Intellectual Property Products Research Articles

Enterprise information and communications technology software pricing and developer productivity measurement

AbstractThe 1999 addition of business sector software and services spending to the National Income and Product Accounts was an important innovation, achieving a novel focus on the measurement of intangible asset investment. Over the intervening years, enterprise information and communication technology (ICT) has fundamentally changed. The transformation has raised questions about the extent of the decline of ICT function software prices. As a software producing sector, the business sector ICT function now has a much wider array of production factor choices. In addition, labor and multifactor software development productivity, an important sources of value creation, varies widely from year to year. With the use of a two‐sector model and a standard growth accounting framework, a business sector ICT function shadow price is estimated, finding that software price declines have been underestimated by 4.4 percentage points (ppt) over 2015 to 2021. The impact on GDP growth is a 0.1 ppt underestimate. Correcting the underestimate increases software spending from 19.6% to 24.7% of nonresidential fixed investment, and from 47.4% to 59.9% of real intellectual property product spending.

Digital intellectual property market: theoretical view and possible manifestations of unfair competition

The article describes the peculiarities and contradictions of the intellectual propertymarket, the types of market and the legal capacity of subjects of market relations. The formationin the human-digital system of the digital market of Ukraine and its component -the digital market of objects of intellectual property rights (OIPR), which have distinctivefeatures in providing with the use of digital platforms, is considered. It was determinedthat in the digital market of OIPR there are commodity-monetary relations with intangibleobjects regarding the transfer of exclusive rights depending on the type of contract betweenthe counterparties of the digital market. Digital intellectual property products commercializedin the digital market are digital things that exist in digital format on a physicalmedium and acquire a commodity-digital value expressed as a set of data in electronicform. It is noted that the digital market of Ukraine is currently integrated into the SingleDigital Market of the European Union. The peculiarities of digitalization of the intellectualproperty market are considered, which include: high concentration of leading firms andtheir monopolization, which will be charged with the most additional obligations; copyrightinfringement on the Internet, since every website has informational content, whichbecame the basis for an increase in the number of offenses related to the use of copyrightobjects; the protection of the digital identity, which is a component of the individualitythat exists in the online environment and becomes critical in connection with the risks ofcybercrime, which determines the legislation on the protection of personal data in the EU;the virtual asset market, which most often includes cryptocurrencies that do not have acentral governing body and are not backed by any national currency; the field of artificialintelligence as a new object of legal regulation. These features of the digitalization of theintellectual property market testify to the relevance and perspective of the study of theproblems of digitalization of the intellectual economy, which are not exhaustive.

The evolving role of technology transfer offices in the entrepreneurial university: Go-betweens or playmakers?

AbstractTechnology transfer offices (TTOs) play an increasingly important role in universities, supporting researchers in translating science knowledge into commercially and socially valuable outcomes. However, the literature is limited regarding how TTOs support the technology transfer process. This study contributes deeper insight into the role of TTOs in facilitating knowledge transfer outcomes. A case study of life science commercialization in Australasian universities drew on depth interviews with senior TTO managers and industry experts, on longitudinal participant observation within a life science intermediary business to inform about supply side elements, and on secondary data. The findings emphasise the effects of wider institutional change on quintuple helix (5H) stakeholders, i.e., the environment, society, government, universities, and industry. Financialization and competition places growing demands on universities for commercializable intellectual property (IP) production. In response, TTOs have built competencies in translational engagement (trust and reputation building and boundary spanning) and value co-creation (service quality management and de-risking). Those competencies translate to a five-stage process of technology transfer facilitation: (1) Identifying, (2) assessing, (3) protecting, (4) promoting and (5) profiting. In the complex context of life science innovation, innovation networks benefit from investment in university outreach, stakeholder relationship building, tax credits, and fund matching with transnational corporations. To ensure optimal social and commercial outcomes independent oversight of the process should be maintained, by representatives from all 5H stakeholders.

The Pilot Creation of Sustainable Stall Design to Promote Temporary Pottery Market in the Baan Muang Kung Community

Although local intellectual property products have received support from both the government and private sectors, including increasing consumer interest in craft products, the residents of the Muang Kung community, Chiang Mai province, who produce handmade clay pottery with unique and distinctive shaping techniques and intricate patterns, still lack a market space to accommodate their products. Therefore, it is necessary to study the sustainable market format to help promote community products appropriately and stimulate tourism in this area. This research aims to achieve the following objectives (1) Study sustainable market pattern design principles suitable for community markets (2) Explore the potential capabilities and the local community’s requirements in market (3) Propose sustainable market design guideline to promote community products. This research primarily explores the sustainability value of a sustainable market within the field of retail design, employing qualitative research methods such as interviews, observational note-taking, photography, and comparative case study analysis. The on-site survey to determine the project's feasibility involved convening a community meeting with 50 residents to discuss findings. The outcomes of this gathering were then used in designing the temporary market. The findings present design guidelines that illustrate how markets continue to play important socio-economic roles in local communities, serving as key components that can be transformed to promote sustainable development. The proposed design practice guidelines encompass considerations such as site layout, the application of sustainable design principles, including the thoughtful selection of sustainable materials, the incorporation of flexible design, and the creation of participatory area experiences to attract people.

Economic and Legal Aspects of Intellectual Property Protection Abroad

In the context of the rapid development of technology, science and digitalization, the expansion of cross-border relations between states, the active entry of artificial intelligence into the daily life of society, human intellectual activity and the protection of the rights of the results of his creative work is the most pressing issue. For a long time, the legal regulation of relations arising from the use of intellectual property was considered exclusively the object of domestic legal relations, and did not go beyond its limits. National structures have tried in different ways to balance the interests of the owner of an intellectual property object and consumers seeking free access to these objects. Since the release of intellectual property beyond the borders of one state, problems have arisen of inconsistency in the legislative framework protecting the interests of the actor of the intellectual property object. In turn, this leads to the loss of new technologies and scientifi c developments by countries, and at the level of individuals to the loss of royalties. Taking into account the fact that intellectual property products permeate all spheres of the economy and national economy, we are forced to block the exchange of scientifi c research and technical developments at the international level in order to prevent theft of an intellectual product. In order to protect the rights of the owner of an object of creative work at the international level, and free, unhindered access to these objects by the entire world community, it is necessary to bring the legislative regulation of intellectual property rights beyond the supranational level, and regulate this law enforcement object by international organizations, applying the norms of international law. This scientifi c research is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the protection of intellectual property rights abroad. The authors state that the legal regime of the state plays an important role, in the territory of which a number of powers of the owner of the object to protect their own rights are determined.

Trade in services related to intangibles and the profit shifting hypothesis

This paper focuses on the international trade in services related to intangible assets and intellectual property products (IPP), and it explores to what extent they might be used as a channel to shift the profits of multinational firms to tax havens. Using survey data on Italian firms, we first provide a geographical and sectoral analysis of Italy's trade in IPP services. We then estimate the amount of profit shifted abroad by foreign‐owned firms in our sample, applying at various levels of aggregation a methodology recently put forward in the literature. Finally, we look for a correlation at the firm level between estimated shifted profits and imports of IPP services. We find that while the overall correlation is very low, there is a small cluster of firms displaying a positive correlation between these two variables.

CREATIVE INDUSTRY OF CITIES AND REGIONS: MAIN FEATURES

The article focuses on the importance of the developing creative industries in cities and regions as impulses for increasing the economic potential of territories and expanding the range of goods and services produced within territories. They could also be of tremendous importance working as translators of the territory’s local identity to the global world. Analysis of recent research and publications underscores the creative sector's importance as a critical growth factor and a magnet for intellectual, creative personnel in the global arena. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the creative economy, popularized in recent decades, continue to be promising scientific developments in the search for progressive drivers of economic growth. Unresolved components within the creative industry demand meticulous examination, outlining primary challenges that persist and merit further exploration. The objectives of the article are to illuminate the pivotal role of creative industries in urban and regional development, emphasizing their contribution to economic, social, and cultural dynamics. The study explores stimulating conditions and production factors propelling the development of creative spheres, contributing to the ongoing discourse on progressive drivers of economic development in the contemporary world. Beyond economic parameters, the paper elucidates the profound intellectual and cultural implications of the creative industry. It serves as a reservoir for generating new knowledge, ideas, and technologies, preserving cultural heritage, promoting intercultural interaction, and transferring knowledge to subsequent generations. The main material of the research emphasizes the role of creative spheres as a special human activity meeting modern requirements for progressive development. The creative industry, as a branch of the economy, is based on the development of ideas, human intellectual activity, and technologies. It is concluded that the main feature of creative industries is the presence of a source of individual creativity, skills and talent with the potential to create jobs and well–being through the production and exploitation of intellectual property. A number of positive effects of developing creative industries (economic, social, cultural, innovative) are highlighted, allowing flexible integration into the new economic reality and contributing to the implementation of mechanisms for generating the creative potential of cities and regions. The development of creative industries ensures the disclosure of creative, intellectual, and innovative potential, adapting to deep and dynamic changes.

Assetization as a mode of techno-economic governance: Knowledge, education and personal data in the UN's System of National Accounts

Assets are made through the configuration of technoscientific and political-economic (or techno-economic) relations, claims and practices; a process increasingly conceptualized as ‘assetization’. The UN’s System of National Accounts (SNA) – a set of national accounting standards – defines assets as ‘entities that must be owned by some unit, or units, and from which economic benefits are derived by their owner(s) by holding or using them over a period of time’. Accounting standards like the SNA are implicated in the construction of assets through their ‘extension of the asset boundary’, which happens periodically as accounting standards are revised and updated to better reflect changing business practices. Assetization, then, entails more than an analysis of the transformation of something into an asset, it can also be conceptualized as a mode of governance in which social actors change their world. To make this argument, I examine the SNA’s treatment of knowledge, education and personal data: respectively, redefined as an asset (e.g. intellectual property product); treated as a quasi-asset (e.g. human capital); and subject to continued debate (e.g. digital data). In exploring the SNA’s accounting standards, I show how assetization reconfigures the governance of knowledge, education and personal data, often in problematic ways.

Cross‐border technology investments in recession

AbstractUtilizing industry‐level foreign direct investment (FDI) from 72 source markets to 122 destination markets between 2003 to 2018, we evaluate how cross‐border technology investments respond to economic recessions. We find that FDI embedded with intensive research and development (R&D) drops when the destination market is in a recession and the source market is in a normal state and recovers to the pre‐recession levels when both destination and source markets are in recession. However, there is little evidence that recessions affect cross‐border investments in other aspects of technology measured by the penetration of robots, intellectual property products and information and communications technology (ICT). The response of R&D‐intensive FDI to recessions is particularly pronounced in deep and long recessions, during the propagation stage of recessions and in destination markets with relatively weak institutional protection of intellectual property and rule of law, loose FDI regulation and high financial development. Our findings are limited to advanced markets: there is no evidence that R&D‐intensive FDI from or to emerging markets responds to either destination or source market recessions.

State Protection in Intellectual Property Products

State Protection in Intellectual Property Products

Protection of Patent Right in India

Abstract: Intellect is the name for brain – created things. These inventions are referred to as property since they have a high commercial value. Patent can be used to protect inventions as intellectual property if they are new, non-obvious, practical, and enable. In general, the patent holder has thesole authority to forbid or stop others from making use of the protected innovation for commercial purposes. In other words, patent protection prevents anyone from using, distributionimporting, or selling the innovation for profit without the patent owner’s permission. Use Indian’s intellectual property protection rules if you generate any type of intellectual property. This is to prevent theft or unauthorized usage of your property. Is your intellectual property product of an invention or innovation? It’s important to comprehend all of India’s patent protection regulations. An agreement between the inventor and the government is what is referred to as a patent. Excluding others from producing, selling, offering to sell, licensing, and improperly exploiting any of the rights granted to the patent owner is a monopoly privilege. A products or a procedureis given patent protection. Patent are territorial in nature since they are protected by a national government. Only in the nation in which the patent is protected are patent rights enforceable. There is no such things as a “global patent” that is valid everywhere. The length of a patent’s protection varies depending on the nation, although it typically lasts 20 years from the date of filing. Patents are not awarded so that an inventor or applicant can gain from monopoly rights, but rather so that the innovation can benefit the public and advance the field of research and development

Testing unified growth theory: Technological progress and the child quantity‐quality tradeoff

A core mechanism of unified growth theory is that accelerating technological progress induces mass education and, through interaction with child quantity‐quality substitution, a decline in fertility. Using unique new data for 21 OECD countries over the period 1750–2000, we test, for the first time, the validity of this core mechanism of unified growth theory. We measure a country's technological progress as patents per capita, R&D intensity, and investment in machinery, equipment, and intellectual property products. While controlling for confounders, such as income growth, mortality, and the gender wage gap, we establish (1) a significant impact of technological progress on education (positive) and fertility (negative); (2) that accelerating technological progress stimulated the fertility transition; and (3) that the baseline results are supported in 2SLS regressions using genetic‐distance weighted foreign patent‐intensity, compulsory schooling years, and minimum working age as instruments.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO BUSINESS INNOVATION POTENTIAL: FUNDING MECHANISM AND IMPETUS FOR GROWTH UNDER MARTIAL LAW

The article addresses the issues of finding pathways to foster the national economic growth against the martial law context. It is noted that with the start of hostilities in Ukraine, all business processes and the normal functioning of the economy slowed down, in particular, this refers to innovative activities, research and development, intellectual property and the overall national innovation potential. The paper observes that there is an objective need to build an effective innovation funding mechanism which will provide an opportunity to generate accumulated assets in the key priority areas to enhance the innovation potential of Ukrainian businesses. It is emphasized that this mechanism of financing innovations should rely upon the following fundamental principles: targeted focus towards financial vectoring; verified justification and legal support to primary sources of assets; a polystructural character of asset sources; financial depth and breadth; adaptability of the funding system to wartime conditions to gain synergy from using its constituent elements. Based on international best practice, it is argued that business innovation support and innovation effectiveness rest largely on the funding timeliness and target focus. The study suggests that the innovation funding mechanism will create favourable environment to ensure prompt and efficient implementation of innovation processes in all areas of business. In the context of this study, government support to business innovation potential is viewed as part of the overall business strategy in strengthening and boosting innovation potential for the future. According to the research findings, the key impetus to support innovations under martial law are the following: motivational incentives for business units and companies engaged in investing in research and development of innovative enterprises; encouraging the creation of research centres; promoting innovative and technological growth zones; active assistance in facilitating modernization of innovative businesses; government grant initiatives and preferential lending programmes; innovation export support and promotion; in-depth support to innovative public procurement schemes; making use of a special tax regime for intellectual property products which contributes to shaping a favourable tax rate on income from intellectual property commercialization. The study offers important implications for further research in developing an effective framework to boost innovations which will enhance collaboration and increase the efficiency of research, industrial, financial, innovative and personnel potentials. Ultimately, this will have a positive effect on encouraging global cooperation in the vector of innovative activities, will ensure technology transfer and innovation commercialization, as well as contribute to increasing the share of innovative products in world markets. The implementation of the above priority objectives will help Ukraine to respond to modern challenges, overcome the current crisis and spur further economic growth.

Analysis of the Structure of Various Components for Gross Fixed Capital Formation. Comparative Study Case for Poland and Other Selected European Countries

Considering the literature which demonstrates the high importance of investment in creating a competitive advantage for the economy and economic growth, an analysis was made of the structure of some elements of gross fixed capital formation in the Polish economy and few selected European countries. This made it possible to identify the situation of the Polish economy over the years in terms of the structure of investment, and to attempt in answering to the question of whether the rate of accumulation of fixed capital in Poland is sufficient to close, or reduce the distance of development in relation to highly developed countries. In Poland, the leader among the sectors which absorb the largest percentage of investments remains expenditures with construction assets, and the smallest expenditure with intellectual property products. Poland is one of the countries with high GDP growth over the years. However, along with GDP growth, a decreasing trend can be seen in the sphere of investment expenditures, which does not allow for the reduction of the development gap. The methods used include an analysis of the literature, data contained in statistical databases (GUS and Eurostat) and specialized reports (PARP). The period of analysis covers the years 2004-2020 due to the fact that Poland's accession to the European Union took place in 2004, which allows for accurate international comparisons.

Use Of the Open Journal System Platform

An institution that has a portfolio of intangible assets of intellectual property products may, through business planning and management, use it as a way to establish contracts and transfer technology to other organizations, enabling financial returns and partnerships. The present study proposes the creation of a technological showcase for the dissemination of the institution's technology assets using the Open Journal System - OJS platform . The survey of intellectual property assets was carried out through prospecting in the Databases of the National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI). The qualification of the technological showcases was carried out through the information present on the websites of 41 institutions of the Federal Network of Vocational and Technological Education. The use of the OJS Platform for the construction of the IFRO's technological showcase was developed considering the criteria of usability, usefulness of the content, adequacy of information and accessibility and interaction (http://vitrinetecnologica.pvhzonanorte.ifro.edu.br).

Paths to Success: How Does Entrepreneurial Orientation Enhance Product Innovativeness of SMEs?

This study aims to examine the roles of technology diversity capability and intellectual property (IP) protection capability in mediating the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and product innovativeness of SMEs. Based on survey-based data from 119 Taiwanese SMEs, this study finds that EO can enhance product innovativeness of SMEs indirectly through the development of technology diversity capability and IP protection capability. This study also finds that market uncertainty negatively moderates the relationship between EO and IP protection capability. In addition, market uncertainty positively moderates the relationship between technology diversity capability and product innovativeness, while it negatively moderates the relationship between IP protection capability and product innovativeness. This study enriches the body of knowledge in SMEs and product innovativeness literature.

Capital, energy and carbon in the United States economy

Energy in economies is required both to build the stock of capital assets, and to produce goods and services from use of the stock. Decarbonization involves: changing the capital assets for producing energy; building and using capital with greater energy efficiency; and changing the distribution and characteristics of asset types in the capital stock. From 2004 to 2019, US capital assets grew by 24%, while primary energy consumption remained relatively unchanged. Here we examine the relationship between capital and energy in the US economy to understand how this growth occurred without increased energy use. The method involves mapping of energy use and greenhouse emissions onto four broad categories of capital stock, employing environmentally-extended input–output analysis and time-series data from a variety of sources. Result show that intellectual property products, with an energy intensity of 2.9 TJ / $million of investment, grew as a proportion of the capital stock relative to structures (7.0 TJ / $million) and equipment (6.9 TJ / $million). Meanwhile the energy intensity of using capital decreased in the residential sector and in all nineteen manufacturing sectors. The study connects strategies for decarbonization of the US economy in a concise and consistent framework, with turnover of the capital stock providing opportunities for both energy efficiency and decarbonization.

Addressing Data Bottlenecks in the Dairy Farm Industry.

Simple SummaryA better understanding of the current challenges and opportunities regarding data management and data governance in the dairy industry is key to design and define effective data utilization. Thus, a survey was conducted to understand the attitudes of farmers and non-farmers. Respondents strongly agreed that data sharing is a valuable enterprise. They recognized that raw data collected at the farm should be the property of the farmer, and that incentives could motivate farmers to continue, or increase, their data sharing, but most of them were unfamiliar with data collection protocols. Although most farmers are already sharing data, most of them have not signed a data share agreement and feel they do not have data control, once their data are accessed by others. Most respondents exhibited concern about critical data issues, such as ownership, confidentiality, security, lack of integration, and even lack of awareness of the importance of data integration. Farmers indicated that they would be encouraged to adopt a new technology if it is easy to implement and has the potential to improve herd or farm management and profit, whereas they would be discouraged if the technology is expensive, difficult to use, or they do not have clear information about its use.A survey to explore the challenges and opportunities for dairy farm data management and governance was completed by 73 farmers and 96 non-farmers. Although 91% of them find data sharing beneficial, 69% are unfamiliar with data collection protocols and standards, and 66% of farmers feel powerless over their data chain of custody. Although 58% of farmers share data, only 19% of them recall having signed a data share agreement. Fifty-two percent of respondents agree that data collected on farm belongs only to the farmer, with 25% of farmers believing intellectual property products are being developed with their data, and 90% of all said companies should pay farmers when making money from their data. Farmers and non-farmers are somewhat concerned about data ownership, security, and confidentiality, but non-farmers were more concerned about data collection standards and lack of integration. Sixty-two percent of farmers integrate data from different sources. Farmers’ most used technologies are milk composition (67%) and early disease detection (56%); most desired technologies are body condition score (56%) and automatic milking systems (46%); most abandoned technologies are temperature and activity sensors (14%) and automatic sorting gates (13%). A better understanding of these issues is paramount for the industry’s long-term sustainability.

Recording Intellectual Property Products in the Context of Globalization

The article explores the issues of statistical accounting of intellectual property products (IPP) when performing calculations for the whole country under current conditions. The paper covers the influence of IPP accounting features on the assessment of indicators and characterizes the corresponding methodological problems. In particular, the growing role of globalization in economic activity, the specifics of accounting for licenses, the calculation of indicators of the national economy of Russia. The paper discusses the views of national accounts experts on the development of the IPPs accounting methodology. The author proposes directions for improving the analysis of the increasing role of innovations in modern conditions, including using new indicators that have not been used previously. The article analyses characteristics of multinational enterprises affecting the adequacy valuation of fixed capital accumulation and balance sheets of assets and liabilities, which ultimately define the production measure of gross domestic product (GDP). As a result of the study, the author formulated individual proposals for improving the accounting of IPP involving a wide range of ex- perts in macroeconomics, which is essential for harmonizing GDP and balance sheets reflecting cross-country flows related to goods and services, including intellectual property products and research and development amidst globalization. This article is based on documents and materials on national accounts, globalization, accounting for intellectual property products and research and development.

Labor Share Decline and Intellectual Property Products Capital: A Different Measurement Perspective

Labor Share Decline and Intellectual Property Products Capital: A Different Measurement Perspective