Intellectual Property Organization Research Articles

An Analysis of the Implementation of a Quality Management System in Intellectual Property Organization

Intellectual property includes the legal rights and protection afforded to innovation and creativity, such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. An „intellectual property protection organisation” refers to an institution whose management focuses its activities and efforts on the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). These organisations’ primary mission is to provide support and services for the protection and administration of the intellectual property rights of individuals, companies, or other entities. Quality Management System (QMS) is a strategic approach adopted by organisations to ensure the quality of products or services offered. This system aims at the satisfaction of activities and the achievement of organisational objectives, in accordance with international standards, such as ISO 9001:2015. Analysis of the implementation of a Quality Management System (QMS) in intellectual property organisations, including a complex and strategic process involving the evaluation, planning, and detailed implementation of the system to ensure success and compliance with organisational standards.

КОМЕРЦІЙНА ТАЄМНИЦЯ В СИСТЕМІ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ: СУТНІСНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ

Background. In the conditions of the formation of the knowledge economy, the intensification of innovative development, the strengthening of globalization processes, and the active spread of information and communication technologies, the importance of commercial secrets as a tool for ensuring the competitive advantages of organizations increases. The purpose of the study is to promote a comprehensive understanding of commercial secrets to understand their place in the intellectual property portfolio of modern companies and to make effective decisions regarding their effective use and reproduction. The object of research. The article is devoted to revealing the essence of a commercial secret, clarifying its meaningful characteristics and place in the organization's intellectual property system. Methods. Achieving the goal of scientific research relies on the use of a wide arsenal of methods: abstraction, scientific description, theoretical generalization, induction, and deduction to substantiate the meaning, reveal the essence of a commercial secret, clarify its meaningful characteristics, and compare it with other categories; a dialectical combination of the general and the special to highlight the signs of a commercial secret; decomposition, structuring for the selection of types of commercial secrets, determination of directions for their systematization. Results. Approaches to comparing commercial secrets with confidential information and know-how are presented in the literature. Various interpretations of the essence of a commercial secret have been studied, in particular, in the context of its belonging to the intellectual property system. Considerable attention is paid to defining the features of a commercial secret through the lens of a dialectical combination of the general and the special. The general features of a commercial secret due to its primary informational nature are given; specific features as an object of intellectual property are highlighted. The types of commercial secrets were studied, and the vectors of their systematization and concretization in the practice of organizations were proposed. Conclusions. It is asserted that commercial secrets are classified as objects of intellectual property rights; considered the right to commercial secrecy as a type of intellectual property rights. An extended interpretation of the commercial secret is given, taking into account the totality of its features and a wide range of possible types as a methodological aspect of the formation of practical tools for the management of commercial secrets of organizations.

Predicting the Occurrence of a Data Breach

The problem of data breach incidents is prevalent in the media and has attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners working diligently on solutions. Commercial entities, non-profit organizations, and government agencies that obtain, process, and store personal or business-related information face the risks of the breach of client personal information and organizational intellectual property, which can result in legal, reputational, and financial damages. This study aims to estimate the probability of the occurrence of a breach and its size using a predictive model with historical data as input. We used a dataset of all reported data breaches in the U.S. collected by Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (PRC). The results show that the trend of data breaches has not been increasing despite all the attention and warnings. Our Poisson and Negative binomial models proved promising and can predict data breach incidents with low deviance from actual numbers.

Exploring Interventions for increasing Students’ Participation in Science and Technology Bachelor Degree Programmes in Public Universities, Kenya

This paper argues that although the government and public Universities have committed to initiating several intervention measures targeting increasing students’ participation in Science and Technology Programmes, only 29% of students were studying a course in these areas by the year 2016. Such scenario implies that the country is seriously lagging behind in the realization of Kenya Education Sector Support Programme (KESSP I) participation target of 50%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some interventions that could be employed to increase student participation. The study employed descriptive survey design to target 31 public Universities, 237 lecturers, 107 Heads of Departments (HoDs) and 31 Academic Registrars. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select three Public Universities, 12 HoDs, 24 lecturers, and three Academic Registrars who participated in the study and interview schedules were utilized to collect data. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and reported in form of tables, quotations and narrations while quantitative data was analyzed by use of frequencies, percentages, means and pie charts. It was established that Inter-governmental co-operations, linkages and agreements, University-secondary schools linkages, Income Generating Activities (IGAs) and relying on philanthropic gestures were interventions employed. The study concludes that most intervention measures had not played a significant role in enhancing students’ participation and recommends that Universities should engage in Public- Private- Partnerships (PPP) in funding University education, including but not limited to the establishment of robust endowment funds through alumni and other donors for scholarships, establish and commercialize Intellectual Property Organization (IPO), promote co-operation for research, offer incentives to staff winning research grants, engage in value engineering and also diversify sources of income by adopting suitable business models ......

Poor Coding Leads to DoS Attack and Security Issues in Web Applications for Sensors

As the SQL injection attack is still at the top of the list at Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) for more than one decade, this type of attack created too many types of issues for a web application, sensors, or any similar type of applications, such as leakage of user private data and organization intellectual property, or may cause Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. This paper focused on the poor coding or invalidated input field which is a big cause of services unavailability for web applications. Secondly, it focused on the selection of program created issues for the WebSocket connections between sensors and the webserver. The number of users is growing to use web applications and mobile apps. These web applications or mobile apps are used for different purposes such as tracking vehicles, banking services, online stores for shopping, taxi booking, logistics, education, monitoring user activities, collecting data, or sending any instructions to sensors, and social websites. Web applications are easy to develop with less time and at a low cost. Due to that, business community or individual service provider’s first choice is to have a website and mobile app. So everyone is trying to provide 24/7 services to its users without any downtime. But there are some critical issues of web application design and development. These problems are leading to too many security loopholes for web servers, web applications, and its user’s privacy. Because of poor coding and validation of input fields, these web applications are vulnerable to SQL Injection and other security problems. Instead of using the latest third-party frameworks, language for website development, and version database server, another factor to disturb the services of a web server may be the socket programming for sensors at the production level. These sensors are installed in vehicles to track or use them for booking mobile apps.

INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND OFFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES IN MEDICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITIES IN IRAN

Today, organizations generally operate in an environment with high competition (Bahrami et al., 2011). Formed a new paradigm in management named intellectual capital and intellectual property organization that is included Human Capital , Structural Capital and Relational Capital. Administrative policies refers to long term strategic planning in administrative system in country .in studies there is no point of the relationship between administrative policies and Intellectual capital management in universities in Iran. Current research is to study and describe the relationship between intellectual capital management and twenty-six policies of administrative system in universities of Iran. 2 questionnaires were designed by researcher with Cronbach's alpha coefficients 0.979 and 0.960. Questionnaires were filled out by statically sample. The first sample was 119 members of Board of Directors and the second sample was 30 person of expert in field of management. The data were analyzed by Spss, Excel and lizrel software. The results showed that there is a relationship between Intellectual capital management an administrative policies in medical science universities in Iran with p-value 0.000.

THE ‘ACCESS TO MEDICINES’ CAMPAIGN VS. BIG PHARMA

This paper deploys Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory to examine the dispute over intellectual property protection and global HIV/AIDS medicines access. Over the 1980s and 1990s, major pharmaceutical companies and minority world governments successfully crafted a strong patent protection regime, institutionalized in the World Trade Organization's intellectual property rules. In the early 2000s, a transnational civil society campaign challenged this regime, positioning patents at the centre of a highly publicized dispute. This dispute has been retrospectively identified as a turning point in medicines access discourse, with the 2001–2003 period dubbed the ‘golden window’ for expanded global HIV/AIDS medicines access. However, this ‘window’ has also been critiqued as an unsustainable aberration to a continuing hegemonic regime that prioritizes patent protection, to the detriment of equitable global medicines access. This paper draws on both political economy analyses and discourse theoretical concepts to examine the processes of rupture and suture in HIV/AIDS medicines access discourse.

The Interplay of Offshoring of Professional Services, Law, Intellectual Property, and International Organizations

This paper covers four issues essential to understanding the interplay between law, the offshoring of professional services, intellectual property, and international organizations. First, this paper examines the extent to which evolving international conventions restrict the ability of countries, especially developed countries, to inhibit offshoring with the objective of protecting jobs at home. Second, it looks at statistics from independent sources to see if the U.S. ultimately benefits or loses when outsourcing occurs—i.e., whether offshoring exceeds insourcing, or vice versa, in the case of the U.S. Third, it cites specific examples to predict future legal trends in outsourcing. Fourth, it looks at the intellectual property aspects of outsourcing, and suggests equitable protection of intellectual property in an economy with increased offshoring.

Economic Interests, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Politics of Trade Multilateralism: An Analysis of Canada's Response to the Amendment of TRIPS Article 31(f)

When the World Trade Organization's intellectual property rights rules were amended in 2003 to allow Members to export generic medicines to countries battling HIV/Aids, Canada was the first country to change its domestic legislation accordingly. This appeared to mark a substantive policy shift for Canada. However, the Jean Chretien Pledge to Africa Act has been used just once in four years and Canada's movement in this area seems to be more symbolic than real. Pharmaceutical interests intensively lobbied Congress and the Canadian Federal Government in an attempt to derail or stall both the TRIPS amendment and Canada's legislative response to it. In the final balance, Canada's legislative response reflects a cost/benefit analysis in which the cost of opposing foreign pharmaceutical interests outweighs the potential benefits to Canadian generic manufacturers.

Evolving Relationship between Law, Offshoring of Professional Services, Intellectual Property, and International Organizations

This article covers four issues. First, it examines evolving international conventions to determine whether countries, especially developed countries, can take any steps to inhibit offshoring with the objective of protecting jobs in their respective countries. Second, it looks at statistics from independent sources to see if outsourcing exceeds insourcing, or vice versa, in the case of the U.S. Third, it looks at trends in outsourcing in the legal arena. Fourth, it looks at the intellectual property aspects of outsourcing and presents a long-term vision on how this ticklish issue is likely to be addressed in the long-term.

Uniting creative applications and asset management systems: New opportunities for developers and DAM vendors

With the proliferation of different media and publishing platforms, the need for DAM systems has never been stronger. Digital assets are an increasingly invaluable part of an organization's intellectual property, yet deploying DAM systems across multiple workgroups and promoting active, productive use of systems is an ongoing challenge. With the release of Adobe Creative Suite 3, Adobe has raised the bar on integration among its desktop creative software applications. What is somewhat less obvious to DAM vendors and developers is that the company has also boosted integration capabilities and opportunities for the content and asset management world. Adobe introduced the Version Cue CS3 open API and software development kit (SDK). These tools enable developers to integrate DAM and publishing systems with Adobe Creative Suite 3 applications. The result is that developers and DAM providers can create custom asset management and workflow solutions that help enterprises simplify their processes and increase productivity across multiple workgroups — all while allowing creative professionals to stay within their desktop applications.

Intellectual property organizations and pharmaceutical patents in Africa

This article builds on a previous study which found low numbers of patent applications for HIV antiretroviral drugs in African countries. A high level of variation was noted across individual countries, and consequently, the present study has sought to account for sources of the variation through statistical analyses. First, a correlation between the number of patents and HIV infection rate was observed ( r=0.448, p<0.001). T-tests identified significantly higher numbers of patents in national members of two intellectual property organizations (IPOs)—African Regional Intellectual Property Orginisation (ARIPO) and the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectualle (OAPI)—than in countries who did not belong to an intellectual property organization. The relationship between IPO membership and number of patents was also statistically significant in a multivariate Poisson regression. These findings demonstrate that higher numbers of patents are found in countries where they are more easily filed. This has important policy implications given the worldwide trend toward increased recognition of pharmaceutical patents.

INFOMAT: The international materials assessment and application centre’s internet gateway

INFOMAT is an electronic directory structured to facilitate the search and retrieval of materials science and technology information sources. Linked to the homepage of the International Materials Assessment and Application Centre, INFOMAT presents descriptions of 392 proprietary databases with links to their host systems as well as direct links to over 180 public domain databases and over 2,400 web sites. Among the web sites are associations/unions, governmental and non-governmental institutions, industries, library holdings, market statistics, news services, on-line publications, standardization and intellectual property organizations, and universities/research groups.

Protecting intellectual property rights through information policy

In today's electronic world, an organization's intellectual property is sometimes its biggest asset. Much time and money can be saved, and frustration and litigation avoided if company policy dictates ownership and use of intellectual property.

Protecting intellectual property rights through information policy

In today's electronic world, an organization's intellectual property is sometimes its biggest asset. Much time and money can be saved, and frustration and litigation avoided if company policy dictates ownership and use of intellectual property.

La protection des obtentions végétales dans les états menbres de l'organisation africaine de la propriété intellectuelle(OAPI)

The aim of the paper on the protection of plant varieties in the Member States of the African Organization for the Protection of Intellectual Property (OAPI) is to give an overview of the extension of uniform IPR-protection under the OAPI-Agreement to plant varieties by the introduction of a new Annexe X at the 1999-Agreement conference of the OAPI. The revision had become necessary in order to comply with the WTO-Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs), which requires Members to protect plant varieties either by patents, by a sui generis right or by a combination of both. OAPI-Members have opted for the sui generis~approach as enshrined in the Convention establishing a Union for the Protection of Plant Varieties (UPOV), and which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). For purposes of presenting the new uniform law the article follows the classic structure of intellectual property systems by setting forth, in a first part, the substantive prerequisites for the grant of the exclusive right (novelty, distinctiveness, homogeneity, stability and – as a specific requirement – designation by a generic name), before detailing the granting procedure, including opposition procedure and the determination of the entitlement to protection (including employee rights). A second main part of the article is devoted to the substantive rules of protection, namely the privileges of the owner of the right, the exceptions to the exclusivity, and the limits set by public policy, including the various types of compulsory licensing. This second part also covers the term of protection, the invalidation of the certificate of protection, and matters of enforcement. In the conclusion, plant variety protection is put into its legal and economic context with particular attention being given to the role it may play for the economic development, if sufficiently supported by the international community as regards technical and administrative matters.

Guia eletrônico de fontes de informação para o setor mínero-metalúrgico

O objetivo central desse guia é apoiar estudantes e profissionais atuantes ou interessados no setor mínero-metalúrgico, facilitando-os na busca e recuperação de informações pertinentes a cada um de seus propósitos. Vinculado à homepage do CETEM e disponibilizado via Internet (http://www.cetem.gov.br/infomimet), esse guia resultou de um exaustivo e criterioso trabalho de pesquisa, compilação, armazenamento, análise, seleção e organização de um manancial de informações dispersas nas formas impressa e eletrônica. São apresentadas informações sobre 246 bases de dados de cunho científico-tecnológico, mercadológico e legal e são também fornecidos os links, através dos URLs, para cerca de 220 páginas brasileiras e 640 páginas estrangeiras, de acesso público. Dentre os websites estão: acervos de bibliotecas; associações de classe e sociedades científicas; empresas; estatísticas de mercado; fabricantes de máquinas e equipamentos; instituições normalizadoras e de propriedade intelectual; museus; noticiários e boletins informativos; publicações em linha; universidades e grupos de pesquisa, e outras categorias. Trata-se de uma obra eletrônica de referência, de caráter pioneiro; recomenda-se sua periódica atualização e expansão.

Patent information at the Centre for Information Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia

Croatia, on becoming an independent state, is faced with great problems in setting up an intellectual property organization. These are outlined and the existing centres which will probably form the nucleus of the new organization are described.