Intellectual Property Transactions Research Articles

Improvement of PBFT Consensus Algorithm Based on Affinity Propagation Clustering in Intellectual Property Transaction Scenarios

In response to the problems of random selection of primary nodes, high communication complexity, and low consensus efficiency in the current consensus mechanism for intellectual property transactions, a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm based on the Affinity-Propagation (AP) clustering algorithm, termed AP-PBFT, is proposed. Firstly, the election strategy of the leader node is constructed based on the reputation mechanism; the reward and punishment mechanism is designed to achieve the dynamic adjustment of the reputation value of the nodes in the PBFT consensus process, and the number of votes among the nodes is introduced to determine the node’s reputation value in collaboration with the reward and punishment mechanism to guarantee the precise ordering of the nodes. Secondly, nodes with high reputation values are selected as cluster centers to run the AP clustering algorithm, and clustering groups of knowledge property transaction nodes are constructed based on responsibility and availability. Finally, the three-stage consensus process of the PBFT consensus algorithm is optimized, and the consensus task is decomposed into two layers: the intra-consensus group and the inter-leader node group, reducing the communication complexity of transaction data in the blockchain. Experimental findings indicate a significant performance improvement of the algorithm over the PBFT consensus algorithm in communication complexity, throughput, and consensus efficiency in the simulation environment of multiple types of transactions in intellectual property transactions, including different types of large-scale transaction scenarios, such as purchases, sales, licenses, and transfers.

Improvement of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus Algorithm Based on DIANA in Intellectual Property Environment Transactions

In response to the shortcomings of the consensus algorithm for intellectual property transactions, such as high communication overhead, random primary node selection, and prolonged consensus time, a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) improvement algorithm based on Divisive Analysis (DIANA) D-PBFT algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the algorithm adopts the hierarchical clustering mechanism of DIANA to cluster nodes based on similarity, enhancing node partition accuracy and reducing the number of participating consensus nodes. Secondly, it designs a reward and punishment system based on node ranking, to achieve consistency between node status and permissions, timely evaluation, and feedback on node behaviours, thereby enhancing node enthusiasm. Then, the election method of the primary node is improved by constructing proxy and alternate nodes and adopting a majority voting strategy to achieve the selection and reliability of the primary node. Finally, the consistency protocol is optimised to perform consensus once within the cluster and once between all primary nodes, to ensure the accuracy of the consensus results. Experimental results demonstrate that the D-PBFT algorithm shows a better performance, in terms of communication complexity, throughput, and latency.

Fortifying Health Care Intellectual Property Transactions With Blockchain.

Intellectual property (IP) is a substantial competitive advantage in the health care industry. However, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for open innovation and collaboration for the greater good. Despite this, the industry faces challenges with innovation owing to organizational and departmental barriers. A secure platform is necessary to facilitate IP sharing without compromising the rights of IP owners. This study proposes a blockchain-based framework to secure IP transactions in health care and bring social impact. This study reviews existing researches, publications, practical cases, firm and organization websites, and conferences related to blockchain technology, blockchain in health care, blockchain in IP management, IP pledge research, and practice of IP management blockchain. The platform architecture has 7 components: pledgers, advanced research technology (ART), IP pledge platforms, IP databases, health care research, seeking ART, and transaction condition setting. These components work together seamlessly to support the sharing and pledging of ART and knowledge, while ensuring the platform's transparency, security, and trust. The open IP pledge framework can promote technology dissemination and use, reduce research and development costs, foster collaboration, and serve the public interest. Medical organizations' leadership and support and active participation from stakeholders are necessary for success. By leveraging blockchain technology, the platform ensures tamper-proof and transparent transactions and protects the rights of IP owners. In addition, the platform offers incentive mechanisms through pledge tokens that encourage stakeholders to share their ART and contribute to the platform. Overall, the proposed framework can facilitate technological innovation, tackle various challenges, and secure IP transactions. It provides a secure platform for stakeholders to share their IP without compromising their rights, promoting collaboration and progress in the health care industry. The implementation of the framework has the potential to revolutionize the industry's approach to innovation, allowing a more open and collaborative environment driven by the greater good.

ST-PBFT: An Optimized PBFT Consensus Algorithm for Intellectual Property Transaction Scenarios

For the current Intellectual Property (IP) transaction scenario, consensus nodes need to simultaneously consensus transactions of the same transaction type, resulting in low consensus efficiency, accuracy, and reliability, which seriously hinders the development of intellectual property. Based on the consortium chain, this paper proposes a secure and efficient blockchain-distributed consensus algorithm, ST-PBFT (Shard Transaction Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), applied to the IP transaction scenario. The main contributions of ST-PBFT include the following: first, a grouping method based on the principle of consistent hashing is proposed to group consensus nodes, and nodes group consensus, which reduces the complexity of communication. Second, the transaction consensus group can process IP transactions in parallel, which improves the throughput of the algorithm. Third, a node reputation evaluation model is proposed, which can prevent byzantine nodes from being repeatedly elected as primary nodes. The experimental results show that ST-PBFT can significantly improve the consensus efficiency and reliability and reduce consensus latency.

Exploring the trust mechanism of digital intellectual property transactions based on smart contracts

Exploring the trust mechanism of digital intellectual property transactions based on smart contracts

Intellectual property transactions: the third leg of the stool

Intellectual property transactions: the third leg of the stool

Research on the evolutionary game of knowledge pricing in an open innovation environment: from the perspective of social dual innovation balance

PurposeThis paper aims to find out the factors that influence the choice of dual innovation strategies in the process of knowledge pricing and transaction between first-mover and late-mover companies in an open innovation environment and also to find the key factors that affect the company's strategic choice in factors such as heterogeneous market environment, demand elasticity, exploration risk intellectual property prices and transaction cost.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the Cournot equilibrium and Stackelberg two-stage master-slave game model to describe the evolutionary process of knowledge pricing in an open innovation environment of first-mover and late-mover companies.FindingsResearch shows that in an open innovation environment, the formation of a dual innovation strategy in the pricing process of corporate intellectual property transactions is a complex process. Changes in one-time transaction costs and changes in the inverse demand coefficient of the innovation market play the decisive role in the choice of dual innovation strategies. When the demand of the innovation market is moderate, the inverse demand coefficient of the innovation market and the one-time transaction cost has an inverted U-shaped influence relationship. As the innovation market's inverse demand coefficient and the one-time transaction cost increase at the same time, the degree of differentiation of the enterprise's dual innovation strategy choice gradually reduces; when the one-time transaction cost is the largest, the degree of strategy differentiation is minimized.Originality/valueBased on the above relationship, suggestions are made to guide enterprises in the knowledge pricing and transaction process in an open innovation environment, promote enterprises to form a dislocation development and complementary advantages in the knowledge innovation ecological chain and improve the overall innovation efficiency of the industry.

«ОТКРЫТЫЕ» ИННОВАЦИИ И ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЗАЩИТА ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ

The study offers a comprehensive view on the process which can be described as dialectics of ‘open’ innovation and institutional protection of intellectual property. Although in the ICT sphere this process is already a well-established fact, in research literature only its theoretical and methodological aspects have received some fragmented attention. This study relies on the empirical evidence concerning competitive strategies and tactics of international high-tech companies. The study shows the growing complexity in the configuration of relations and intellectual property transactions between the stakeholders. Strategies and interactions often acquire a hybrid nature not only in their form (network-based, based on digital platforms, alliances, etc) but also in their content (due to the diversity of the possible combinations of ‘open’ and ‘closed’ innovations). The aim of this study is to show the potential of high tech companies’ strategies and business models underpinned by the dialectics of ‘open’ innovation and intellectual property protection. A special focus is made on the theoretical and methodological foundations of the connection between the ‘open’ and ‘closed’ innovation types. There is a system-forming factor that determines the sophisticated, often contradictory, multi-agent mechanism for the reproduction of high profitability of companies. At the core of this factor is the intellectual capital — the commitment and competence of workers (developers, managers, and experts), who have received specialized interdisciplinary training. Conceptually, this study relies on the institutional approach to economic theory and innovation management theory. It also relies on the systemic, dialectical, and functional methods as well as on the decomposition method, methods of comparative analysis and structurization. The research findings can be used by policy makers to enhance innovation in Russia and to make its regions more competitive on the international arena.

Intellectual Property Transactions: What We Can (and Should) Learn from Contract Law for IP Licensing

Intellectual Property Transactions: What We Can (and Should) Learn from Contract Law for IP Licensing

Research on One-Stop and Full-Support Mode of Intellectual Property Transaction

Intellectual property right transaction is the key link of the successful transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and it plays an important role in the process of promoting the integration of S&T and economy. In order to break the gap between S&T and the economy, the state vigorously advocating the construction of comprehensive service platform for intellectual property rights is based on the whole process of transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but the current real sense of the whole support platform is numbered. Under the guidance of the innovation value chain theory, this paper expounds the connotation and essential characteristics of the one-stop and full-support platform of intellectual property transaction, and summarizes the five-stage model of intellectual property transactions and the basic service requirements during the whole process of intellectual property transactions, then builds the service system of the one-stop and full-support mode based on the overall process of intellectual property transaction and analyzes the unique advantages of the mode. Finally, the paper constructs the internal and external support system so as to improve the construction and development of one-stop and full-support platform mode.

Comment to the SEC in Support of the Enhanced Disclosure of Patent and Technology License Information

Intangible assets like IP constitute a large share of the value of firms, and the US economy generally. Accurate information on the intellectual property (IP) holdings and transactions of publicly-traded firms facilitates price discovery in the market and reduces transaction costs. While public understanding of the innovation economy has been expanded by a large stream of empirical research using patent data, and more recently trademark information this research is only as good as the accuracy and completeness of the data it builds upon. In contrast with information about patents and trademarks, good information about IP licensing is much less publicly available. Although IP royalties provide large in-bound trade flows to the United States, remarkably little is known about the economic realities of IP transactions. But not only are licensing royalties economically impactful, but building a better understanding of how markets for technology operate in a modern, innovation economy is important for the transparency of markets, and to the public and policy-makers. Open data on innovation is currently siloed, fragmented, and unfederated across a number of repositories (some electronic and others physical) including the Administrative Office of the Courts, Secretary of State Offices, Copyright Office, IRS, USPTO, SEC, FDA, NSF, SBA and others, raising search and discovery costs and undermining the goals of open data. Data on “comparables” tend to be thin in the industry, a situation that may offer a sub-optimal market environment for startup firms: these young entities often rely on selling intangibles, but have low bargaining power, and limited resources to invest in search and price discovery. Disclosures of material licenses and intellectual property information to the SEC addresses a number of existing gaps, with the potential to play an expanded role. In fact, IP license information is not widely available to the public through any other federal agency, even in cases where the IP was federally funded. Thus the IP license information available through the SEC is an invaluable resource to the public. One major limitation with the existing SEC licensing information, however, is that it is often difficult to find and manipulate. An impediment arises since the data are not tagged or designed to be easily combined with other information sources. One of us, for example, has sought to determine which firms have SEC-registered patent licenses over a period of time for the purpose of establishing a public database of licenses obtained through FOIA requests. However, there is no straightforward way for the public to search for this information, in the SEC record or otherwise. The overall thrust of our comments is to commend the SEC on the valuable disclosures its requirements encourage and to recommend preserving and augmenting, rather than diminishing them, in order to 1) produce more useful data and 2) reduce the costs of discovering and using existing data disclosed to the SEC. In many cases, an SEC requirement will not require reporting entities to create new information (e.g., when disclosing patents or licenses) but it will greatly reduce the costs to third parties of searching for this information.

The Change of Intellectual Property Transactions and Taxation as seen in U. S. software

The Change of Intellectual Property Transactions and Taxation as seen in U. S. software

Taxation of Softwares in India

Intellectual Property for the purpose of taxation is classified as an intangible fixed asset acquired or created, for use on a continuing basis in the course of business activities. The various stages underlying intellectual property cycle including the creation, development, acquisition, utilisation and sale of the intellectual property assets attracts different forms of taxation at each stage and may fall under a number of headings like business profits, fees for services, rents and royalties, dividends and capital gains etc. Tax system currently also includes certain provisions designed to include the Research and Development (R&D) activities such as deductions for many of the R&D expenditures and under certain circumstances, even tax credits. Tax law also contains rules for the depreciation or amortisation of the acquired intellectual property. Tax treatment and tax incentives vary according to the type of taxation, which in turn is determined by the mode of transfers and transactions. The sale and licensing of intellectual property which often generate ordinary income can also produce capital gains. Thus in effect the intellectual property transactions are covered by the Income Tax, Sales Tax, Service Tax and Customs laws.

Where is the eBay for Intellectual Property?

This paper is an examination of the economics, organizational dynamics and structural factors inhibiting an electronic market for intellectual property.  Several intermediaries exist to facilitate the transition of intellectual property (IP) from sellers to buyers. Over the past 20 years, a number of companies attempted to create an online “eBay for IP.” These IP Exchanges (IPEs) failed to gain traction in competition with other mediums that provide channels to facilitate IP transactions.  Compounding the problem is the concentration of intellectual property assets amongst a small group of institutions and within those institutions as well as organizational hurdles inherent in academic technology transfer offices. As a result, the business model for an online IPE market is fundamentally challenging, and no successful IPE exists to date.

Intermediaries and Innovation - Why They Emerge and How They Facilitate IP Transactions on the Markets for Technology

With this paper we aim to contribute to the discussion about the difficulties that occur when trading technical knowledge and particularly patents. Currently one can observe that markets for technology have been sizable growing, transaction obstacles are still immanent and technology market intermediaries (TMI) emerge that develop new models aiming to facilitate Intellectual Property (IP) transactions. Why TMIs emerge and how they attempt to facilitate IP transactions however is not yet sufficiently understood. We propose theoretical explanations for these two questions building primarily on the contributions of Stigler (1951) and Williamson (1979). We argue that the growing markets for technologies on the one hand and immanent transaction obstacles on the other hand lead to further division of labor and thus foster the emergence of TMIs. Following Williamson (1979) we propose that the new transaction models developed by TMIs attempt to implement more standardized governance structures in order to diminish transaction costs. However it remains to be seen which of the newly developed models (or those to come) will survive and actually deliver more economic transactions. Please note: The reader may excuse the extensive use of footnotes.

Intellectual property (IP) governance in ICT firms: strategic value seeking through proprietary and non-proprietary IP transactions

This article investigates how firms exploit various forms of intellectual property (IP), often at the same time, in order to organise their strategic value seeking. The analysis is based upon confidential micro-data involving a survey of a set of 38 firms in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in the UK. The article shows how three quarters of those firms exchange different types of proprietary (patents and copyright) and non-proprietary (open source and trade in non-patented technology) IP, in order to realise specific kinds of strategic value related to financial gain, competitive positioning, innovation and strategic alliances or relationships. The important role of alternative types of IP governance models (including various licensing forms, and other) associated with specific value seeking behaviours is also illustrated. The findings open up an important line of enquiry into the relative advantages conferred by different forms of IP markets and IP governance forms, and these insights in turn can provide useful indications to policymakers interested in promoting firms’ ability to exploit their IP.

Withholding Tax and Cross-Border Intellectual Property Transactions in Developing Countries: The Example of Egypt and India

This article examines cross-border transactions involving intellectual property, including licensing, transfers and cost-sharing arrangements with specific regard to Egypt and India. As these developing countries are technology importers, they are concerned with protecting their tax revenue by the imposition of appropriate measures, notably withholding taxes.

Valuing Intellectual Property: An Experiment

In this article we report on the results of an experiment we performed to determine whether transactions in intellectual property (IP) are subject to the valuation anomalies commonly referred to as “endowment effects”. Traditional conceptions of the value of IP rely on assumptions about human rationality derived from classical economics. The law assumes that when people make decisions about buying, selling, and licensing IP they do so with fixed, context-independent preferences. Over the past several decades, this rational actor model of classical economics has come under attack by behavioral data showing that people do not always make strictly rational decisions. Perhaps the most important research in this field is that related to the “endowment effect” – the discovery that, contrary to economic predictions, people value the same object more when they own it than when they do not. To date, the endowment effect has been observed for a variety of goods including mugs, lottery tickets, and hunting permits. Our experiment establishes a substantial valuation asymmetry between authors of poems and potential purchasers of them. As we explain in detail in the article, we constructed a market for the poems that was modeled on a market for licensing IP. The observed differences in valuation indicate that IP licensing markets may be substantially less efficient that previously believed. Our results suggest that (1) the preferences of IP creators, owners, and purchasers are unstable and dependent on the initial distribution of property rights in creative works, and (2) large gaps arise between purchasers’ willingness to pay and sellers’ willingness to accept even though the poems are non-rival property and the contemplated alienation of the property is therefore only partial. Our findings suggest that private transactions in creative goods may face significant transaction costs arising from cognitive biases that drive the price that creators and owners of IP are likely to demand for transfers considerably higher than what buyers will, on average, be willing to pay. This does not mean, of course, that transactions in IP will not take place – we see such transactions happening out in the world every day. Our research suggests, however, that IP transactions may occur at a level that is significantly suboptimal, and that the baleful effect of cognitive and affective biases is likely to be more serious for transactions in works of relatively low commercial value, or for which no well-established custom or pattern helps to inform valuation. These results have considerable implications for the structuring of IP rights, IP formalities, IP licensing, and fair use.

Developing e-commerce business models for enabling silicon intellectual property transactions

Integrated Circuit (IC) design productivity has failed to keep pace with Moore's Law in the past decade; thus, a 'design productivity gap' between the increase in IC design complexity and increased productivity has emerged. As the IC industry migrates to the System-On-Chip (SOC) era, the nature of Silicon Intellectual Property (SIP), which can narrow the 'design productivity gap', has made SIP critical for the design and implementation of a complex SOC. There are two major categories of SIP problems, technical and business; both are based on current SIP transaction business processes. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop e-commerce business models to resolve complex technical and business issues in SIP transactions and thus enable the business more fully online. The benefits of the proposed e-commerce business models and efficiency improvements to SOC designs regarding the leveraging of the proposed models are discussed.

Local Nodes in Global Networks: The Geography of Knowledge Flows in Biotechnology Innovation

The literature on innovation and interactive learning has tended to emphasize the importance of local networks, inter‐firm collaboration and knowledge flows as the principal source of technological dynamism. More recently, however, this view has come to be challenged by other perspectives that argue for the importance of non‐local knowledge flows. According to this alternative approach, truly dynamic economic regions are characterized both by dense local social interaction and knowledge circulation, as well as strong inter‐regional and international connections to outside knowledge sources and partners. This paper offers an empirical examination of these issues by examining the geography of knowledge flows associated with innovation in biotechnology. We begin by reviewing the growing literature on the nature and geography of innovation in biotechnology research and the commercialization process. Then, focusing on the Canadian biotech industry, we examine the determinants of innovation (measured through patenting activity), paying particular attention to internal resources and capabilities of the firm, as well as local and global flows of knowledge and capital. Our study is based on the analysis of Statistics Canada's 1999 Survey of Biotechnology Use and Development, which covers 358 core biotechnology firms. Our findings highlight the importance of in‐house technological capability and absorptive capacity as determinants of successful innovation in biotechnology firms. Furthermore, our results document the precise ways in which knowledge circulates, in both embodied and disembodied forms, both locally and globally. We also highlight the role of formal intellectual property transactions (domestic and international) in promoting knowledge flows. Although we document the importance of global networks in our findings, our results also reveal the value of local networks and specific forms of embedding. Local relational linkages are especially important when raising capital—and the expertise that comes with it—to support innovation. Nevertheless, our empirical results raise some troubling questions about the alleged pre‐eminence of the local in fostering innovation.