Intellectual Property Research Articles

Challenges of workforce diversity uptake in the construction industry: a mixed review approach

PurposeWorkforce diversity is essential for success from the perspectives of economic development and intellectual property. However, the construction industry is losing out on these gains due to the low diversity among them. The study aims to identify challenges impeding workforce diversity in construction literature through a mixed review approach.Design/methodology/approachThe study desk reviewed 188 relevant construction peer-reviewed articles and conference papers with no restrictions on the time range. The study adopted the mixed methodology review approach through bibliometric and systematic content analyses.FindingsThe study identified 67 challenges and further classified them into 4 broad categories. These were industry-related, organisational-, personal or attitudinal- and health-related challenges. Organisational challenges were the most prevalent challenges of diversity uptake in the construction industry. The publications' most influential sources, countries/regions and annual trends were also discussed.Practical implicationsClassifying the challenges hindering diversity contributes to the existing knowledge base. The framework's interrelationships among categorised barriers will enable construction professionals to make informed decisions in promoting diversity in the industry.Originality/valueThis study has a broad geographical reach, allowing the findings to be widely applicable to the diverse practice of the worldwide construction sector.

The Quiet Quote: Thoughts on Quotation Norms and Plagiarism in the Judeo-Arabic Culture of the High and Late Middle Ages

Abstract In this paper, I strive to emphasize the phenomenology of quotation norms among Medieval Jewish scholars in an Islamicate context. The examined texts shed new light on the theme of plagiarism. The article ponders a fascinating connection raised in Jewish tradition between the legal normativity of quotation and the eschatological doctrine of deliverance. This research is both philological and comparative and stands at the intersection between law, literature, and philosophy. The last parts of the article show that the concept of plagiarism is a later phenomenon and that the discourse in this regard is modern by all means. It is connected with concepts such as intellectual property, which is mostly grounded in human rights discourse. In the appendix, I show the reductio ad absurdum of this phenomenon in modern times and address the heightened complexity of the issue in the technological era, with the promotion and growing influence of artificial intelligence.

Establishing an Interactive Sequence Database for Shiitake Cultivar Identification.

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) hold significant cultural and economic value, particularly in Asia where they are extensively cultivated. The diversification of shiitake cultivars, driven by the need to adapt to various climatic conditions and cultivation methods, has resulted in over 200 distinct cultivars. Reliable identification of these cultivars is crucial for breeding, intellectual property protection, and effective genetic resource management. Traditional morphological methods are inadequate due to their subjectivity and labor-intensive nature. This study leverages nanopore high-throughput sequencing to comprehensively analyze the rDNA regions (SSU, ITS, LSU, IGS) of 41 shiitake strains from Taiwan's Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), comprising 5 wild strains, 33 commercial strains, and 3 wild-commercial hybrids. Our results identified the IGS1 region as the most variable and suitable for cultivar differentiation. Consequently, we developed an interactive online database (https://github.com/Raingel/ShiitakeIGS1) that integrates 317 IGS1 sequences from Taiwan, Japan, and China. This platform allows users to upload their IGS1 sequences and identify similar cultivars through a user-friendly interface, enhancing the precision and efficiency of shiitake cultivar identification.

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI): From large language models (LLMs) to multimodal applications towards fine tuning of models, implications, investigations

This research explores the transformative integration of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and language models, with a particular emphasis on the PaLM-E model. The exploration aims to assess PaLM-E’s decision-making processes and adaptability across various robotic environments, demonstrating its capacity to convert textual prompts into very precise robotic actions. In addition, the research investigates Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and Quantized Low-Rank Adaptation (QLoRA), providing a historical overview of PEFT and highlighting their significance in enhancing task performance while reducing the number of trainable parameters. The broader scope of Generative AI is examined through an analysis of influential models like GPT-3, GPT-4, Copilot, Bard, LLaMA, Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E. These models’ abilities to process natural language prompts and generate a wide range of outputs are thoroughly investigated. The research traces the historical evolution of AI, from its roots in science fiction to its practical applications today, with a focus on the rise of Generative AI in the 21st century. Furthermore, the research delves into the various modalities of Generative AI, covering applications in text, code, images, and more, and assesses their real-world impact on robotics, planning, and business intelligence. The implications of synthetic data generation for business analytics are also explored. The research inspects within both software and hardware landscapes, comparing local deployment on consumer-grade hardware along with cloud-based services, and underscores the benefits of local model deployment in terms of privacy protection, intellectual property security, and censorship resistance. Ethical considerations are central to this research, addressing concerns related to privacy, security, societal impact, biases, and misinformation. The research proposes ethical guidelines for the responsible development and deployment of AI technologies. Ultimately, this work reveals the deep interconnections between vision, language, and robotics, pushing the boundaries of AI capabilities and providing crucial insights for future AI model development and technological innovation. These findings are intended to guide the field through the emerging challenges of the rapidly evolving Generative AI landscape.

Elements of Strategic Planning of Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical Inventions

INTRODUCTION. The commercial success of innovations in medicine and pharmaceutics depends on the strategic planning of patent protection, with the main elements for consideration being the type of patent protection, the scope of the invention, and the order of obtaining protection documents.AIM. This study aimed to analyse specific aspects of the strategic planning of patent protection for pharmaceutical inventions.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study applied analysis and comparison methods to patent information. Statistical data were prepared using patent databases, including the Rospatent search platform and Questel.RESULTS. In the Russian Federation, invention patents for methods of treatment and diagnosis are more abundant than pharmaceutical product patents. The most reasonable method for protecting intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry is the stepwise obtaining of different types of protection documents for different objects of patent protection, including inventions, utility models, and industrial designs, as part of one project. The strategy of patent protection for a pharmaceutical invention should consider the type of patent (protection combining the use of patents for inventions, utility models, and industrial designs), the correct determination of the object of patent protection (obtaining a product (substance) patent), and stepwise obtaining and strategic accumulation of different protection documents.CONCLUSION. The described strategy helps to cover the fullest possible range of rights protection options, prevent patent infringement, and extend the patent protection period for an invention.

Artificial Intelligence and the Development of “Specialized, Refined, Unique, and Innovative” Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Enterprises

ABSTRACT“Specialized, Refined, Unique, and Innovative” (SRUI) enterprises are a crucial part of the national innovation system and play a significant role in enhancing national core competitiveness by leveraging strengths and addressing weaknesses. Given the limited quantitative analysis on the productivity of SRUI enterprises in the academic field, this paper constructs an enterprise‐level artificial intelligence index based on text analysis and machine learning. Using panel data from 2018 to 2022, we investigate the impact of artificial intelligence on the productivity of SRUI small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The research findings indicate that (1) artificial intelligence significantly enhances the productivity of SRUI SMEs, and for each one standard deviation increase in artificial intelligence, the productivity level of SRUI enterprises will increase by 6.82%. (2) Mechanism tests reveal that artificial intelligence improves productivity by optimizing labor structure, improving labor resource allocation, stimulating endogenous motivation and innovation vitality within enterprises, and enhancing management level and investment efficiency. (3) Heterogeneity analysis indicates that at the regional level, artificial intelligence significantly boosts the productivity of enterprises with well‐developed network infrastructure and robust intellectual property protection systems. At the industry level, AI has a more pronounced effect on the productivity of technology‐intensive and competitive industries. Additionally, we also find that the impact of AI on productivity is more significant in enterprises with younger executive teams and executives with digital and intelligent education backgrounds. This study expands the research scope of productivity and provides valuable insights for the government to optimize digital economy policies and for enterprises to formulate digital innovation strategies.

Role of Intellectual Property in Transferring Pharmaceutical and Medical Innovations: From Development to Use

The key mission of medical science is the development of advanced technologies and the implementation of innovations that protect and improve the health of the population. Tackling this challenge requires providing comprehensive support to developers throughout the lifecycle of their innovative products. It is the cooperation of the scientific community, government agencies, and business stakeholders that will smooth the path of medical innovations from the laboratory workbench to the individual patient. In this interview, Tatiana V. Semenova, Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, describes the most effective support and guidance measures for promising projects in medicine.

Tra ined Wi thout My C onsent: Detecting Code Inclusion In Language Models Trained on Code

Code auditing ensures that the developed code adheres to standards, regulations, and copyright protection by verifying that it does not contain code from protected sources. The recent advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) as coding assistants in the software development process poses new challenges for code auditing. The dataset for training these models is mainly collected from publicly available sources. This raises the issue of intellectual property infringement as developers’ codes are already included in the dataset. Therefore, auditing code developed using LLMs is challenging, as it is difficult to reliably assert if an LLM used during development has been trained on specific copyrighted codes, given that we do not have access to the training datasets of these models. Given the non-disclosure of the training datasets, traditional approaches such as code clone detection are insufficient for asserting copyright infringement. To address this challenge, we propose a new approach, TraWiC; a model-agnostic and interpretable method based on membership inference for detecting code inclusion in an LLM’s training dataset. We extract syntactic and semantic identifiers unique to each program to train a classifier for detecting code inclusion. In our experiments, we observe that TraWiC is capable of detecting 83.87% of codes that were used to train an LLM. In comparison, the prevalent clone detection tool NiCad is only capable of detecting 47.64%. In addition to its remarkable performance, TraWiC has low resource overhead in contrast to pair-wise clone detection that is conducted during the auditing process of tools like CodeWhisperer reference tracker, across thousands of code snippets.

Lower the RISC: Designing optical-probing-attack-resistant cores

Recently, a new Side-Channel Analysis (SCA)-based attack, namely the Optical Probing (OP) attack, has been shown to bypass the implemented protection mechanisms on the chip, allowing unauthorized access to confidential information such as stored security keys or Intellectual Property (IP). Several countermeasures against the OP attack exist, which require changes in the chip’s fabrication process, i.e., chip fabrication using OP-resistant materials, resulting in increased fabrication costs. On the other hand, other countermeasures are implemented at the layout level. These countermeasures suffer from a significant drop in performance due to the utilization of custom logic cells. Additionally, available techniques against OP at the layout level require a layout design of the logic cell library from scratch which is a time-consuming process. In this work, we mitigate these limitations and propose a methodology to design high-performance OP-attack-resistant circuits. Using a two-folded methodology, we achieve an OP attack-resistant circuit. Firstly, we design a high-performance, and Low optical Leakage-Dual Rail Logic (LoL-DRL) cell library based on a standard CMOS logic cell library. Hence, no complete redesign of the layout is required. Secondly, we propose a streamlined synthesis technique to synthesize OP-attack-resistant circuits from the original circuit’s netlist. Thus, our method seamlessly integrates into the existing synthesis flow. On top of that, we analyzed the optical leakage information of several logic cells from both the standard logic cell library and our proposed LoL-DRL logic cell library against the OP attack. We used a metric called Optical Leakage Value (OLV) to report the robustness of a logic cell against the OP attack. Furthermore, as a case study, we applied our design methodology to an open-source RISC-V core to design the first OP-attack-resistant RISC-V core, named Lo-RISK. Our approach minimizes any adverse impact on performance yet incurs significant expenses in terms of both area and power consumption, which is acceptable for an OP-secure end product. On average, our proposed LoL-DRL logic cell library exhibits 2× less information leakage through OP compared to the standard CMOS logic cell library. Our approach to designing OP-resistant circuits result in 2× the area and a 1.36× power increase while operating at the same frequency in comparison to a circuit designed using a standard CMOS logic cell library.

Article: Exploring Shortcomings in International Trade Law in Light of the Expansion of Artificial Intelligence

The objective of this paper is to explore the shortcomings in international trade law (ITL) in view of the expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and to propose some recommendations. AI is contributing to the development of international trade while giving rise to other concerns, such as nontariffs measures. Addressing the legal challenges posed by the integration of AI into various facets of society, including international trade, is of major importance. In this context, this paper explores a number of provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, those of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and ends with those of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Finally, the article proposes some recommendations to better take into account the concerns that AI may give rise to in the multilateral trading system. It highlights the need for close partnership between the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to better maximize the benefits of AI while minimizing the risks in the context of international trade. Also, it highlights the importance of harmonizing regulations on the trade of AI products and AI-driven trading and the need for a change in legal design that goes beyond mere incremental adjustments.

Strategic partnerships for AI-driven drug discovery: The role of relational dynamics.

Artificial intelligence-driven drug discovery (AIDD) companies hold significant promise for transforming pharmaceutical development, yet little is known about how they manage partnerships with established pharmaceutical firms. To address this research gap, our study explores how AIDD companies develop and leverage relational capabilities to enhance collaboration effectiveness. Through a case study approach, we focus on four key relational aspects: identifying complementary capabilities, establishing effective governance mechanisms, creating relationship-specific assets, and developing interfirm knowledge-sharing routines. Our findings demonstrate that particularly effective governance of intellectual property is essential for partnership success. We offer actionable recommendations for AIDD companies to strengthen collaborations, thereby contributing to the realization of AI's potential in drug discovery.

Emotion and Inspiration through Generative AI Art

Art inspires emotion. The process of creation invigorates the senses and keeps the researcher on fire. To create artistic masterpieces using words through natural language processing further stimulates the mind and helps to overcome writer’s block. An AI tool interprets the words and transforms them into artistic expressions that feel like magic. Yet, AI art is not without consequences. Critics challenge the digital rights of AI-generated images, noting that they are derivative works. This paper examines the joy of creation as well as the copyright challenges creators face when writing detailed prompts to generate amazing artwork. The role of affective computing illustrates the relationship between the designer and the AI tool while ethical concerns remind designers to use caution in their prompts. The article examines the architecture of a prompt, the characteristics to enhance it, and examples of generative AI art. Additional content includes references to handouts, art catalogs, and legal opinions regarding the copyright debate. The article concludes with a recommendation with respect to the intellectual property rights of artists and their creative work.

Empirical Analysis of Digital Economic Antitrust Policy Effects on Enhancing Corporate Innovation Performance

By employing a difference-in-differences (DID) model, this study comprehensively examined the interplay between China's enforcement of anti-monopoly policies in the digital economy sector and its impact on corporate innovation performance. We selected listed companies operating within this industry from 2012 to 2022. The findings underscore the significant positive contribution of anti-monopoly policies in strengthening innovation performance among the sample firms and shed light on the crucial role of anti-monopoly measures in fortifying intellectual property protection mechanisms. This fosters an environment conducive to even higher levels of corporate innovation, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics at play.

Serving Innovation: Exploring Patent Agency Service Networks in China

ABSTRACTPatent agency services are crucial for the codification of technical knowledge and inventions. Drawing on an inter‐firm network analysis of the patent agency service relationships between patent agencies and their innovation clients during the last two decades in China, this paper seeks to explore the structure of urban patent agency service networks and how it is shaped by China's unique institutional and market forces. The study found that although the patent agency service network generally follows the basic structure of China's innovative and economic landscapes, it is still deeply shaped by China's unique intellectual property institutions, administrative hierarchy factors, market forces driven by patent agency service demand, and multidimensional proximities in a complex manner. Analyzing how these factors function should be related to the characteristics of patent agencies and the actors of networks. The study will help us understand how city patent service networks might be shaped by institutional and spatial factors, and provide new evidence on how cities are interlinked within patent agency service networks.

Does enterprise digital transformation contribute to green innovation? Micro-level evidence from China

The synergy of digitalization and greening has emerged as a prominent means to achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. Given its significant contribution to carbon emissions, the impact of digital transformation on green innovation in manufacturing enterprises remains a longstanding research hotspot. Therefore, based on the data from China A-share listed manufacturing companies spanning from 2007 to 2022, this paper empirically analyzes the influence and mechanism of digital transformation on green innovation. Our findings reveal that digital transformation can significantly promote green innovation in manufacturing enterprises, with a particularly pronounced effect on substantive green innovation. These conclusions withstand rigorous robustness tests. Mechanism analysis shows that digital transformation can facilitate green innovation by improving internal control quality and fostering industry-university-research cooperation. Moreover, our moderation analysis reveals that both equity incentives and compensation incentives strengthen the positive relationship between digital transformation and green innovation in manufacturing enterprises. Heterogeneity analysis proves that digital transformation exerts a more pronounced impact on green innovation of state-owned manufacturing enterprises, non-heavily polluted manufacturing enterprises, and enterprises located in regions with strong intellectual property protection. Furthermore, the transformation of digital underlying technologies is more conducive to fostering green innovation compared to practical application transformation. Subsequent investigation into the economic and social effects of green innovation indicates that it effectively reduces pollution emissions from manufacturing enterprises without compromising their development. Additionally, the emission reduction and income-generating effect resulting from digital transformation primarily manifest through substantive green innovation. This research expands upon the theory regarding the impact of digital transformation on green innovation in micro-manufacturing enterprises, providing empirical support for facilitating low-carbon transformations among manufacturing enterprises under the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”.

Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Industry: A Review of Legal Developments and Implementation Challenges

This research aims to understand the Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Industry: A Review of Legal Developments and Implementation Challenges.The literature study will also include a review of relevant legal literature, especially relating to intellectual property protection in the digital era. In addition, legal sources related to IPR in the digital era are also an important basis for this analysis, ensuring a deep understanding of the existing regulatory framework. By utilizing the latest literature and relevant legal sources, this research can provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges, trends and solutions in protecting IPR amidst the dynamics of digital technology. Research results Legal protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) in the digital era is a complex and vital issue that requires a holistic approach. Challenges include copyright infringement, data security, and global competition for patents and trademarks. Strong and effective regulations are needed to address these challenges without stifling innovation and economic growth. Awareness of the importance of intellectual property rights must be increased through extensive educational campaigns and programs by increasing their understanding of copyright, patents, trademarks and industrial designs, individuals will play a greater role in respecting and protecting intellectual property rights in the digital era.

INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR KARANGPATIHAN CIPRAT BATIK AS AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE LOCAL ECONOMY

The batik industry is an industry that is relied upon in the local market as well as the export market in the textile sector. Likewise, Karangpatihan ciprat batik (splashed motif in batik) is deliberately empowered as a form of local government concern for disabled residents who have limitations. This research aims to analyze the strategy for developing Ponorogo's typical Karangpatihan ciprat batik in order to increase industrial competitiveness batik industry in Ponorogo Regency. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach using the SWOT analysis method and a survey conducted on the Karangpatihan village head and the chairman of Rumah Harapan Mulya as the Karangpatihan Social Welfare Institution. The results of the research analysis conclude that the strategies that can be used are determining market opportunities based on geographic location, demographics and consumer behavior, identifying the target market to be addressed both within and outside the city of Ponorogo by understanding consumer preferences and needs regarding batik, increasing human resource development in order to achieve this. more innovative quality batik products that can increase consumer appeal. Determining sales channels by considering the place and method to be used. Then determine competitive prices by adjusting product quality and competition in the market, protection of rights to regional typical batik products with Intellectual Property Rights, promotional program innovations aimed at introducing batik on the national and international stage to encourage sales and establishing good relationships with consumers and distributors so that it can expand the marketing of batik products.

Juridical Analysis of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) and its Impact on Creative Economy Development in Indonesia

This paper provides a juridical analysis of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) and its impact on the development of the creative economy in Indonesia. The ITE Law was enacted to regulate online transactions and protect intellectual property, serving as a crucial framework for digital platforms that are essential to creative industries. However, the law has raised concerns regarding its vague defamation provisions, which have sometimes been applied in ways that stifle freedom of expression. Through a normative juridical approach and case study analysis, this research evaluates the effectiveness of the ITE Law in supporting the creative economy while identifying legal gaps and challenges in enforcement. The findings reveal that although the law provides necessary protections, reforms are needed to clarify its provisions and strengthen enforcement mechanisms to better serve Indonesia’s rapidly growing creative sector.

Intellectual property and exit strategies among SMEs: A scoping review and framework

While studies have focused on the role of intellectual property (IP) strategies for growth at the macro and micro levels, there remains a notable gap in comprehensively understanding the nexus between IP and exit strategies. This scoping review examines the link between firms' IP and exit strategies. It takes a particular interest in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on mergers and acquisitions. This study synthesizes the literature on the role that IP strategies play in smaller firms' exit strategies and the distinctive challenges they face, proposing a comprehensive framework for understanding these dynamics. It further highlights a persistent gap in the literature on the influence of IP awareness on SMEs' exit strategies. Using established data sources and multiple filter procedures, the search yielded 87 relevant articles. Only a few studies examine the roles of IP awareness and IP strategy within business strategies. Studies explicitly researching the influence of IP strategies on exit strategies remain particularly scarce. The findings underscore the importance of integrating IP awareness and IP strategy more thoroughly into management theory and practice to enhance SMEs’ competitive advantage and facilitate successful exits.

Legal Aspects of Intellectual Property Protection in Web Development: Analysis of Contractual Obligations and Parties' Liability

This study examines the intricate legal landscape surrounding intellectual property (IP) protection in web development, focusing on contractual obligations and liability issues among involved parties. The research explores the various forms of IP relevant to web development, including copyrights, trademarks, and patents, while analyzing common contractual provisions used to safeguard IP rights, such as ownership clauses, confidentiality agreements, and licensing terms. Additionally, the study investigates the allocation of liability between developers, clients, and third-party service providers in cases of IP infringement. Through an examination of case studies and legal precedents, this research aims to provide insights into best practices for IP protection in web development projects and highlight potential legal pitfalls. The findings emphasize the importance of clear contractual language, due diligence in IP clearance, and proactive risk management strategies to mitigate liability concerns in the rapidly evolving digital landscape.