Intellectual Lineage Research Articles

See further upon the giants: Quantifying intellectual lineage in science

Abstract Newton’s centuries-old wisdom of standing on the shoulders of giants raises a crucial yet underexplored question: Out of all the prior works cited by a discovery, which one is its giant? Here, we develop a discipline-independent method to identify the giant for any individual paper, allowing us to better understand the role and characteristics of giants in science. We find that across disciplines, about 95% of papers appear to stand on the shoulders of giants, yet the weight of scientific progress rests on relatively few shoulders. Defining a new measure of giant index, we find that, while papers with high citations are more likely to be giants, for papers with the same citations, their giant index sharply predicts a paper’s future impact and prize-winning probabilities. Giants tend to originate from both small and large teams, being either highly disruptive or highly developmental. Papers that did not have a giant tend to do poorly on average, yet interestingly, if such papers later became a giant for other papers, they tend to be home-run papers that are highly disruptive to science. Given the crucial importance of citation-based measures in science, the developed concept of giants may offer a useful dimension in assessing scientific impact that goes beyond sheer citation counts.

Stratification Economics: Core Constructs and Policy Implications

This article introduces the core constructs of stratification economics to provide a coherent explanation for the persistence of intergroup inequalities. Aligned with the critical race theory concept of “the property rights in Whiteness,” stratification economics explicitly incorporates the concepts of identity-group investment and group-based agency in the construction of identity-group hierarchies. We survey the intellectual lineage, foundations, tenets and theoretical underpinnings of stratification economics, and conclude with a treatise on inclusive economic rights as an appropriate policy frame to empower people and counteract structural inequalities generated from inter-group conflict and competition for preferred outcomes. (JEL D63, G51, I14, I24, J15, J31, Z13)

Design‐driven resilience and the limits of geographic critique

AbstractIn April of 2019, the Rockefeller Foundation's ‘100 Resilient Cities’ (100RC) programme abruptly shuttered, surprising programme proponents and critics alike. In this paper, we explore why this happened, why some styles of geographic critique could not anticipate 100RC’s closure, and what this inability means for dominant strands of critical geographic analysis. To answer these questions, we bring literature on the biopolitics of resilience, technopolitics and Black geographies to bear on the case of Greater Miami resilience planning. We argue that answers to these questions revolve around the designerly roots of resilience thinking, whose distinct intellectual lineage conventional critical approaches have struggled to pick up on. We show how, on the one hand, design practices of synthesis in Greater Miami attempted to frame and instrumentalise Black histories of and experiences with racial and environmental violence as bounded knowledge that could improve the functioning of complex systems. On the other hand, synthesis created overflowings: opaque knowledges and experiences that resist the framing process and continue to mediate political battles over what resilience in Greater Miami practically becomes. Based on the case, we propose that an inductive style of critique that traces processes of framing and overflowing can help advance critical geographic analysis. As we illustrate in the paper, this mode of critique pays specific attention to the opaque, historically and contextually specific knowledges and experiences that refuse to be framed or synthesised, and work to counter‐frame dominant conceptions of resilience—critical and conventional alike.

Political and Intellectual Lineages of Southern African Anti-Fascism

ABSTRACT The article is the introduction to a special issue of the South African Historical Journal on anti-fascism. It starts by explaining the contemporary relevance of the subject. It then places Southern Africa within the contemporary historiographical debates on anti-fascism. The article provides a broad overview of the history of the anti-fascist political ideas and practice within the region. It examines in detail both the impact of ‘historical’ anti-fascism in the era of Mussolini, Hitler and Franco, and how notions of anti-fascism subsequently impacted on the national liberation movements and in the post-colonial era.

Elections as recommendations: a historical analogy in China’s early discourse on democracy, 1860s-1910s

ABSTRACT At the end of the nineteenth century, the first generation of Chinese intellectuals to advocate parliamentarianism re-appropriated terms and concepts from China’s own lengthy history of debates about political selection. The terms that they chose—the phrase ‘local recommendation’ in particular—brought with them their own associations and implications about the nature of parliamentary elections. This article traces the intellectual lineage of Chinese discourse on ‘local recommendation’ during the dynastic era and argues that the conflation of this classical practice with voting for parliamentary representatives created a series of misaligned expectations for elections in China and thus contributed to the failure of experiments with competitive elections during the first years of the twentieth century.

A Computational Turn in Policy Process Studies: Coevolving Network Dynamics of Policy Change

The past three decades of policy process studies have seen the emergence of a clear intellectual lineage with regard to complexity. Implicitly or explicitly, scholars have employed complexity theory to examine the intricate dynamics of collective action in political contexts. However, the methodological counterparts to complexity theory, such as computational methods, are rarely used and, even if they are, they are often detached from established policy process theory. Building on a critical review of the application of complexity theory to policy process studies, we present and implement a baseline model of policy processes using the logic of coevolving networks. Our model suggests that an actor’s influence depends on their environment and on exogenous events facilitating dialogue and consensus‐building. Our results validate previous opinion dynamics models and generate novel patterns. Our discussion provides ground for further research and outlines the path for the field to achieve a computational turn.

The Two Faces of the ‘Global Right’: Revolutionary Conservatives and National-Conservatives

Studies of the Global Right usually trace its intellectual underpinnings to the revolutionary conservative New Right and its ideas claiming to defend an ‘ethno-pluralist’ European identity from the multiculturalist threat of a ‘Great Replacement’ through immigration. A second lineage, which we refer to as ‘national-conservative’, is less explored and is more concerned with threats to moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberalism’s relativism. These two intellectual lineages, and corresponding political alignments, engender different political projects of the Global Right, which is not that coherent as it seems. Taking a long-term historical-ideational perspective that underlines the power of ideologies as templates, we argue that a closer look at the different intellectual traditions of the Global Right can help explain the contrasting political preferences for socio-economic action, institution-building and transnational cooperation.

‘A very exclusive experiment in communism’: the radical origins of the Manhattan co-op

AbstractThough it has long been the residence of choice for Manhattan's rich, the co-operative apartment building has an intellectual lineage that originates in pre-Marxian communitarian socialism. In the early nineteenth century, radical philosophers Charles Fourier and Robert Owen first theorized a multifamily dwelling owned in joint stock by its residents that could deliver economies of scale in the production and delivery of household necessities. Using previously untranslated French sources and archival material (New Harmony Working Men's Institute), this article demonstrates how early socialist ideas about housing, domestic labour and ownership evolved into the idea for the New York City co-operative apartment building.

Measuring Innocence

What is the rate of wrongful conviction? This question may be implicit in Blackstone’s ratio: “It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.” Scholarship designed to provide an empirical answer, however, emerged only with the rise of the “innocence movement” in the United States. This article does not provide another study estimating the rate of wrongful felony conviction either for a specified sample, such as death sentences within a specified time period, or for an entire jurisdiction. Instead, we evaluate the rate question itself and assess its importance to innocence scholarship and action. We first trace the question’s intellectual lineage, and its historical and ideological roots among innocence believers and innocence skeptics. We then describe and evaluate all or most of the published studies attempting to estimate the wrongful conviction rate. Next, we discuss a reoccurring limitation of this published work, namely, its failure to account for or its unsubstantiated assumptions about guilty pleas and misdemeanor convictions among innocent defendants. Finally, we question the continued importance of the rate question in light of the modern innocence movement and its growing accomplishments.

Boulders in the Stream: The Lineage and Founding of the Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness

AbstractThe founding of the Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness (SAC) can only be understood within the cultural context of its heritage. This paper is an historical narrative tracing the intellectual lineage of the SAC. The immediate causes were a series of symposia in 1974, including several on the challenge to anthropology represented by Carlos Castaneda, who attacked the way a critical part of anthropology was conducted. The argument in his own narrative was that one could not understand the shamanic world view without becoming a shaman. No informant could ever convey this, because so much of it was experiential. It could not be properly known unless one entered with sincerity into the experience, as a participant not just an observer. Two insights central to this thesis are particularly relevant to SAC: an aspect of human consciousness exists independent of time and space susceptible to volitional control; and, there is an interconnection between all life forms, which must be understood if the universal impulse humans feel toward the spiritual component of their lives is to properly mature. The SAC can be seen in pure Kuhnian terms as one response to the reassessment that Castaneda forced on anthropology.

Black Cultural Mythology

Black Cultural Mythology

Structural injustice

AbstractThe concept of “structural injustice” has a long intellectual lineage, but Iris Marion Young popularised the term in her late work in the 2000s. Young’s theory tapped into the zeitgeist of the time, providing a credible way of thinking about transnational and domestic injustices, illuminating the importance of political, economic and social structures in generating injustice, theorising the role of individuals in perpetuating structural injustice, and the responsibility of everyone to try to correct it. Young’s theory has inspired secondary and novel research. In this paper, I outline the main topics in this recent literature: what structural injustice is, responsibility for structural injustice, acting on responsibility, avoiding responsibility, and historical injustice. I conclude by noting how the influence of structural injustice theory is spreading beyond the confines of political theory. Any field that is concerned with structural inequalities, disadvantage, or oppression, can utilize structural injustice theory.

Mapping the intellectual lineage of educational management, administration and leadership, 1972–2020

This review has two purposes. First, we document the body of knowledge that has accumulated in Educational Management, Administration & Leadership over its five decades of publication. Second, we seek to identify the distinctive contributions of Educational Management, Administration & Leadership as a research journal in educational leadership and management. The review employed the bibliometric method in order to analyze the forms of corpus of 1438 articles published in Educational Management, Administration & Leadership between 1972 and the end of 2020. Bibliometric analyses used to document and assess the Educational Management, Administration & Leadership corpus included descriptive statistics, document citation and co-citation analysis, author co-citation analysis and keyword analysis. The review found that articles authored outside the UK have continued to grow as a proportion of the journal’s annual volume, thereby strengthening Educational Management, Administration & Leadership’s status as an ‘international educational leadership journal’. Document and keyword analyses found that ‘leadership’ has supplanted ‘administration’ and ‘management’ as the dominant driver in Educational Management, Administration & Leadership content since 2012. These analyses further affirmed the continuing strength of the journal’s conceptual contributions to the literature as well as its publication of a significant set of papers on shared forms of leadership. The review highlighted two areas for Educational Management, Administration & Leadership’s future development: further enhancing its citation impact and managing the growth of its international contributions.

Harnessing Vitality in Kunming: The Intellectual Lineage and Artistic Development in the Yi Compatriots Music and Dance Performance of 1946

Harnessing Vitality in Kunming: The Intellectual Lineage and Artistic Development in the Yi Compatriots Music and Dance Performance of 1946

Французское неогегельянство в четырех актах

The review presents the recently published monograph of Ivan Kurilovich “French neohegelianism: J. Wahl, A. Koyré, A. Kojève and J. Hyppolite in search of a unified phenomenology of Hegel – Husserl – Heidegger”. The book is dedicated to the history of the reception of the Hegel’s ideas in France in 1920–1960s. I. Kurilovich suggests his overview of the development of neo-hegelianism in its interconnection with the phenomenology, he analyses different versions and interpretative strategies on Hegel’s legacy: the theory of “malheur de la conscience” by J. Wahl, the epistemological framework suggested by A. Koyré, the phenomenologically-oriented interpretation of “Hegel – Heidegger” by A. Kojève, and the historical-philosophical reconstruction of Hegelian philosophy by J. Hyppolite. I. Kurilovich demonstrates the significant results of the interference between the ideas of Hegel and Husserl, Hegel and Heidegger. He problematizes the historical and philosophical concept of neo-hegelianism as such and demonstrates its ambiguity, as well as the lack of the direct intellectual lineage of its representatives. The book provides an opportunity to work with well-structured and informative historical content, which includes biographies and philosophical views, and gives a sophisticated view on the “conflict of interpretations” of Hegelian philosophy, suggested by J. Wahl, A. Koyré, A. Kojève and J. Hyppolite.

The Coloniality of Global Knowledge Production: Theorizing the Mechanisms of Academic Dependency

Increasing calls to decolonize global knowledge production highlight the necessity of understanding the causes of inequality in global knowledge production, or ‘academic dependency.’ While theories of academic dependency or dimensions thereof already exist, there is a shortage of comprehensive accounts of the mechanisms creating and re-inscribing academic dependency. Integrating and extending previous theorizations, this article presents such a theory: I show how global academic stratification grants the academic core a standard-setting position, giving it power over the globally most highly valued mechanisms of evaluating research. This pressures academics anywhere on the globe to orient their research toward the preferences of the academic core (i.e., Global North ones). Further, the global stratification of the research degree system, with both core and periphery academic elites being trained in the core, strengthens Northern intellectual lineages and enhances North-to-South flows of academic influence, while disrupting Southern intellectual traditions and stifling South-to-North flows of academic influence. The stronger power of core academics in core-periphery collaborations centers Northern concerns and marginalizes Southern ones. English as the global academic language further privileges academics from Anglophone countries. This creates an inward-orientation of Northern knowledge production, producing over-theorized and Eurocentric knowledge lacking corrective feedback from the South, while creating an outward-orientation of Southern knowledge production, yielding fragmented, undertheorized knowledge disconnected from local concerns.

Talcott Parsons and the Sociology of Morality

In this article, we propose a brief reconstruction of Talcott Parsons’ writings − from his first major book, The Structure of Social Action, to his later writing on the 1960s and 1970s − in order to clarify his main contributions to a sociological discussion of morality. In so doing, we hope to place Talcott Parsons as one of the forerunners of the sociology of morality conceived as an emerging area of research in the social sciences. Throughout this reconstruction, we also try to situate Parsons in terms of his intellectual lineage pointing out that his formulations reveal important affinities with the theoretical perspective of morality that began with Emile Durkheim. Based on these assumptions, we aim to show, albeit on a preliminary basis, how this dialogue contributes to a more precise delineation of a research program in the field.

From Sarmiento to Borges: The Construction of an Intellectual Lineage in the Magazine Punto de vista under the Argentine Dictatorship

This article analyses the revision of the Argentine intellectual tradition demonstrated in the magazine Punto de vista throughout its first nineteen issues, published during the last Argentine dictatorship (1976–1983). From Sarmiento and the generation of 1837 to Borges and the Sur generation, the reassessment of Argentine intellectuals' legacies set out by editors of Punto de vista was an explicit attempt to insert the magazine into a recognised intellectual lineage. At the same time, it responded to a search for identity prompted by the critical and repressive context in which the magazine was first published.

Jüngel: A Guide for the Perplexed by R. David Nelson

Reviewed by: Jüngel: A Guide for the Perplexed by R. David Nelson Mark Mattes Jüngel: A Guide for the Perplexed. By R. David Nelson. London: T & T Clark, 2020. xviii + 159 pp. Unquestionably, Eberhard Jüngel is an important contemporary Protestant theologian, but he is not known for his accessibility. He wrote no comprehensive systematic textbook. His German can come across as unwieldy. Nelson opens up Jüngel's theology for a wider audience, including beginners, pastors, and seasoned theologians. Nelson is stellar in his ability elegantly to distill Jüngel's complex theological ideas, present them in their context, and show their relevance for those Protestant theologians eager to be ecumenically minded and desirous to address contemporary secularism. In four chapters, Nelson gives a general overview of Jüngel's theology by traversing four of his most important monographs and eleven of his most essential essays, and summarizing his achievements, challenges, and prospects. Unlike so many mid- to late-twentieth-century thinkers, Jüngel offers no political theology schooled by Karl Marx or his disciple Herbert Marcuse. Jüngel hails from communist East Germany. He experienced firsthand its repression of free speech. Jüngel discovered the church to be a "haven for truth" where one could "speak the truth freely" (4). Reacting against such oppression, Jüngel highlights freedom as the appropriate expression of theology and the gospel as empowering courage (12). Jüngel is indebted to Luther but is no narrow Lutheran confessionalist. Instead he seeks a "constructive Protestant theology" (18), albeit one primarily formulated not like a standard dogmatic textbook but instead through provisional, exploratory essays (21). Nelson eschews the tendency of Jüngel commentators to offer a genealogy outlining intellectual trends which influenced Jüngel. Instead, Jüngel speaks with his "own voice" (27), and therefore we should acknowledge that his thinking arises within a "nexus of discourse" and not "lines of direct intellectual lineage" (29). With this caveat in place, Nelson does an admirable job indicating the impact that the thinking of Rudolf Bultmann, Karl Barth, Ernst Fuchs, and Martin Heidegger (among others) had on Jüngel. Nelson highlights Jüngel as a critic of the modern tendency of the human to establish its humanity through self-actualization, whether through thought, [End Page 484] action, or feeling. Jüngel retrieves the classical Lutheran stance that humans are fundamentally passive in the hands of their Creator. Famous for his appropriation of the concepts Sprachereignis (speech events) or Wortgeschehen (word happenings), Jüngel contends that God appropriates human language in order to verify his proximity to humankind, expressing himself through various analogies that convey his nearness to the world (48). Theology is accountable to God's word which interrupts daily routine by means of addressing sinners. Most important for Christian witness is the death of Jesus Christ. Jüngel accords much significance—as all Christian theologians should—to this event. At the conceptual level, Jesus' death, as an event within the life of God, shows that metaphysical approaches to God, indebted to Aristotle, are unfounded because they establish a view of God independent of the crucifixion. Hence, Jesus' death means that the metaphysical conception of God must be rejected and that metaphysical assumptions should be revised (40). Salvifically, Jesus' crucifixion also shows, as Karl Barth also understood, that God's being as such (in se) is tantamount to his being for us (pro nobis) (67). With respect to the doctrine of God, Jesus' death entails that God is the "unity of life and death for the sake of life" (73). Nelson points out that, prima facie, Jüngel does not seem to be able to see Jesus as a living, active subject who presently works on our behalf (96), since having died Jesus is absent from us, "withdrawn into the past" (94). Nelson however thinks that Jüngel's contention that the word as an event which accomplishes the advent of God would be a fine way to counter this concern and so restore Christ's present agency, since Christ is risen from the dead. Overall, this is a superb introduction to a profound and challenging contemporary Lutheran theologian. Mark Mattes Grand View University Des...

Critical macro-finance: An introduction

Critical macro-finance (CMF) has become an influential avenue of research aimed at shedding light on how the global payments system is governed. In the introduction to this special forum on CMF, we explore three main themes: (1) the intellectual lineage of CMF and its relation to financialisation studies; (2) the policy relevance of CMF; and (3) its ‘critical’ position.