Intellectual Reasons Research Articles

Examining the Intersection of Prophetic Hadith and Intellect: Authenticity, Contradiction, and Scholarly Perspectives

This article critically examines the question of whether a prophetic Hadith can be considered weak if it conflicts with intellect. The research employs analytical and library research methods, drawing on a range of scholarly works including books, academic articles, and writings by Muslim scholars spanning both the classical and contemporary eras.This study reveals that when the authenticity of a Hadith is uncertain and it contradicts intellect, it can be deemed weak. However, if a Hadith is deemed authentic by Hadith scholars despite its contradiction with intellect, two distinct theories emerge among Muslim scholars. The first theory, supported by many classical scholars and their contemporary followers, argues that a correct Hadith never opposes the intellect. According to this perspective, a sound and clear intellect will never contradict an authentic Hadith. In contrast, the second theory, advocated by modern Muslim scholars and some classical scholars, posits that a prophetic Hadith should be considered weak if it conflicts with intellect.The findings of this paper indicate that a prophetic Hadith, when narrated through a strong chain of narrators tracing back to the Prophet Muhammad, cannot inherently contradict the intellect. However, if a Hadith contradicts sound intellect, it can serve as a valid reason to question its authenticity and consider it weak. Through a comprehensive analysis of the scholarly discourse surrounding this topic, this study provides a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between prophetic Hadith and intellect. It underscores the importance of rigorous authentication processes, emphasizing the need to consider the reliability of the Hadith chain and the principles of intellectual reasoning when assessing the strength or weakness of a prophetic Hadith

Developmental deviation in delay discounting as a transdiagnostic indicator of risk for child psychopathology.

The tendency to prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards is known as delay discounting (DD). Developmental deviations in DD may be key in characterizing psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Recent work empirically supported DD as a transdiagnostic process in various psychiatric disorders. Yet, there is a lack of research relating developmental changes in DD from mid-childhood to adolescence to psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, examining the interplay between socioeconomic status/total household income (THI) and psychiatric symptoms is vital for a more comprehensive understanding of pediatric pathology and its complex relationship with DD. The current study addresses this gap in a robust psychiatric sample of 1843 children and adolescents aged 5-18 (M = 10.6, SD = 3.17; 1,219 males, 624 females). General additive models (GAMs) characterized the shape of age-related changes in monetary and food reward discounting for nine psychiatric disorders compared with neurotypical youth (NT; n = 123). Over 40% of our sample possessed a minimum of at least three psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. We used bootstrap-enhanced Louvain community detection to map DD-related comorbidity patterns. We derived five subtypes based on diagnostic categories present in our sample. DD patterns were then compared across each of the subtypes. Further, we evaluated the effect of cognitive ability, emotional and behavioral problems, and THI in relation to DD across development. Higher discounting was found in six of the nine disorders we examined relative to NT. DD was consistently elevated across development for most disorders, except for depressive disorders, with age-specific DD differences compared with NTs. Community detection analyses revealed that one comorbidity subtype consisting primarily of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Combined Presentation and anxiety disorders displayed the highest overall emotional/behavioral problems and greater DD for the food reward. An additional subtype composed mainly of ADHD, predominantly Inattentive Presentation, learning, and developmental disorders, showed the greatest DD for food and monetary rewards compared with the other subtypes. This subtype had deficits in reasoning ability, evidenced by low cognitive and academic achievement performance. For this ADHD-I and developmental disorders subtype, THI was related to DD across the age span such that participants with high THI showed no differences in DD compared with NTs. In contrast, participants with low THI showed significantly worse DD trajectories than all others. Our results also support prior work showing that DD follows nonlinear developmental patterns. We demonstrate preliminary evidence for DD as a transdiagnostic marker of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. Comorbidity subtypes illuminate DD heterogeneity, facilitating the identification of high-risk individuals. Importantly, our findings revealed a marked link between DD and intellectual reasoning, with children from lower-income households exhibiting lower reasoning skills and heightened DD. These observations underscore the potential consequences of compromised self-regulation in economically disadvantaged individuals with these disorders, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions and further research to support improved outcomes.

The Relationship Between Prophetic Hadith and Intellect: A Critical Examination of the Scholarly Discourse

If the authenticity of a Hadith is uncertain and contradicts intellect, it can be deemed weak. However, if a Hadith is deemed authentic by Hadith scholars, two distinct theories emerge among Muslim scholars. The first theory argues that a correct Hadith never opposes the intellect. According to this perspective, a sound and clear intellect will never contradict an authentic Hadith. In contrast, the second theory posits that a prophetic Hadith should be considered weak if it conflicts with intellect. The study employs analytical and library research methods, drawing on a range of scholarly works including books, academic articles, and writings by Muslim scholars. The findings of this paper indicate that a Hadith, narrated through a strong chain of narrators tracing back to the Prophet, cannot inherently contradict the intellect. However, if a Hadith contradicts sound intellect, it can serve as a valid reason to question its authenticity and consider it weak. Through a comprehensive analysis of the scholarly discourse, this study provides a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between Hadith and intellect and how Islam values the intellect. It underscores the importance of rigorous authentication processes, emphasizing the need to consider the reliability of the Hadith chain and the principles of intellectual reasoning when assessing the strength or weakness of a prophetic Hadith.

A Commons beyond the Human

This article critiques current theories of the commons as having been produced and sustained by human-centered paradigms of intellectual reasoning. It develops a commons beyond the human in response, which offers another way to envisage the commons and its pledge to the construction of better, alternate futures. Rather than advance yet another definition of the commons, this article examines how its means of knowledge production might ensue differently by dislocating the concept from its existing points of epistemological orientation. At the heart of this inquiry lies an attempt to rethink the commons concept beyond its regulating logics of liberal humanism, a radical reconsideration of the kinds of politics it should and might still enable beyond the lure of progressive reason. Turning to a reading of Alexis Wright’s 2013 novel The Swan Book, the article argues that a commons beyond the human gathers in the text through the more-than-human existence engendered between a young Aboriginal girl, Oblivia, and a flock of black swans. The novel presents neither the disavowal of the inherited knowledges of the commons nor a concrete policy to herald its appearance in a conjectural future, but a critical expansion of its transitive acts of worlding. This is made feasible by its insistence on upholding an Indigenous Australian ontological reality as the structuring provision for its narratives—one that has long stressed its dissonance from dominant Western genres of thinking and being.

Implementation of Scientific and Standard Approaches to PAI Learning in the Formation of Student Morals

The formation of morals is very important for every human being, starting from the age of the child, because it is the root in fortifying children when dealing with the environment. The formation of this character in students can be done one of them through learning, because in addition to making students master competence, it is also packaged to instill good values, and make it a good behavior. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive analytical methods in the form of observations, interviews and documentation. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive and inductive methods. Descriptive method is a discussion method that seeks to describe a symptom, event, and event that occurred during the study. The results of this study are that the scientific approach and PAKEM are very appropriate to be implemented in PAI learning, especially to make it easier for students to understand material that is abstract in nature. This thesis concludes that there are three benefits of implementing a scientific approach and PAKEM, namely: 1) to become an interesting and concrete learning model, 2) to familiarize students with good attitudes and behavior, and 3) to involve students actively. This conclusion supports the theory of the scientific approach and PAKEM which aims not only to increase intellectual reasoning and the ability to solve problems independently, but also to form commendable morals as a result of developing spiritual and social attitudes

Alpha band neurofeedback training based on a portable device improves working memory performance of young people

BackgroundWorking Memory (WM) plays a key role in cognitive activities such as problem solving, intellectual reasoning, and mathematical calculation. It has been reported that electroencephalogram (EEG) based Neurofeedback (NF) training shows good application value in improving subjects’ WM. ObjectivesIn this study, a low-cost and portable Neurofeedback Training (NFT) system based on a real-time EEG brain-computer interface (BCI) was built to explore whether the NFT based on alpha band can effectively regulate subjects’ WM level. MethodsThere were 16 healthy young subjects in total, recruited and randomly divided into the NFT group and the control group. Compared to the control group, the NFT group received a total of 8 NFT sessions, in which the subjects combined with the designed game feedback interface to realize the regulation of alpha band. Then, the relevant EEG data, the pre-test and post-test scores in the process of NF training were collected for EEG spectrum analysis and paired T-test respectively. ResultsThe study found that after a period of training, the alpha band power of prefrontal cortex and occipital cortex in the NFT group was significantly enhanced, and the activity power of beta and gamma band was significantly higher than that in other regions, and the WM error rate of this group was obviously lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). ConclusionOur study has demonstrated that the alpha band NFT system based on portable devices can improve the subjects' WM ability to a certain extent.

The education index in the context of sustainability: Thermo-economic considerations

Sustainable development requires new technical solutions to be realized, due to the new approach to production, consumption, and management of resources. These technologies also require technical skills from workers and citizens. These technical abilities are mostly based on the knowledge of mathematics and sciences, acquired during schooling years. In this study, we develop a thermo-economic analysis of sustainable development in relation to the needs of mathematical and technical skills of future workers. To do so, the Education Index is considered to improve it toward a measure of the technical abilities of young people, maintaining its present social meaning of preventing child exploitation. The result is an improvement of the Thermodynamic Human Development Index, by introducing the OECD-PISA assessment, to allow the decision makers to analyze their policies, based on a more comprehensive vision of the present, to better design the future. Finally, we point out the need to focus public policies on the continuous stimulus of intellectual reasoning and on problem-solving-based education to develop the processing capacity and foster the creative capabilities of the younger population that builds the backbone of the future workforce.

Inferential Statistics Is an Unfit Tool for Interpreting Data

Null hypothesis significance testing is a commonly used tool for making statistical inferences in empirical studies, but its use has always been controversial. In this manuscript, I argue that even more problematic is that significance testing, and other abstract statistical benchmarks, often are used as tools for interpreting study data. This is problematic because interpreting data requires domain knowledge of the scientific topic and sensitivity to the study context, something that significance testing and other purely statistical approaches are not. By using simple examples, I demonstrate that researchers must first use their domain knowledge—professional expertise, clinical experience, practical insight—to interpret the data in their study and then use inferential statistics to provide some reasonable estimates about what can be generalized from the study data. Moving beyond the current focus on abstract statistical benchmarks will encourage researchers to measure their phenomena in more meaningful ways, transparently convey their data, and communicate their intellectual reasons for interpreting the data as they do, a shift that will better foster a scientific forum for cumulative science.

Pangur Bán, Translation, Postmodernism, Paul Muldoon

«Pangur Bán» is probably the best know poem in Celtic studies, and a poem that tends to become increasingly more popular to audiences outside of Ireland. However, the anonymous, medieval poem has been cherished throughout history for a wide range of poetic, philosophical, intellectual and educational reasons. To inquire into the longevity and popularity of a marginal gloss on his cat by an Irish monk in a German monastery in the ninth century seems appropriate at a time when contemporary literature and applied hermeneutics of all kinds tend to dominate the literary discourses. This essay relates the historical poem to its many translations, for example by Paul Muldoon and Seamus Heaney, and current literary discourses. Why has this enigmatic jeu d’esprit been translated so frequently and why are these translations important? This essay argues that «Anonymous: Myself and Pangur», Muldoon’s version of «Pangur Bán», can be read as a prismatic poem for postmodernist concerns, in his own poetry and in recent theories.

Political Economy and Its Future: Conceptual and Institutional Issues

ABSTRACT This article begins by identifying different ways of conceptualizing political economy. In light of this conceptual discussion, it looks at political economy from an institutional perspective, in two different senses. First, paying special attention to the distinction between mainstream and nonmainstream in economics and in other disciplines, it considers the institutions of contemporary political economy, i.e., the rules of behaviour and of thought that are socially shared among one or more groups of academics involved with political economy. It argues that there are good institutional and intellectual reasons to strategically promote further interdisciplinary integration between various approaches in nonmainstream economics and in the mainstream of other disciplines. Second, the article examines institutions in political economy, i.e., institutions in the reality outside academia that are relevant for political economy. Institutional issues in political economy are highlighted here not only because they are relevant and ubiquitous outside academia, but also because they are especially promising as subject matters about which that much needed interdisciplinary integration of approaches in political economy can occur.

Arabic-10 Breach of the Knowledge through the distorition in the view of Islamic Shariah

There is no doubt that knowledge and it’s preaching is one of the greatest mandates bestowed by Al Mighty Allah and it has great value and status from Him.According to the scholars, knowledge is one the amana and divine gift of Almighty Allah. It is incumbent upon the people of knowledge to preach it and to make it available to the ones who are unaware of it. Breach of this duty has no match to or comparison with breach of other duties. But rather, intellectual defalcation and dishonesty is the worst of all sorts because it is tantamount to being defalcation with the Deen and Sharia which belongs to Allah Almighty and the purpose of which is the rectification of humanity. The Holy Quran and Sunnah Nabawi has mentioned the problems of intellectual defalcation and dishonesty multiple times and the scholars has also engaged in detailed discourse regarding this issue. They have also cautioned against it because it's severity and adverse consequences have an impact the society and it’s members. The objective of this article is to explain this intellectual defalcation. The topics I wish to discuss are as follows: The linguistic and terminological meaning of intellectual Dishonesty and reasons for their occurrence and reasons for indulging in them. How is intellectual dishonesty related to defalcation and it's kinds and also, I seek to explain it's adverse impact on the individual and the society in the light of Shariah.

Linguistic Perspective of Shaykh Tusi Regarding Such a Phenomenon as Dialectical Differences in the Words of the Holy Text with an Emphasis on Al-Tebyan Exegesis

Shaykh Tusi (death at 1068) is considered as one of the prominent Shiite interpreters. He wrote “Tafsir Al-Tebyan Fi Tafsir Al-Quran” in the fifth hegira century in literary-linguistic genre. The recognition of the language of the holy text and application of the various Arabic linguistic knowledge forms are the essence and substructure of Shaykh Tusi’s hermeneutics to the extent that he realizes it necessary to have perfect familiarity with the language of the holy text and semantic properties for achieving an intellectual interpretation of the holy Quran’s ĀYĀT. In the light of paying attention to the Arabic linguistics, he has paid attention and pointed to a linguistic phenomenon called the differences in reading the holy text’s lexicons and diversity of the Arabic dialects in the Holy Quran and has investigated and analyzed numerous examples of this phenomenon which is prevalent in Arabic language and is reflected in the holy text. In Al-Tebyan Interpretation, he has made efforts to explain and elaborate the different readings of the words in the holy text by the various readers and the diversity of the Quranic words’ articulation using intellectual reasoning and linguistic references and he has also added his own linguistic perspectives in some of the cases. The author of the present academic research article intended to criticize and investigate Shaykh Tusi’s linguistic viewpoints regarding the reasons for the existence of words’ articulation differences and diversity of their articulation within the realm of the holy text thereby to introduce and reveal his method in analyzing and finding the linguistic reasons for the aforesaid phenomenon.

АНГЕЛОЛОГИЯ В РУССКОЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ИСТОРИИ: НЕСКОЛЬКО ЭПИЗОДОВ

Reflections on the nature of angels in Russian religious philosophy are inseparable from political theology and reflection on scientific and technical achievements. Based on the works of N. Boldyrev, A. Losev and S. Averintsev, the article proves that the doctrine of angels was to spiritualize technical progress and not less to preserve humanitarian culture in the field of symbolic-mathematical speculation. Therefore, Russian angelology is dialogical and controversial: it relies on the hermeneutics of a symbol, while symbolism is considered as part of intellectual production parallel to technical invention. It is proved how exactly the reception of ideas related to the parameters of perception and a certain style of intellectual reasoning made it possible to single out questions about angels into a separate area of philosophical problematization. Accordingly, the study of how exactly the questions were thought of as autonomous, makes it possible to clarify how Russian thought could assert the autonomy of orders of philosophical reasoning

The People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM) and the renewal of its core organs: Cameroon

: It depends on the strength of a leading or close party, depending on whether it can be called for intellectual reasons; and this was on the initiative of his national president who decided to open his headquarters and his specialized organizations from 1 August to 10 December 2015, a period of (03) three years after the official end of his term of office. his guides, renew. In this process a competition was identified in the search for new selection tasks. The task was not only the witch agreement but, and in some places also continued. What are the new socio-political foundations of the CPDM and its specialized bodies? What is the meaning and power that can streamline this process and maintain a socio-political perspective? Here are some questions to consider in the current article. Il will also be processed in the light of the database collections in the field, with a strategic analysis with the help of the dominant authoritarian theory.

The Role of Instinct in David Hume's Conception of Human Reason

This article investigates the role of instinct in Hume's understanding of human reason. It is shown that while in the Treatise Hume makes the strong reductive assertion that reason is ‘nothing but’ an instinct, in the First Enquiry the corresponding statement has been modified in several ways, rendering the relation between instinct and reason more complex. Most importantly, Hume now explicitly recognises that alongside instinctive experimental reasoning, there is a uniquely human intellectual power of intuitive and demonstrative reason that is not itself an instinct. At first sight it may look as if this intellectual reason, that is capable of grasping ‘relations of ideas’, is not even grounded in instinct but is a thoroughly non-natural element in human nature. On closer analysis, however, it is shown that intellectual reason, in its apprehension of ‘abstract’ and general relations, is dependent on language – the use of ‘terms’ – and that language itself is grounded in instinctive associations of ideas. Thus, Hume's overall view is that even the intellect is an outgrowth of instinct and his conception of human nature is, therefore, shown to be fully naturalistic. Yet this naturalism can still make room for the ‘exceptionalism’ of human mathematical thought, which has no counterpart in the animal kingdom where language is lacking.

Women’s rationales and perspectives on “mostly” as a nonexclusive sexual identity label.

The sexuality labels of “mostly straight” and “mostly gay” are used by men to understand their non-exclusive sexualities, yet the value of these labels in understanding women’s sexuality has not been investigated. The current qualitative study addresses this issue by examining how women with non-exclusive sexualities view the term to understand their sexual desires and identities and explores their experiences as women with non-exclusive sexualities. Participants were 30 cis-gendered women who indicated having gender non-exclusive desires, yet did not identify as bisexual. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants reported and identities as meaningfully different to bisexual identities, citing sexual, romantic and intellectual reasons as rationales for their non-exclusive orientations. Participants viewed “mostly” as more indicative of sexuality as a fluid construct, serving to de-emphasize sexual identity labels. Participants’ narratives support the notion that sexual identity labels mostly lesbian and mostly straight are useful to understand non-exclusive sexual desires and provides support for sexuality understood as a continuum interpreted through multiple overlapping categories. Implications for the understanding of women’s sexuality as fluid and flexible and how this relates more broadly to their identity are considered.

Antitheodicy and the Grading of Theodicies by Moral Offensiveness

Antitheodicy objects to all attempts to solve the problem of evil. Its objections are almost all on moral grounds—it argues that the whole project of theodicy is morally offensive. Trying to excuse God’s permission of evil is said to deny the reality of evil, to exhibit gross insensitivity to suffering, and to insult the victims of grave evils. Since antitheodicists urge the avoidance of theodicies for moral reasons, it is desirable to evaluate the moral reasons against theodicies in abstraction from the intellectual reasons for and against them. It is argued that the best known theodicies such as those based on soul-making and free will are guilty of moral faults as alleged. But Leibniz’s best of all possible worlds theory, often thought to be the most morally offensive ‘Panglossian’ theodicy, is morally blameless because it excuses God by the absolute impossibility of his choosing any world better than the present one. Theodicy should not be conceived of as a search for greater goods which may excuse God’s permitting evils. From the divine point of view, creation is an upfront choice between scenarios—in modern parlance, a Trolley problem rather than a Transplant problem. In cases of forced choice among scenarios, it is morally improper to criticize one who chooses the best.

The Reasons of the Prohibition of the Marriage of the Prophet's Wives after his Demise

Describing the status of the Prophet's (PBUH) wives as Nisā al-nabī (نساء النبی), the Holy Qur'ān considered their remarriage after the Holy Prophet (PBUH) as tormenting, and severely forbids it. The present study aims to examine the reasons of the Prohibition of the marriage of the Prophet's (PBUH) wives after his demise, and explain the philosophy behind this decree of God based on Qur'ānic, narratives, and historical, social and intellectual reasons. In this study, the data were collected through a library research method and were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. The detailed study of the data indicated that those willing to marry the Prophet's (PBUH) wives did not respect dignity and status of the Prophet's (PBUH). In addition, after marrying the Prophet's (PBUH) wives, they could politically, socially, morally, and theologically abuse their status out of selfishness and adventure. Therefore, in addition to preserving the Prohibition of the prophecy, Qur'ān limited the possibility of personal identification of some people through affinity with the Prophet (PBUH) and prevented the possible slips. Moreover, his wives' denial of getting divorced after the elevation of the Qur'ānic verse 33: 53, indicates their self-sacrifice, appreciating the honor of continuing their marriage to the Prophet (PBUH) as well as maintaining the spiritual achievements of their matrimonial lives.

The Archimedean point: Consciousness, praxis, and the present in Lukács and Bloch

This article consists of an original translation of Ernst Bloch’s 1923 review of Lukács History and Class Consciousness, preceded by a translator’s introduction contextualising Bloch’s review and interpreting what it tells us about the intellectual and personal relationship between Bloch and Lukács. I argue that Bloch’s review highlights some of the key differences and points of intersection between their thinking. Written when their personal relationship had already soured for both political and intellectual reasons, Bloch’s review makes clear his ongoing commitment to a form of utopianism Lukács had long abandoned. Unlike Lukács, who in History and Class Consciousness argued that the dialectical method could only be applied to the social realm, Bloch followed Engels in developing a dialectics of nature. However, even if Bloch was less willing to become involved in party politics than his erstwhile friend, as the review reveals, both men ultimately emphasised the present moment as the privileged locus of urgent political action.

The philosophy of the workplace spirituality in the third millennium organizations: A field study at the Ministry of Health Center

Purpose: The research aims to build an integrated knowledge framework for the basic research topic. The spirituality of the workplace is through access to the most important scientific proposals on these topics. In Management Thought Framing the knowledge within them in a serious attempt is to provide the appropriate answers about the intellectual dilemma of research. By diagnosing the nature of the relationship with the influential elements and its historical development . METHODOLOGY: The study relied on the analytical survey method. The research sample targeted (88) managers in the center of the Iraqi Ministry of Health exclusively from the researched senior leaders (general manager, assistant general manager, and head of department), and the main tool for research was represented by relying on solid international standards For the research variable after it has been adapted to the needs of the Iraqi environment, hypotheses and data analysis have been tested using the appropriate statistical tools (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, differential coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis) Theoretical results: The research results are formulated according to the process of intellectual reasoning and philosophical variables. Workplace spirituality in its broad sense encompasses a multidimensional concept linked to hope, desires, thinking patterns, emotions, feelings and behaviors. They are critical element in organizations' interactions with employees , customers and the community Individuals were able to integrate into their careers and enhance their job satisfaction . Practical results: The results of the statistical analysis showed the weak interest of the Ministry of Health in the spirituality of the workplace, as a result of the Ministry’s focus on routine official aspects and neglecting the spiritual aspects, feelings, and feelings of workers, which generally affected the organizational climate of the Ministry, which lost it the element of spiritual interaction that is most in need The result of the ministry’s work, which calls for a spirituality in the workplace. Originality/ Value: Focusing on the emotional and spiritual aspect of the employees. Technological developments have adversely affected social communication between employees and The sense of isolation has increased. This has adversely affected performance and creativity at work. So it was necessary to increase the actual attention to spiritual reality in the workplace. This is evidenced by the fact that some organizations have begun to set up special sections dealing with the spirituality of the workplace as the case within the American Academy, the spirituality of management and the religious interests group (MSR Group). To address specific spiritual issues