multiple cases of unexplained respiratory tract infections were reported to the World Health Organization China in December 2019. The focus of this research was to assess association between depression and PWB in patients who had been isolated due to covid-19. Methodology: A sample of 250 people with covid-19 post quarantine, with age ranges from 25 to 45 were selected by using purposive sampling methods. Depression, anxiety, stress scale and psychological well-being scales were administered. Regression analysis and t-test were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Obtained results evidenced that depression is significantly predict psychological health in the covid-19 population [B= -.015, -.019, F (7.915) sig= .000]. Gender difference is also observed in variable of depression also [(4.78) =.030, p.000]. Limitations and future implications: Future research may base on longitudinal analyses focusing on familial and social factors that may influence the psychological well-being of people living in quarantine. Originality: I certify that the intellectual substance of this article is the result of my own effort and that all assistance and sources used in the preparation of this article have been acknowledged. Conclusion: It was concluded that Depression affects people with COVID-19 and PWB after quarantine. future research may focus more on the influence of the interaction between quarantine and adults’ mental health to fully comprehend the link.

„Aus jeder Schwäche schmiede ich ein Schwert.“ Jüdische Identität und weibliches Selbstbewusstsein in Klara Blums Lyrik

Abstract This paper is an attempt to peel out the core of historical and autobiographical reality in Klara Blumʼs poems, to show their militant character and ideological limits, and to analyze them as contemporary documents whose relevance lies less in the originality of their language than in the consistency of their historical and intellectual substance.

Race, Recovery, and Hope

Race, Recovery, and Hope Shelley P. Haley and Sheila (Bridget) Murnaghan keywords archives, Baltimore, Helen Maria Chesnutt, John Wesley Gilbert, race, racism, William Sanders Scarborough 1. BACKGROUND TO THE PRESIDENTIAL PANEL OF SHEILA (BRIDGET) MURNAGHAN (2020) AND OF SHELLEY P. HALEY (2021) two incidents, one of racial profiling and another—in the most charitable of readings—of racially inflammatory speech, occurred during the sesquicentennial meeting of the Society of Classical Studies in January 2019. Those two incidents became central to shaping the leadership going forward. They spurred Haley to stand for election as President-Elect via petition and once elected, to work with Bridget Murnaghan (President, 2020) on consecutive presidential panels focusing on race and the APA/SCS. Furthermore, both Bridget and Shelley presented their panels under the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic and its variants. The disproportionate effect the pandemic has had on Black and Brown communities made our topic even more salient. 2. WILLIAM SANDERS SCARBOROUGH AND BLACK CLASSICISM AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (BRIDGET MURNAGHAN) This pair of presidential panels had its origins in discussions among the SCS Board of Directors about how best to acknowledge the shameful incident in 1909 when the APA—as the SCS was then known—met in Baltimore, and William Sanders Scarborough, an eminent Classicist and the President of Wilberforce University, was disinvited from the conference banquet and [End Page 295] therefore chose not to attend the conference or deliver his scheduled paper. This happened because, as the chair of the local arrangements committee put it, "The Hotel Belvedere will not undertake to serve a dinner at which members of your race might be present." The SCS board wanted to do more than issue a belated apology. We needed a way of responding that would have intellectual substance and would give serious consideration to what was lost when colleagues like Scarborough were excluded from full participation in our profession and—until far too recently—from the institutional memory of our discipline. Our sense of urgency about this was reinforced by the incidents of the 2019 annual meeting in San Diego, which ruled out any easy assumption that, more than a century after that Baltimore incident, race was no longer a bar to full acceptance in Classical Studies. When Shelley Haley became the SCS President-Elect, she and I decided that we would devote both of our presidential panels to this project. The first of the two, entitled "William Sanders Scarborough and Black Classicism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," took its bearings quite closely from that 1909 incident. It was especially meaningful for me personally because I grew up in Baltimore, in a cityscape still dominated in one of its central sections by the towering presence of the Belvedere Hotel, and I remain attached to my hometown, with its volatile history and complicated cultural geography. I was pleased that I was able to recruit a diverse group of speakers who were mostly not SCS regulars. These included: Michele Valerie Ronnick, Professor of Classics at Wayne State University, a leading expert on Scarborough himself and the editor of his autobiography and collected papers, as well as an energetic pioneer in raising awareness of the rich tradition of Black classicism; Andre Davis, one of Baltimore's foremost Black civic leaders, with a distinguished legal career as a private practitioner, US Attorney, law professor, federal judge, and Baltimore City Solicitor; John W. I. Lee, a historian at the University of California at Santa Barbara and the author of a new book The First Black Archeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert on Scarborough's contemporary, the first Black member of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens; and Ashley Hairston, Associate Dean for Academic Advising and University Professor at Wake Forest University, the author of a groundbreaking study of African American classical reception The Ebony Column: Classics, Civilization, and the African American Reclamation of the West. Given the origins of the panel, it was fitting that Andre ended his presentation by reading Countee Cullen's 1925 poem "Incident." This brief lyric evokes the experience of being a carefree boy in "old Baltimore" until being attacked with the most vicious of...

The Entreprenuerial Marketing: Concept, Nature And Orientations

Entrepreneurial Marketing is the old and untouched, unfocussed Entrepreneurship and Marketing topic. Its research is has started around 30 years old. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Evolution and the Nature of Entrepreneurial Marketing, Historical perspective of the Evolution of EM and Six core dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing are identified. The Research aims to focus on the Marketing Orientation as well as Entrepreneurial Orientations in Venture Creation and Management. A comprehensive assessment of the most representative publications from worldwide marketing and entrepreneurial journals was employed in this conceptual study. This study provides a brief overview of the evolution of EM as well as an examination of the most frequent definitions. Insights are drawn from a variety of sources, including corporate entrepreneurship, innovation and new product creation, creative leadership, and change management research. Entrepreneurial marketing's intellectual substance and validity are assessed. Priorities for future study are offered, as well as consequences for theory development, training, and management practice

The Philosophy of Eating in “Bon-bon”

ABSTRACT The culinary discussions in “Bon-Bon” reveal Edgar Allan Poe’s philosophical contemplation on writing. Epicurus, the master of eating, concretizes the idealized writing process: the consumption of fresh ideas, the assimilation of intellectual substance, and the production of a new book. Furthermore, like human metabolism, writing processes must remain smooth and unobstructed so that an author can produce a “changing book” to reflect an on-going world. Bon-Bon’s frequent hiccups betoken his digestive problems and obstruct smooth processes. Together the culinary arguments between Epicurus and Bon-Bon are from opposite sides, but they beautifully outline a writing process characterized by consumption, digestion, and production.

Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation

The purpose of the paper is development of a conceptual model for the representation of knowledge as an active intellectual substance and, on this basis, study of metaphysics of knowledge transformation process being produced both individually and collectively in the practice of organizations. The first principle of knowledge engineering, as Edward Albert Feigenbaum noted, says that the power in solving problems that an intellectual subject (person or machine) manifests in the process of activity depends primarily on its knowledge base, and only secondly on the methods of inference used. Strength is hidden in knowledge. The process of producing knowledge is permanent and does not depend on whether an individual is going to use this knowledge or not. Knowledge constantly produces new knowledge regardless of the owner's desire. Besides that, knowledge can’t arise from nothing, but always – from some knowledge obtained earlier. As well as the intelligence, knowledge is an emergent instance arising from the collective interaction of a lot of intellectual atomic elements of knowledge (knowledge quanta). Idiosyncrasy of this interaction is expressed precisely in the creation of new knowledge. Due to postulating the knowledge self-organizing, the hierarchical knowledge structures in memory and the process of thinking as a kind of syntax for the procedure of new knowledge generation are described. This is an effort towards understanding the memory mechanisms, the process of thinking, the sources of heuristic knowledge just through the inner nature of knowledge. Also, based on the knowledge self-organization principle, an archetype of the appropriate knowledge-based system architecture is presented too. As an implementation of the concept, the perceptual act model is described, and on its base, a possible scenario for the behavior of a robot meeting an obstacle in its path is considered. As the mutual transformation of tacit and explicit knowledge makes new knowledge, the impact of the self-organization of knowledge on the transformation process as well as conditions of self-organization of both individual knowledge and organizational knowledge are analyzed in detail. Finally, modification of the known model of knowledge dimensions by Nonaka and Takeuchi is proposed. Because of the native activity of knowledge, it is impossible to build a knowledge management system without considering the internal structure of knowledge and its emergent ability to self-organize. Ensuring the natural process of knowledge development at all ontological levels in an organization is an essential prerequisite for the evolution of values in this organization.

One Smart Politician: Gendered Media Discourses of Political Leadership in Canada

AbstractWhich leadership qualities are most likely to be emphasized in news reports about leadership competitions, and are they attributed differently to women and men candidates? To answer this question, we conducted content and discourse analyses of 2,463 articles published by theGlobe and Mailnewspaper on 10 women and 17 men seeking the leadership of Canadian political parties since 1975. Our results show that women candidates were subjected to more negative and gendered assessments of their communication skills, intellectual substance and political experience than were men candidates. We also found little evidence that gendered media discourses about political leadership have changed over time, especially in the case of women in the strongest position to become the country's first national party leader or prime minister.

Jamie Kreiner, The Social Life of Hagiography in the Merovingian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. xii, 329.

In 1988 Walter Goffart demonstrated conclusively that the authors of early medieval narrative texts had to be taken seriously as people of intellectual substance capable of sustaining sophisticated arguments. Their works, Goffart warns us, were not to be treated, as previously had been the case, as mere naive receptecals of fact and fantasy to be plundered by historians in search of accurate information. In the wake of Goffart’s work, it has become a cliché that text must be treated as text before it is treated as evidence if, in fact, it ever is to be used for the latter purpose. In the generation that has passed since Goffart’s paradigm has taken hold it is rare to find anyone who will read early medieval narrative works, such as those of Gregory of Tours (d. 594), as plain text.

Joyce’s Dante: Exile, Memory, and Community by James Robinson

Reviewed by: Joyce’s Dante: Exile, Memory, and Community by James Robinson William Franke (bio) JOYCE’S DANTE: EXILE, MEMORY, AND COMMUNITY, by James Robinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. xi + 233 pp. $99.99. James Robinson’s Joyce’s Dante is a model of a certain kind of scholarship for an elite university press that performs a series of protocols from exhaustively inventorying critical literature to stating explicitly what its original contribution is on every specific question raised. These protocols are necessary to differentiate such scholarship from literary journalism, with which it, in some respects, would otherwise be virtually interchangeable. The effort expended to establish who may have been Joyce’s first and then his second Italian teacher at Belvedere College is a case in point. It risks descending to the level of chitchat, even if it is about a writer as important as Joyce. Everything in any way connected with the hallowed author is treated as having a sacred aura. Yet nothing very significant is at stake in mere questions of fact about an irretrievable past. Such information can stimulate curiosity and is not uninteresting, but it has something of the flavor of gossip. Admittedly, this level of discourse is not at all incompatible with currently sanctioned academic practices of criticism, especially in such heavily trafficked fields as Joyce studies. One can emerge with very rich information about Joyce—as an excuse for a lack of intense focus on enduringly significant intellectual issues. Happily, there is a good deal more in this book than just these polished manners alone. Despite the urbane art of small talk that seems to belong to the [End Page 361] genre of literary criticism as currently pursued by some of its most celebrated practitioners, there is also quite a different kind of intellectual substance here. Robinson’s painstaking reconstructions of the author’s social and cultural milieu compellingly demonstrate how Joyce’s attraction to Dante Alighieri served to help him to “negotiate a heterodox space within a larger orthodoxy” (33). When linked to such tense and momentous issues, the minute detail of contingent facts takes on a wholly different kind of significance. It becomes a means of working in an intricate filigree on otherwise vacuously great and capacious questions. Over the full expanse of the study, this fine-point work of embroidery serves to bring into sharper focus a much larger tapestry of textual connections. Especially interesting and useful for building a wider picture and overview is the sometimes contradictory information concerning the vicissitudes of Dante’s reputation in Joyce’s times and in his specific social and educational milieus. Dante was often treated as a heretical and indexed author, the object of concerted hostility particularly from the Jesuits, by whom Joyce was educated (JJII 109, 59). The Jesuits from their foundation in the seventeenth century were redoubtable defenders of the papacy against all attacks, such as those launched trenchantly by Dante. In addition to numerous direct diatribes and frontal attacks, more subtly and most memorably, Inferno XIX.13–31 divulges the third ditch of the eighth circle of Hell, the Malebolge, as populated by a series of popes stacked one on top of the other in a hole in the ground in a parody of the apostolic succession.1 Their feet burn, smeared with unguent in a burlesque upending of the visitation by the Holy Spirit in the form of tongues of fire on the heads of the apostles at Pentecost (Acts 2:1–31). Such material, however, made it possible to present Dante not only as a religious heretic but also as a secular hero. A certain cult of Dante grew up largely in reaction to the Jesuits’ campaign of defamation of the Italian poet. In an 1818 article in the Edinburgh Review, Ugo Foscolo influentially advocated such a celebratory rehabilitation.2 In the course of the nineteenth century, this countervailing, secular Dante grew into the Risorgimento embrace of him as a figurehead of the national and linguistic unity of Italy.3 The movement culminated in 1870 with the achievement of the political unification of the peninsula. With the end of the temporal political power of the papacy, which converted instead...

Women, wars, and world affairs: Recovering feminist International Relations, 1915–39

AbstractThe academic study of International Relations (IR) emerged in the context of transnational networks of scholars, diplomats, politicians, and activists. Contrary to conventional wisdom, women belonged to these networks in various capacities and, crucially, contributed to the intellectual formation of the discipline. Whether as members of pressure groups, such as the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), as independent authors or academics, they discussed all major issues of IR. Drawing on a range of international authors – including Anna B. Eckstein, Agnes Headlam-Morley, Lucy Mair, Margery Perham, Helena Swanwick, and Louise Weiss – this article recovers the intellectual substance of their work, arguing that it constitutes a genuinely feminist approach to IR. Early feminist IR authors emphasised the interests of women, children, and other marginalised groups, they demanded female representation in government and diplomacy, they condemned imperialism and racism, opposed military capitalism, employed religious, emotional, and universalist rhetoric, and advocated the role of education. Despite widespread male domination, women taught at universities, published in academic journals, spoke at conferences, and organised international summer schools. This article explores the origins of feminist IR scholarship and contextualises this body of thought within the revisionist history of IR.

Oriental Pearls: Adaptation of Ghazals in Modern American Poetry

Ghazal poetry is a poetic genre which expresses the pains of loss and separation as well as the beauty of the beloved. The form is ancient, originating in Arabic, Hindu and Persian poetry. Ghazal poetry has been introduced into modern American poetry since the midst of the twentieth century after translating some Ghazal poems by the Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib. This paper examines the American adaptations of Ghazal poetry by outstanding modern American poets since the second part of the twentieth century. It argues that “transcultural Orientalism”, which is the product of integration between orientals and occidentals in cross-cultural societies, is a key factor that illustrates the reason behind the American adaptation of Ghazal poetry. Adaptation of Ghazal poetry, by modern American poets intensifies an attempt to dominate the “other” through revisiting the literary trends of its exotic culture. These poets also attempted to create a cultural dialogue through imposing a cross-cultural poetic genre. They introduced Ghazal poetry in a new context which suits more the contemporary issues. However, many American Ghazal poets fell in the trap of infidelity since they viewed it through an outsider’s eyes, ignoring its artistic value and its intellectual substance.

Intellectual disability and substance use/misuse: a narrative review

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a narrative review of the literature on substance use/misuse within an intellectual disability (ID) population. The paper is focused on the prevalence, motivation and implications of substance use as well as the interventions for misuse.Design/methodology/approach– Research focused on substance use and ID (IQ of 70 or less with onset in the developmental period) were considered.Findings– The findings indicate a disparity between research findings regarding the prevalence of substance use/misuse within ID populations. Previous research indicates that individuals with ID may use/misuse substances as a form of relief or respite from negative experiences. Although there is a clear need for intervention, many of the ID population do not engage with generic interventions for substance misuse. Additionally, professionals responsible for the provision of interventions identify a lack of training and support to meet the needs of ID populations.Research limitations/implications– Minimal research in this areas, barriers to language and demographics being underreported.Practical implications– Highlights problems with the current evidence base and barriers this poses indicates a need for further research and intervention.Social implications– Implications for the equality for individuals with an ID and their access to appropriate intervention. Focus on prevention of offending behaviour and intervention as appose to management.Originality/value– In order to build a greater understanding of this issue, a shared universal language and definition of ID must be implemented. Further research to improve the understanding of why those with ID misuse substances is imperative before designing and implementing useful interventions.

Software Piracy Research: A Cross Disciplinary Longitudinal Literature Survey

Few studies have synthesized accumulated scholarly knowledge on software piracy across the disciplines that study this phenomenon. We contribute to understanding the intellectual and social development on software piracy by performing a cross-disciplinary literature search. We used 17 research questions to address five specific areas of inquiry on software piracy research: 1) what makes up software piracy’s intellectual substance?, 2) do theoretical contributions on software piracy suggest a cross-disciplinary research community on the topic?, 3) what changes have occurred in software piracy research across the seven measured periods?, 4) what are the top IS journals’ publishing patterns on software piracy research?, and 5) who has contributed to software piracy research? To address these questions, we classified 179 software research studies. We found that: 1) over 50 percent of the studies focused on an individual level of analysis, 2) most papers examined software piracy in North America and Asia Pacific regions, although other regions also have major problems, and 3) the distribution of theoretical and methodological contributions show a pattern of leaning towards positivism. The findings point to several research opportunities including expanding research: 1) at organizational levels with particular emphasis on organizations’ role as consumers and or intermediaries, 2) in Latin America and Africa, which are areas with high incidence of software piracy, and 3) on approaches beyond positivism.

Intellectual substance of lyrics by Joseph Brodsky

Intellectual substance of lyrics by Joseph Brodsky

The Universe: Desire for Thought

NATURE REALIZES ITS PRIMORDIAL and definitive trajectory human intelligence. Creatures, we have shown, cannot find their explicit return to God, their first cause, except thought. (1) If God creates, necessarily he creates order to manifest his glory exteriorly and not to manifest himself to himself, as if, by creating, he could better himself his own sight. Creation is essentially a communication. Creatures must be able to understand the free gift of this communication, and creation must terminate an intelligent creature who can glorify its Source. Thus, God could not create a universe that was not essentially ordered to an intelligent creature within that universe. (2) We have shown elsewhere what way creation is totally ordered to spirit: either as nature and inclination to man, or as subject of a spiritual form, or as essential constituent of the proper object of human knowledge, knowledge so impoverished that it cannot attain immaterial things directly. (3) Only the human mind does the universe become universe the fullest sense. Note, therefore, that a thing is perfect two ways. First, it is perfect with respect to the perfection of its act of existence, which belongs to it according to its own species. But since the specific act of existence of one thing is distinct from the specific act of existence of another, every created thing of this kind, the perfection falls short of absolute perfection to the extent that that perfection is found other species. Consequently, the perfection of each individual thing considered itself is imperfect, being a part of the perfection of the entire universe, which arises from the sum total of the perfections of all individual things. In order that there might be some remedy for this imperfection, another kind of perfection is to be found created things. It consists this, that the perfection belonging to one thing is found another. This is the perfection of a knower so far as he knows; for something is known by a knower by reason of the fact that the thing known is, some fashion, the possession of the knower. Hence, it is said The Soul that the soul is, in some manner, all things, since its nature is such that it can know all things. In this way it is possible for the perfection of the entire universe to exist one thing. The ultimate perfection which the soul can attain, therefore, is, according to the philosophers, to have delineated it the entire order and causes of the universe. This they held to be the ultimate end of man. We, however, hold that it consists the vision of God; for, as Gregory says: What is there that they do not see who see Him who sees all (4) Furthermore, it is evident that all parts are ordered to the perfection of the whole, since a whole does not exist for the sake of its parts, but, rather, the parts are for the whole. Now, intellectual natures have a closer relationship to a whole than do other natures; indeed, each intellectual substance is, a way, all things. For it may comprehend the entirety of being through its intellect; on the other hand, every other substance has only a particular share being. Therefore, other substances may fittingly be providentially cared for by God for the sake of intellectual substances. (5) In order for the world to have a raison d'etre, to be one and a universe [one of many] it is not only necessary that it be composed of parts forming physically a whole, addition, all these individual parts must be ordered to those parts where all can exist together; each of these principal parts of the world must be the whole world, each of these universes must be, a manner, all the others. In what sense is the soul all things? Shouldn't one rather say that we have our intelligence to verify how obscure and impenetrable things are? Our knowledge is so impoverished that we do not know to what extent we are ignorant. …

Kadriorg: the Spirit of Baroque and the Will of Genius. A Palace on the Edge of the Third Rome*

Juhan Maiste: Kadriorg: the Spirit of Baroque and the Willof Genius. A Palace on the Edge of the Third RomeKeywords: Baroque, genius, cogito di scourse, CosmopolitanInfluence of Rome, Baltic genius lociSummary:The article examines the Kadriorg Palace near Tallinn, Estonia, planned by Rome-born architect Niccoló Michetti. Instead of the factual art history the emphasis is put on the history of ideas. The ideas explored are appropriated from René Descartes and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, thinkers who embody the philosophical thought of the Baroque era. In this fashion the intellectual substance of art is combined with philosophical ideas driven by their metaphysical causes. The objective of the article is not to add new narratives to the existing histories but to attempt instead an escape from the enchanting state of magic of the parergon towards a genesis of one’s own cosmos, geometry and architecture. The closest connection to the Kadriorg architectural ensemble is found in the distinctive attributes of the Italian architecture that at the turn of the eighteenth century replaced earlier cathartic and dramatic approaches, instead emphasising finer arrangements that favoured classical harmony, and as a result new possibilities of diversions and quests for alternatives were created. In place of the authoritarian rule of power, an independent and creative will – a fundamentally new idea of itstime – emerged through progressive architecture, using fantastic and visionary approach to prepare for changes in the architectural composition as well as in its plastics and décor. Kadriorg, like everything else Michetti designed, belongs to a period of transition, a time when tiredness of the earlier rhetorical expressivity has not yet completely waned but survives in the dynamics of the décor as well as in the exacting principles of French formal gardens. In Kadriorg we see a multitude of ideas instead of a single concept, an interaction and symbiosis between various fields of influence, accepting in addition to the ceremonially official the presence of wilderness – in this way calling attention to the otium and the genius loci.CV:Juhan Maiste is professor and Head of Department of Art History at the University of Tartu. As a prolific writer he has authored a large number of of monographs and articles on architecture, classicism, cultural heritage, the philosophy and poetics of art history. Also among his scholarly interests have been Estonian and Livonian manour architecture, the phenomenon of park landscapes as well as the work of Johann Wilhelm Krause. In addition to teaching and research, professor Maiste curates the publication of the Baltic Journal of Art History.

The Jewish Kulturbund Theatre Company in Nazi Berlin by Rebecca Rovit (review)

Reviewed by: The Jewish Kulturbund Theatre Company in Nazi Berlin by Rebecca Rovit Christine Korte The Jewish Kulturbund Theatre Company in Nazi Berlin. By Rebecca Rovit. Studies in Theatre History and Culture series. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2012; pp. 304. Rebecca Rovit’s The Jewish Kulturbund Theatre Company in Nazi Berlin establishes in both its title and cover image (a production still taken from Ferenc Molnár’s The Play’s the Thing in August 1935) the perplexing fact that an all-Jewish theatre existed at all during the Third Reich. Founded by Dr. Kurt Singer in August 1933, the company was permitted by the Nazis in order to employ Jewish artists who had been ousted from state theatres. It operated under the auspices of the Kulturbund Deutscher Juden (Cultural Association of German Jews), which emerged as an organizational response to the measures taken against German Jewish artists after the Nazis took power. Goebbels approved the endeavor on the condition that the theatre would be a closed, subscription-based enterprise, with the involvement or attendance of non-Jews forbidden. SS-Kommandant Hans Hinkel was the Ministry of Propaganda official appointed to act as the theatre’s direct overseer and production censor, working closely with Singer to scrutinize content and enforce Nazi directives. For the artists, the theatre initially represented a much-needed opportunity to continue their livelihoods after Germany’s 1933 racial laws effectively removed them from public life; for performers and spectators alike, it provided a space where, as German Jews, they could temporarily escape increasingly hostile daily conditions. For the Nazis, on the other hand, the theatre served the strategic purpose of partitioning two hitherto connected spheres of German and German Jewish cultural life and was used to promote a notion of Jewish culture as foreign and non-Aryan. This agenda forbade the staging of most classical German dramas and necessitated the importation of Yiddish- and Hebrew-language plays, which were indeed foreign to the majority of assimilated Kulturbund members. Rovit has previously written an article for a museum catalog on “Theatrical Performance at Auschwitz-Birkenau,” as well as coedited a collection of essays on Theatrical Performance during the Holocaust, but The Jewish Kulturbund Theatre Company in Nazi Berlin is her first monograph and makes a significant contribution to our understanding of theatre under dictatorship. As Rovit demonstrates, the paradoxical partnership that emerged between the Kulturbund theatre and the Nazis is emblematic of the complexities and concessions that mark the broader phenomenon of “art-making under duress” (3). The Nazis “protected” the organization and [End Page 615] simultaneously enforced the cultural ghettoization of German Jews. At the same time, a “Jewish theatre” repertoire was suddenly thrust into existence in Germany, often featuring ominous themes of exile and persecution. Rovit accounts for the historical forces and ever-changing Nazi directives that informed the Kulturbund theatre’s selection of plays and dramaturgical decisions, and demonstrates how they produced competing conceptions of “Jewishness” (for example, Zionist, conservative, or assimilated) that existed within a highly diverse German Jewish community. As she shows, these identities were taken up by the three Jewish newspapers permitted to operate under the Third Reich (up until 1939) to influence the reception of productions, with each newspaper showing preference for productions that idealized a specific Jewish milieu (namely, Yiddish shtetls, Zionist Palestine, or bourgeois Germany). Before emigrating to Holland in 1938, Singer proved a formidable force in navigating Nazi strictures about content, as well as intra-Jewish debates about the theatre’s purpose, such as whether, under the circumstances, it ought to promote a distinct Jewish culture or provide entertaining plays of high artistic caliber and intellectual substance. Although keen to promote Jewish cultural identity, Singer was most strongly committed to a humanist, idealist ethos—one that had determined his own cultural formation as an assimilated German Jew during the Weimar Republic. For Singer, the main challenge was negotiating the Nazi directives that prohibited the staging of German bourgeois literary classics. The “pure Jewish culture” that the Nazis expected from the theatre simply did not exist (40). Furthermore, the Nazis prevented not only productions they deemed too “assimilatory” to German culture, but also those they regarded...

The intellectual characteristics of the information field: Heritage and substance

As the information field (IField) becomes more recognized by different constituencies for education and research, the need to better understand its intellectual characteristics becomes more compelling. Although there are various conceptualizations of the IField, to date, in‐depth studies based on empirical evidence are scarce. This article reports a study that fills this gap. We focus on the first five ISchools in the ICaucus as a proxy to represent the IField. The intellectual characteristics are depicted by two independent sets of data on tenure track faculty as knowledge contributors: their intellectual heritages and the intellectual substance in their journal publications. We use a critical analysis method to examine doctoral training areas and 3 years of journal publications. Our results indicate that (a) the IField can be better conceptualized with empirical support by a four‐component model that includes People, Information, Technology, and Management, as predicted by the I‐Model (Zhang & Benjamin, 2007); (b) the ISchools' faculty members are diverse, interdisciplinary, and multidisciplinary as shown by their intellectual heritages, by their research foci, by journals in which they publish, by the contexts within which they conduct research, and by the levels of analysis in research investigations; (c) the five ISchools share similarities while evincing differences in both faculty heritages and intellectual substances; (d) ISchool tenure track faculty members do not collaborate much with each other within or across schools although there is great potential; and (e) intellectual heritages are not good predictors of scholars' intellectual substance. We conclude by discussing the implications of the findings on IField identity, IField development, new ISchool formation and existing ISchool evolution, faculty career development, and collaboration within the IField.

Horatio’s Philosophy in Hamlet

Horatio’s Philosophy in <i>Hamlet</i>