Commercialization Of Intellectual Property Research Articles

State Support for Commercialization of Intellectual Activity Results in Socially Significant Industries

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the leaders in terms of the intensity of commercialization of the intellectual activity results (IAR). Its development as a socially significant industry is a priority in the state policy of countries with developing economies, in particular, the countries of the Latin American region (LA). A number of economic conditions for the development of commercialization of the IAR in these countries are similar to the Russian economy. Common barriers to development include dependence on imported substances, inefficient interaction between science and business, lack of public and private investment in R&D, and insufficient development of the intellectual property (IP) institution. At the same time, it is possible to identify common growth drivers: the growth potential of the consumer market, unique natural resources, relatively high scientific potential, and the concentration of R&D in research institutes and universities. The similarity of the conditions helps to suggest that it is possible to adapt the best practices of IAR commercialization formed in the LA, to the Russian economy. The research method used in this article include analyzing published legislative and statistical materials on financial institutions of the LA countries in order to identify problems and experience in overcoming them in the field of commercialization of intellectual property. The analysis of state support for imitation, closed and open models of commercialization of IAR used by pharmaceutical companies in developing economies made it possible to identify successful support mechanisms, as well as positive and negative results of the application of each model. On this basis, as the results of the research recommendations for state support for the commercialization in socially significant industries of the Russian economy are suggested.

Mapping the landscape of university technology flows in China using patent assignment data

The commercialization of intellectual property has become a fundamental avenue for universities to improve regional competitiveness. However, large-scale empirical studies on patent transfers, reflecting technology and knowledge sharing, remain limited. This study used social network analysis to investigate university technology flows in China based on patent assignments from technological, organizational, and regional perspectives. The results firstly revealed clear stage characteristics in the number of university patent assignments with the improvement of the Chinese version of the Bayh-Dole Act. Secondly, popular technologies in university technology flows mainly concentrated on measurement, testing, digital transmission, and other areas in which enterprises lack international competitive advantage. Thirdly, central actors comprised prestigious universities focusing on science, engineering, and comprehensive disciplines, along with intellectual property-focused enterprises. Finally, university technology flows gradually delocalized, and varied regional patterns exist owing to a spatial mismatch between university knowledge supply and regional demand. These findings have several practical and policy implications for government and university management in terms of promoting emerging technologies and clarifying universities’ functions in regional and national innovation systems. This study contributes to the economic geography literature on regional innovation.

Commercialization of Intellectual Property Rights at Universities as an Additional Revenue Stream

This paper investigates the commercialization of Intellectual Property (IPRs) at universities and the potential for universities in Kenya to leverage their Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) as a vital revenue source. Even though they possess significant intellectual assets, many universities have failed to utilize IPRs and in turn, losing opportunities for income generation. The paper introduces the concept of IP commercialization and the legal IP framework in Kenya and proceeds to discuss how research conducted in institutions of higher learning can be commercialized through an analysis of best practices and case studies. The discussion outlines the relevance of Intellectual Property to universities, the strategies for universities to maximize the value of their IPRs and establish sustainable income streams. Drawing upon relevant literature and academic research, it provides insights into the commercialization process, legal considerations, and the role of technology transfer offices in facilitating successful IPR monetization. The paper concludes by establishing that by implementing proactive strategies and fostering a culture of innovation, universities in Kenya can unlock the full potential of their intellectual assets and achieve financial sustainability.

The challenges and opportunities of commercialisation

​Government is challenging New Zealand public research organisations to increase the rate of commercialisation of intellectual property (IP) and research findings. It is generally accepted that a high-tech economy offers the potential to increase GDP through exports of high-value products, and this view is well supported within universities. However, in practice, academic staff face conflicting incentives and pressures to invest their time and succeed in the university environment. Commercialisation managers work at the interface of the university culture and the external business world, and manage the conflicting philosophies and drivers of each side. Unlike ‘translators,’ these individuals add value by creating opportunities and proactively managing the supply and demand of early-stage, high-risk ideas. Viclink, the commercialisation arm of Victoria University of Wellington, has been in turnaround mode for the past 24 months in an aim to deliver increased value from its research and IP, and has seen first-hand the challenges of working in the market for innovation. New Zealand universities have approached and scoped their roles quite differently. Around the world different models and priorities exist for commercialisation and tech transfer of university IP. A recent case study on a clean tech start-up company highlights several of the observations and opportunities in commercialising publicly funded research, and on the relationships between inventors, commercialisation companies, incubators and investors. This discussion provides a summary of current challenges and opportunities in commercialisation, as observed by practitioners in a university setting.

Ways to implement public-private partnerships and their economic efficiency

Given the role of business in meeting the needs of society, it can be concluded that the state cannot fulfill its socio-economic functions without an efficiently functioning business. This is an important condition for the formation of partnerships between business and the state. Another important condition is that business cannot develop effectively without the help and assistance of the state. This is due to a number of reasons. The effectiveness of demand satisfaction is directly related to the rational use of economic resources and a flexible response to changes in the structure of demand. Efficient use of resources by each individual producer ultimately ensures the efficiency of the entire economic system. Business, performing its direct functions, ensuring the preservation and expanded reproduction of their property through the increase of private capital, simultaneously performs social functions related to the increase of social capital and the product capable of ensuring effective demand in the market of goods and services. The article substantiates the need to use the mechanism of public-private partnership as an effective tool for implementing the innovation policy of regions, and also identifies the possibilities of public-private partnership in projects for commercialization of intellectual property as a form of interaction between the state, research institutions and business.

Reasoning of the Business Idea for the Development and Implementation of the Project “Street Food”

Topicality. Street food is one of popular segments of modern restaurant industry establishments, which has become widespread in big cities and towns, especially in the places where the business environment is highly developed. Street food is the most affordable source of nutrients for people to eat outside. It is an optimal decision, especially popular among young people, especially students and pupils. It is network street food that offers them guaranteed quality nutrition. The development of methodology and implementation of the “Technology as Business” model on the example of the introduction of grilled sandwich (panini) technology for food trucks will allow the business idea of the project “Street Food” to be realized. The aim of the article is to ground the business idea of developing and selling street food products for mobile food outlets using the example of grilled sandwiches (panini). Research methods of the technological component are analytical and standard. To substantiate the feasibility of commercializing innovative technology in the early stages, the methods of critical analysis and generalization of information from scientific publications on the assessment of the commercialization of intellectual property, the effectiveness of business projects were used. Results. The expediency of developing and implementing sandwich products on the example of grilled sandwich (panini) technology for the street food format was proved. The development of the recipe composition and technological process of production allowed to develop an assortment of grilled sandwiches (panini), identify competitive advantages and evaluate the development by aggregate indicators in accordance with the model “Technology as Business”. The rationality of commercializing the innovative technology at the early stages of its implementation is substantiated, taking into account the indicators of economic efficiency of production, use of investments, and adaptation of technology in conditions of a particular production. Conclusions and discussion. The article presented the business idea grounding of the project “Street Food” development and implementation on the example of the introduction of grilled sandwich (panini) technology for mobile food outlets (food trucks). The expediency of commercializing innovative technology in the early stages of its implementation in terms of economic efficiency was established.

Методический подход к обоснованию ставки роялти в проектах нефтегазовых компаний

Intellectual property (IP) is the result of the creative work of inventors. The implementation of intellectual property and non-property rights is regulated by Russian law. One of the important components of intellectual property (IP) management is its commercialization. It is possible to assess the value of IP through an objective analysis of projects and their parameters, including financial components. Commercialization of IP is carried out through the mechanisms of alienation and disposal by companies of their intellectual assets in order to obtain commercial benefits. One of the ways to dispose of rights is to conclude license agreements on granting the right to use protected intellectual property. The validity of a license agreement depends on the presence in the compensated license agreement of a condition on the amount and procedure for paying remuneration. Payment of remuneration may be provided in the form of one-time payments (lump payment), periodic interest deductions (royalties) or in another form. Payments in the form of royalties are most in the interests of the right holder. The calculation of the royalty rate is methodologically not regulated at the legislative level and is the most controversial issue when concluding license agreements. The development of methodological approaches to determining the royalty rate makes it possible to increase the justification of the costs of project implementation. The article describes the existing methodological approaches to the calculation of a fair royalty rate, analytical tools for determining standard royalty rates, and the values of recommended royalty rates in the oil and gas industry.

Is Commercialization of Intellectual Property in an Academic Environment Possible?

The question: is Commercialization of Intellectual Property Feasible in an Academic Environment. There are many factors, unique and disparate between Academia and Commercialization and Licensing. There are substantial misalignments of the objectives. A fundamental idea inaugurated in an academic lab follows a complex path to commercialization. Along the way, the PI wears many hats. Here, some of the challenges for an academic PI navigating the path are counterbalanced with investors’ perspectives on commercialization.

(Invited) Is Commercialization of Intellectual Property in an Academic Environment Feasible?

A career in academics is in some ways at odds with commercialization. The priorities of an academic institution are publish or perish. Yet, the path to commercialization embeds either patents or trade secrets. Many in academics do not acknowledge patents as academic achievement. For a variety of reasons, university laboratories are not established to build the demonstrations needed to promote commercialization.Universities support patenting but are not equipped to facilitate commercialization of research, especially research based on sophisticated, fundamental ideas. Because of the constraints of the academic environment, ideas are driven to patents before devices are demonstrated. Yet the Bayh Dole Act provides that federally supported research be commercialized with any profits returned to the universities and inventors.These constraints create a barely navigable matrix for the academic inventor.When financial constraints reduce the University's support of patents, ownership is transferred to the inventor. This creates complexities in IP management with the University and increases cost to the inventor. However, it also creates opportunity.To commercialize the existing and evolving IP, a small business was formed with family. And now we maintain the patents, write grant applications restricted to the personally held IP, promote the IP, and try to bridge the chasm to commercialization.Startup success is elusive under the best conditions with experienced founders that understand both the technology and more importantly the business need. Founders typically have a working system and industry contacts before attempting to launch a new venture. Founders spend most of the time selling to investors and early prospects.New ventures started by academics have none of these advantages. They often have a great idea but no commercially viable prototype, no industry contacts and no connections to investors. They do not understand the amount of time spent on fundraising, and lack the skills and desire to raise funds. Commercialization of university research is more difficult than starting with nothing outside because university life is a full time job with many constraints. Investors are not interested in part-time CEOs. They want full time commitment and focused dedication. Investors are not interested in dealing with university administrations and procedures.Successful commercialization requires three roles: Business person that understands the market opportunitySubject matter expert that can defined a solution to the problemProduct manager that can translate between the other two and build a working system. A successful combination of these roles in coordination is required to build an investable business that can attract the capital required for commercialization.Academics can provide the subject matter expertise but engaging successful business people and product managers need to be found outside universities. Finding these connections is difficult but friends and family, industry organizations, and angel investment networks can provide some paths. University business schools and administrations should facilitate these connections with vetted business people.Universities should have an investment pitch competition put on by professors with patent portfolios each semester. Universities can invite investors to view the commercializable research that is being developed within the university. This is a non-trivial undertaking but can be done virtually to reach a wide range of investors across the country.Very few US universities have provided successful paths to commercialization. These most famous, well funded, private universities attract most of the investment interest. A few worked examples coming from other universities will encourage the appetite for future investment.

Impact of Institutional Framework for Academic Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Academic entrepreneurship has undergone significant transformation in recent years. It pertains to the initiatives undertaken by universities to facilitate the commercialization of intellectual property within the university premises and the surrounding regions. There is one significant outcome resulting from this paper. That universities/academic institutions have adopted a more deliberate and calculated approach in their execution of this activity, displaying a heightened level of strategic thinking. The paper contended that it is opportune to reconsider the concept of academic entrepreneurship. In order to enhance the rigor and relevance of future studies on the topic of academic entrepreneurship, it is imperative for theoretical and empirical research to acknowledge and consider these changes. This paper presented how academic institutions impact essential research inquiries that must be explored in order to expand our comprehension of academic entrepreneurship and innovation.

Problems of Managing Processes of Intellectual Property Commercialization in Times of Economic Relation Virtualization

The research studies certain aspects of using intellectual property and its commercialization. In the last 30 years the development of advanced production technologies changed the system of economic relations between entities drastically. The key role in this transformation is attributed to digital technologies. Therefore, the major part of finance operations and getting information take part in virtual space and it impacts all exchange technologies. The replacement of paper money by digital analogues on bank accounts decreased the interaction of money cost and material production. These transformations influenced processes of innovation and know-how commercialization. The legal side of commercialization problem requires more accurate definitions of intellectual property as a new type of possible right holder emerged, i. e. artificial intellect and intellect property itself becomes more and more intangible. Apart from that, issues and problems of providing security for man and society through intellectual property commercialization acquire new quality and demonstrate new threats. For instance, the development of block-chain technology created a challenge to the present day banking system and sovereignty of states and the development of cyber-sports exerts uncontrolled impact on gamers’ consciousness, whose number reaches thousands of millions. Therefore, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of understanding all internal processes and after-effects of intellectual property commercialization, which makes this academic problem continuously topical. The author proposes to focus on mankind security and protection against global threats of new types of intellectual property commercialization.

ПОДОЛАННЯ ҐЕНДЕРНОЇ НЕРІВНОСТІ У СФЕРІ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

This article delves into the analysis of gender inequality concerning the acquisition and commercialization of intellectual property (IP) rights in Ukraine amid the Eurointegration process. It critically assesses Ukraine's adherence to gender equality obligations, crucial for EU membership. The study explores the essence, nature, and causes of gender disparities in intellectual property, proposing solutions within the Eurointegration context. Key components of gender inequality in intellectual property are identified, with a focus on segments where imbalances are most pronounced. Analyzing Ukraine's patent applications through the international PCT system reveals that, over the last decade, only one-tenth of patents belong to women. The article characterizes barriers faced by women creatives in acquiring, protecting, and commercializing intellectual property rights in Ukrainian society. Effective tools to mitigate gender inequality in Ukrainian intellectual property are examined, including projects fostering creativity among women and involving them in intellectual activities. Positive outcomes for both individual women and society at large are highlighted. The study concludes that gender inequality negatively impacts economic development during conflict and impedes Eurointegration processes. Root causes of gender inequality in Ukrainian intellectual property include traditional stereotypes, insufficient government and business support, and emotional-psychological factors contributing to women's fears and lack of confidence. Addressing this issue necessitates a comprehensive approach, including promoting gender equality in intellectual property, creating favorable conditions, and developing state programs supporting creative entrepreneurship among women. The introduction of grant systems to fund the acquisition and registration of intellectual property rights by women is recommended, along with promoting a culture that protects intellectual property rights in society.

The mission of modern universities as subjects of the knowledge economy

The aim of the study was to analyze the features of education management in the context of development of the University 3.0 and 4.0. The article identifies the factors that determine the activation of the formation of innovative and entrepreneurial competence of the modern manager of education at the university. In particular, the transformation of universities into a component of the national innovation system in the conditions of globalization changes. The characteristics of the involvement of universities in cooperation in the context of the study of national innovative universities are characterized. In the course of the study, the problems of transformational changes and the missions of universities of foreign countries in the conditions of the development of the knowledge economy were clarified and the ways of their solution were outlined. The new role of universities in the knowledge economy society is presented: innovative development of the country due to the contribution of modern universities to the creation and commercialization of intellectual property; modern universities solve the task of transferring knowledge into intellectual capital by using the resources of globality, openness, dynamism, and a constant influx of active youth; the mission of modern universities is to actively create technologies and technology companies; universities become leaders and centers of creation of new technological industries.

ОСНОВНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ВОВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ В КОММЕРЧЕСКИЙ ОБОРОТ

The modern economy, when creating new technologies, innovative solutions, requires effective implementation in the real sector, ensuring the development and formation of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The created intellectual property should not settle as a dead weight in formal registries. In this paper, the problems of commercialization of intellectual property in Russia are analyzed and effective options for implementing this process are proposed. Trends in the creation of intellectual property, its reflection as intangible assets and its inclusion in commercial circulation are analyzed.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN UKRAINE

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of the legal and economic nature of the commercialization of intellectual property in Ukraine. Methodology. General and special methods of cognition were used in the process of research. The essence of the commercialization of intellectual property was evaluated on the legal and economic level, on the basis of the same and opposite parameters with the help of the dialectical method. The analysis created conditions for a multifaceted study of all characteristic features of the commercialization of intellectual property as an economic and legal phenomenon. The synthesis created conditions for summarizing the characteristic features of this process. The formal legal method allowed to correctly interpret the content of normative legal acts that determine the general legal regime of commercialization of intellectual property and the special legal regime of its forms with regard to their use in civil or economic circulation. The purpose of the article is to determine the economic and legal foundations of the commercialization of intellectual property in Ukraine as an economic and legal category at the theoretical and empirical level. The results of the study prove that the commercialization of intellectual property is a form of implementation of scientific developments and innovations in various spheres of human life, which is usually accompanied by obtaining a certain benefit and includes a number of forms of implementation regulated by administrative, civil and economic legislation. Conclusion. Commercialization of intellectual property in Ukraine consists of two conceptual approaches to the study and implementation of an economic and legal nature. Economists propose to consider commercialization as one of the constituent stages of the social life process of intellectual property objects along with creation, security and protection. Within this approach to the forms of commercialization of intellectual property, the following manifestations are distinguished: 1) use of the corresponding object within the limits of own production, transfer under contracts (licensing, leasing, commercial franchise) to other subjects or entry of rights to the object objects of intellectual property into the authorized capital of the enterprise; 2) capitalization and sale. Among the factors that determine the qualitative and quantitative indicators of commercialization, the most important are legislation, state management in this area, and the existence and implementation of measures to stimulate participants in this area. From a normative point of view, the phenomenon of commercialization of intellectual property has gained publicity in various levels of understanding, both from the standpoint of private law and public law. For both components of jurisprudence, the approach is generally accepted, according to which the given issue is considered with a view to ensuring public or private protection of intellectual property rights. Attention is paid to the set of tools provided by special legislation to higher education and scientific institutions in the field of commercialization of intellectual property. The provisions of the Ukrainian legislation defining the general legal regime of commercialization of intellectual property and the special legal regime of its forms are characterized.

Organizational and functional structure of the innovative and intellectual environment: concept and conception of interaction

Keywords: innovative and intellectual environment, subjects of intellectual propertyrights, innovative infrastructure, commercialization of property rights, marketfunctions
 In the article, the author examines the meaning of the concept of «innovative and intellectualenvironment» and, from a methodological standpoint, the economic andlegal model of the organizational and functional structure of the innovative and intellectualenvironment. This allows to disclose the content of the components of themodel, which are combined into functional connections, creating a productive field ofdirections of the transformation process in the production sphere of objects of intellectualproperty rights into innovative products for the purpose of commercialization ofintellectual property rights on the market of intellectual property, innovative technologiesand innovative products to profit-making purposes. It is noted that in theeconomic and legal literature today, there is no single approach to understanding theessence of the concept and content of the «innovative and intellectual environment».The concept of «innovative environment» is presented in a much broader sense. Froman economic and legal viewpoint, the use of the term «innovative and intellectual environment» is justified, where priority is given to innovation as the basis for the transformationof intellectual property rights in the production sphere of activity into aninnovative product, and also as the basis for the use of innovative technologies. Thereare considered from a theoretical and organizational perspective the target contentcomponents of the model, that include: the formation of human intellectual capital,which includes subjects of intellectual property rights; creation and organization ofinnovative infrastructure as a production sphere of activity; organizational combinationof innovative infrastructure with intermediaries for the commercialization of intellectual property rights, which are catalysts for the transformation of objects of intellectualproperty rights into innovative products; commercialization of intellectualproperty rights, which refers to the innovative and intellectual sphere of activity; purposeand functions of the market of intellectual property, the market of innovativetechnologies and the market of innovative products.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO BUSINESS INNOVATION POTENTIAL: FUNDING MECHANISM AND IMPETUS FOR GROWTH UNDER MARTIAL LAW

The article addresses the issues of finding pathways to foster the national economic growth against the martial law context. It is noted that with the start of hostilities in Ukraine, all business processes and the normal functioning of the economy slowed down, in particular, this refers to innovative activities, research and development, intellectual property and the overall national innovation potential. The paper observes that there is an objective need to build an effective innovation funding mechanism which will provide an opportunity to generate accumulated assets in the key priority areas to enhance the innovation potential of Ukrainian businesses. It is emphasized that this mechanism of financing innovations should rely upon the following fundamental principles: targeted focus towards financial vectoring; verified justification and legal support to primary sources of assets; a polystructural character of asset sources; financial depth and breadth; adaptability of the funding system to wartime conditions to gain synergy from using its constituent elements. Based on international best practice, it is argued that business innovation support and innovation effectiveness rest largely on the funding timeliness and target focus. The study suggests that the innovation funding mechanism will create favourable environment to ensure prompt and efficient implementation of innovation processes in all areas of business. In the context of this study, government support to business innovation potential is viewed as part of the overall business strategy in strengthening and boosting innovation potential for the future. According to the research findings, the key impetus to support innovations under martial law are the following: motivational incentives for business units and companies engaged in investing in research and development of innovative enterprises; encouraging the creation of research centres; promoting innovative and technological growth zones; active assistance in facilitating modernization of innovative businesses; government grant initiatives and preferential lending programmes; innovation export support and promotion; in-depth support to innovative public procurement schemes; making use of a special tax regime for intellectual property products which contributes to shaping a favourable tax rate on income from intellectual property commercialization. The study offers important implications for further research in developing an effective framework to boost innovations which will enhance collaboration and increase the efficiency of research, industrial, financial, innovative and personnel potentials. Ultimately, this will have a positive effect on encouraging global cooperation in the vector of innovative activities, will ensure technology transfer and innovation commercialization, as well as contribute to increasing the share of innovative products in world markets. The implementation of the above priority objectives will help Ukraine to respond to modern challenges, overcome the current crisis and spur further economic growth.

Commercialization of intellectual property objects in industrial enterprises

Introducing the results of innovative activity into economic circulation is one of the essential characteristics of an effective industrial enterprise. Commercializing intellectual property objects involves coordinated production and commercial activity, adopting and implementing scientifically based decisions. This is necessary to successfully pass an intellectual product through all stages of its life cycle.The purpose of this study is to form market processes for commercializing intellectual property objects at industrial enterprises, finding the most effective option for their introduction into economic circulation.The theoretical investigation of the problem made it possible to identify and analyze various possible conceptual approaches to commercializing intellectual property in an industrial enterprise. Among them are market push, market pull, engineering, and reengineering commercialization models.Separate stages of forming the market model for commercializing intellectual property in an industrial enterprise are highlighted. First, the methodological principles of the vertical, horizontal, and vertical-horizontal market processes of intellectual property commercialization have been developed. The peculiarities of an intellectual product’s life cycle are determined; based on this, a market model of intellectual property’s life cycle (model of successive changes) is proposed. Finally, for each of the proposed market processes, the main advantages and disadvantages of their practical use are determined, as well as the areas of their most effective usage.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC MONITORING SYSTEMS OF BUSINESS PROCESSES OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

The article shows that special attention is currently being paid to the problems of monitoring business processes of intellectual property commercialization. The nationalization of many indicators of innovative activity, the creation of national, sectoral, regional and corporate statistical databases, the determination of data sources and the methodology of their management, accounting, calculation and consumption is a priority of state policy, especially in times of crisis, when enterprises need to improve production efficiency, raise the level competitiveness and implementation of effective forms of management in production management. An important role in the implementation of this task is assigned to the monitoring of the state of the commercial potential of enterprises, since it is one of the most effective methods of diagnosing the industrial, economic and commercial activity of enterprises. Analytical materials prepared during the monitoring process help to carry out a comprehensive analysis and forecast of the company's financial condition and, thereby, to obtain a real assessment of the company's capabilities. It is substantiated that the monitoring of business processes of intellectual property commercialization is one of the most important functions of management in assessing (analyzing) the availability, placement and use of resources of an industrial enterprise. Monitoring is a mechanism for monitoring the most important current results of commercial and intellectual and innovative activities of an industrial enterprise in the conditions of constantly changing market conditions. When forming a system for monitoring business processes of commercialization of intellectual property, it is necessary to select a monitoring object for the purpose of monitoring its current and prospective state, and a monitoring entity that will directly monitor and evaluate the results. The proposed system of indicators for monitoring business processes of commercialization of intellectual property of strategic companies, which should be carried out at the state level, will allow to reduce the risk of insolvency, bankruptcy of these companies, and most importantly - the risk of a negative impact of the deterioration of the commercial and intellectual and innovative state of strategic enterprises on the country's economy as a whole. In this regard, the monitoring of business processes of commercialization of intellectual property of strategic companies will contribute to the timely detection of signs of significant deviations from normal economic development and, thereby, will provide a real opportunity for the government and the management of business structures to take the necessary measures to prevent the emergence and development of crisis situations.

Systematic Literature Review on Academic Entrepreneurship by Bibliometric Metadata Analysis

The purpose of this article is to map the field of Academic Entrepreneurship focusing on the search for models that evaluate the viability of intellectual property as a product. The study was based on articles retrieved from the Web of Science database covering the period from 1988 to 2020, where the metadata data analysis was carried out using the RStudio software, bibliometrix package, and the web interface Biblioshiny, and a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol, Extension for Scoping Reviews. The findings revealed that the main objectives of studies on academic entrepreneurship are related to the analysis of human (training, leadership, and motivation), physical and management resources, as they are pointed out as the most necessary incentives to improve universities AE. Therefore, it was concluded that most models on AE are for the evaluation of the development of entrepreneurship in the academic environment and there is a research gap to develop models aiming at the commercialization of intellectual property.