Intellectual Labor Research Articles

Engraved Legacies: Bringing Phillis Wheatley’s Idle Pose to the Classroom

Abstract: This essay considers Scipio Moorhead’s 1773 portrait of Phillis Wheatley, Wheatley’s poem “To S.M. A Young African Painter” and the mutual legacy of these two artists. Focusing on the idle pose, I argue that Wheatley explores the relationship between the critic and poet in connection with literary reputation. I draw on theories of idleness (as affect, suspended action) as well as gender, labor, and race in order to argue that Wheatley’s writing reveals her active role in image-making by paradoxically capturing an idle moment, allowing students to contextualize her intellectual labor within the legacy of her authorship.

Prototype of a watering autonomous mobile robot for mini greenhouse with manipulator and computer vision

The development of a watering autonomous mobile robot capable of performing intellectual labor functions in place of humans is a pressing task in the fields of robotics and bioinformatics. These robots can be widely utilized in precision agriculture to conserve resources, particularly in the area of optimal plant irrigation. In the context of global urbanization, this study is dedicated to the development of a watering autonomous mobile robot for mini greenhouses. This robot is integrated with microelectronics and micro-automation systems. A prototype robot equipped with a manipulator and computer vision system was created. The developed irrigation schedule and planting methodology enable efficient resource utilization, increased crop yield, and reduced labor costs. Such an approach holds significant practical value for urban agriculture.

Say No to Freeloader: Protecting Intellectual Property of Your Deep Model.

Model intellectual property (IP) protection has attracted growing attention as science and technology advancements stem from human intellectual labor and computational expenses. Ensuring IP safety for trainers and owners is of utmost importance, particularly in domains where ownership verification and applicability authorization are required. A notable approach to safeguarding model IP involves proactively preventing the use of well-trained models of authorized domains from unauthorized domains. In this paper, we introduce a novel Compact Un-transferable Pyramid Isolation Domain (CUPI-Domain) which serves as a barrier against illegal transfers from authorized to unauthorized domains. Drawing inspiration from human transitive inference and learning abilities, the CUPI-Domain is designed to obstruct cross-domain transfers by emphasizing the distinctive style features of the authorized domain. This emphasis leads to failure in recognizing irrelevant private style features on unauthorized domains. To this end, we propose novel CUPI-Domain generators, which select features from both authorized and CUPI-Domain as anchors. Then, we fuse the style features and semantic features of these anchors to generate labeled and style-rich CUPI-Domain. Additionally, we design external Domain-Information Memory Banks (DIMB) for storing and updating labeled pyramid features to obtain stable domain class features and domain class-wise style features. Based on the proposed whole method, the novel style and discriminative loss functions are designed to effectively enhance the distinction in style and discriminative features between authorized and unauthorized domains, respectively. Moreover, we provide two solutions for utilizing CUPI-Domain based on whether the unauthorized domain is known: target-specified CUPI-Domain and target-free CUPI-Domain. By conducting comprehensive experiments on various public datasets, we validate the effectiveness of our proposed CUPI-Domain approach with different backbone models. The results highlight that our method offers an efficient model intellectual property protection solution.

Духовное просвещение и благочестие в проповеди конца XVII века

<p>The crucial 17<sup>th</sup> century raises the question of the importance of systemic education — churches as a concentration of knowledge become centers of education. The sermon becomes a channel for broadcasting reflections. «Propoved’ v nedeluy 23 po soshestvii Svyatago Duha» [Sermon on Week 23 after the Descent of the Holy Spirit] from the anonymous handwritten collection of sermons «Statir» of the late 17<sup>th</sup> century is published according to all the rules for the transmission of the Church Slavonic text and identifying the sources of the intertext. By spiritual enlightenment the preacher understands attention to the sermons delivered, the study of patristic writings. Along the way, related topics are comprehended — book publishing, respect for people of intellectual labor (writers, preachers). The author deduces the idea of the need for spiritual enlightenment by comparing the Gadarians from the parable of the possessed Gadarin (Luke 8) and modern people who also reject the Word of God, which is embodied in sermons and interpretations, but they do it consciously, unlike the people from the parable. Comparing the flock with the early Christians, the author notes the decline in the ability to think, and in the second part of the sermon he shows the social and spiritual state of people who chose sin instead of diligence in faith. The sin of drunkenness, chosen for illustration, is considered by the author to be one of the most dangerous, because it is he who feels the source of other sins, and is also the most visible in public life. The main conclusion of the author's reflections is that spiritual enlightenment and the ability to reflect are necessary for priests and laity because unrighteous behavior in earthly life and the impossibility of future salvation are due to sins, the harm of which can only be understood if one follows authoritative sources of knowledge. In addition to the author's reflections, the literary talent of the author becomes the subject of research. The complex semantic structure of the sermon, the art of eloquence, the rhetorical strategy of exposing drunkenness associated with the creative processing of patristic and biblical quotations are noted.</p>

"I Sing the Body Electric": Embodied Presence in the Community of Inquiry Framework

Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, more K-12 teachers in the United States were teaching online than ever before, particularly in rural and economically distressed communities (US Department of Education, 2011), and since March 2020, nearly every teacher has become, at least for a little while, a virtual teacher. The purpose of this study was to better understand the embodied experiences of women “sojourner” teachers—that is, teachers who move among online, face-to-face, and hybrid teaching spaces (Howell, 2020). Working from a feminist poststructuralist perspective, I gathered qualitative data from four sojourner teachers in the Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic United States. These data revealed participants’ complex relationships with their bodies while teaching online and how their bodies fit into their perceptions of what it means to be a good virtual teacher. I argue that the current domains of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework (Garrison et al., 2000) are limited and would benefit from the explicit inclusion of embodiment to facilitate discussion about the interplay of physical and intellectual labor and, potentially, the real effects embodied identities have on teachers’ experiences in virtual classrooms.

Contemplating Fantastic Frontiers: Cole Harris on History, Geography, Canada, and the Good Life

Focusing on historical geographer Cole Harris’ published contributions to scholarship, this article offers perspective on a long, productive, and influential career. It weighs the influence of contingency and context on Harris’ oeuvre, points to some of the intellectual stimuli that shaped it, offers an initial assessment of its impacts, and considers how intellectual labour is shaped by the circumstances of its production.

W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Philadelphia Negro: A Book History

The Philadelphia Negro pioneered the field of urban sociology. As a result, scholars often highlight its academic interventions that over a century after its publication remain germane to the study of cities and multiethnic populations in urban settings. While emphasis on the text’s scholarly originality and contemporary analytic relevancy is central to demonstrate its importance, consideration of The Philadelphia Negro’s book history provides an equally compelling account of its enduring significance. Book history addresses the creation of a book as a physical publication. Book history also considers the authorial choices behind infrastructural, textual adornments such as appendixes or maps. In addition, book history deals with subjects like cover art and how publishers and authors often cocreate the external visual presentation of a book’s interior contents. In this brief book history, I explore an editorial history of critical scholarly editions of The Philadelphia Negro, an analysis occasioned by a recent 2023 University of Pennsylvania Press updated edition of the text that features sociologist Elijah Anderson’s revised editorial introduction, first published in 1996. In other words, I historicize critical scholarly editions of The Philadelphia Negro to trace the book’s reception and meaning over time. I also examine selected textual and infrastructural features of each critical edition, most especially the book covers. Historical analysis of sociological writing summons historians (like me) to perform cross-disciplinary intellectual labor while it also invites sociologists to consider historical context more expansively in their assessment of sociological texts.

Ecological Thinking about the Metaverse from a Posthumanist Perspective

ABSTRACT The metaverse is a burgeoning technological domain, ranging from data-driven algorithms to advanced artificial intelligence. Immersive virtual reality does not reflect the ecological crisis in fictional worlds through interactivity. In the footsteps of Félix Guattari, this article elaborates on ecological thinking in three categories, each of which reflects the ecological risk and potential positive improvement of the metaverse. In the first category, environmental ecology, the article argues that the technological infrastructure of the metaverse is intensely power-consuming and materialises data and information fluxes. Moreover, the structure of digitised societies promotes intangible production. In the second category, social ecology, it argues that cognitive capitalism further stimulates consumerism because of big data classification and user-targeted algorithms and further amplifies climate change due to the empowered logistics industry. Additionally, capitalism causes continuous competence in the culture industry, leading to a high elimination rate of device production and low efficiency of intellectual labour. In the last category, mental ecology, the article argues that by precisely targeting users, the attention economy of the metaverse empowers individuals who are eager to pursue valorisation. These digital dwellers overlook ecological issues and the foundations of their virtual lives. In the posthumanist approach, humans are flattened by capitalism and become surplus value as natural forces. Humans’ minds are alienated from the idea that nature and humans coexist. Instead, the metaverse is directed toward individual power that immerses itself in a capital-driven network of information technology. This article proposes the merit of forming a nature-culture continuum to promote an ecological ideology in the metaverse. On the one hand, the nature-culture continuum of the metaverse spreads ecological knowledge and praxis via interactivity. On the other hand, the key mediation of nature-human metabolism through human labour contributes to environmentally friendly products, which cultivate an ecological culture of consumerism. Thus, the metaverse functions in a posthumanist context that consumes nature and humans for profit; however, the metaverse can also arouse thoughts of sustainability.

“Flaming Madras handkerchiefs and calico blazing with crimson and scarlet flowers”: Antebellum World Systems in Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative

Abstract Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative (ca. 1853–61) is the earliest known work of fiction written by a Black woman in the United States. Its distinctiveness lies in the internationalism through which the labor regimes of the southern plantation are shown to be intimately bound to global sites of colonial dispossession. Besides unpacking the entangled strands of British and American imperialisms, the author-narrator critically emulates conventions of the nineteenth-century transatlantic literary marketplace, evincing an understanding of both her embodied self and her intellectual labor as commodities in a world system built with racialized labor. Crafts’s novel revises the notion of chattel slavery as provincial, situating it instead within the Atlantic World’s expansive flows of capital and commodities. It presents not a geographically and socially demarcated institution but a plantation empire that goes far beyond the contours of the American South or, indeed, the continental United States, creating a remarkably nuanced conception of Black positionality, one informed not only by race but also by global capital. As part of a broader field-based inquiry, this article probes the affordances of thinking about antebellum Black Atlantic political subjectivity as positioned between two imperialist projects: British abolitionism and American plantocratic expansionism.

Pachyderm Matriarchy

One of the essential backstories of Donna Haraway’s essay “Teddy Bear Patriarchy” is the biography of celebrated collector/taxidermist Carl Akeley, and his vision for the African Hall at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York. The “Authors and Versions” section of Haraway’s essay examines expedition stories recorded by Carl Akeley, his first wife, Delia Denning Akeley, and his second, Mary Jobe Akeley, to interrogate the issue of authorship, and build a case for an alleged cover-up of Delia’s contributions by “the official scientific community”. The present article pursues a reading of “Authors and Versions” against a more robust historical background, including published sources, and primary archival materials, in order to deepen, and correct, the broader story of the authorship and intellectual labour behind the AMNH African Hall, in particular the purported suppression of Delia Akeley’s voice and labour.

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for Batik Mangrove Products in Tanjung Rejo Village, North Sumatera, Indonesia, as an Initiatives to Export Products

Intellectual property rights (IPR) encompass a wide range of property rights stemming from the intellectual or creative capabilities of individuals. These rights span various domains, including knowledge, art, literature, and technology, and their creation typically demands investments in the form of effort, time, financial resources, and intellectual labor. The focal point of this research is the safeguarding of IPR pertaining to Mangrove Batik products originating from Tanjung Rejo village, with the ultimate objective of facilitating their exportation. The chosen research methodology for this study is the normative juridical approach, characterized by its descriptive-analytical nature. The data used in this research comprises both primary and secondary sources, and the analysis primarily employs qualitative methods, given the predominantly descriptive and analytical nature of the data collected. The research findings underscore the concerted efforts aimed at preserving and upholding intellectual property rights for mangrove batik products originating from Tanjung Rejo village, driven by the goal of amplifying the export potential of these culturally significant creations. Tanjung Rejo village has carved out a reputation as a producer of exceptionally unique and culturally valuable mangrove batik products. However, the continued success and integrity of this product line are challenged by issues such as counterfeiting and a general lack of awareness regarding intellectual property rights. To address these challenges, this study has initiated an education and training program designed to enhance the local community's comprehension of IPR intricacies and the requisite procedures for exporting these distinct products. The study's data analysis involves pre-tests and post-tests, which serve as instruments to gauge the effectiveness of the educational program. Encouragingly, the results demonstrate a noteworthy enhancement in the local community's comprehension and awareness of intellectual property rights. This newfound knowledge and understanding can substantially fortify the protection of Mangrove Batik products while concurrently fostering their potential for export. Ultimately, safeguarding intellectual property rights stands as a pivotal instrument in preserving the authenticity and economic worth of this culturally significant product, all the while advancing cultural preservation and stimulating local economic growth. Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights Protection, Mangrove Batik, Tanjung Rejo Village.

Martial law and the digital labor market: The case of Ukraine

The article is devoted to topical issues of the functioning of the labor market of Ukraine in the conditions of the war. The authors identify threats of digitalization of the market, as well as positive features of digital technologies. The main trends in the field of labor, which are characteristic of modern democratic countries, have been studied. Moreover, the optimal directions for the development of digital labor relations in the conditions of martial law are described and, at the same time, the possibilities of using digital technologies in the specified field are clarified. Finally, the expediency of developing mechanisms and tools for the implementation of an effective labor market management system that takes into account the issues of education, soft skills development and increasing the level of social protection and social security is emphasized. It is concluded that, in the experiences of formation of the global digital market of labor relations, the spread of new forms of work, organizational and legal methods and conditions for the use of intellectual labor is observed.

Rev.] Gorshkov M.K., Sheregi F.E., Tyurina I.O. Vosproizvodstvo Spetsialistov Intellektual’nogo Truda: Sotsiologicheskii Analiz. [Reproduction of Specialists in Intellectual Labor: Sociological Analysis.] Moscow: FNISC RAN publ., 2023

Based on the results of empirical studies on the problems of reproduction of specialists carried out in 2017–2021, the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS and the Center for Social Forecasting and Marketing discuss the trends in the processes of reproduction of different groups of specialists in intellectual labor, as well as their employment. The book analyzes the dynamically changing conditions for the professional self-realization of graduates and their adaptation, discusses difficulties with the reproduction of engineering and technical specialists, justifies recommendations for overcoming emerging obstacles, and provides balanced recommendations for ensuring the employment of graduates, including measures to optimize the activities of employment services in cooperation with university centers to promote employment. Two socially significant functions of education are identified: of integrating, which leads new generations to perceive the existing distribution relations as socially fair, and of differentiating, which disperses the younger generation into the cells of the professional structure, while taking into account differences in economic interests.

Can the AI-Generated Content be Protected as Work Under Copyright Law? ---Jurisprudential Developments in China

Recent Chinese cases of the copyright disputes on AI-generated content (AGC) reveal challenges to copyright jurisprudence by Natural Language Processing (NPL)-based AI systems. Some scholars argued from the perspectives of intellectual characteristics of the AGC. This paper, however, combines historical and doctrinal methods to show that the production process of AGC should be the defining factor of work. This paper argues that modern copyright law does not protect the AI-generated content from the aspect of copyright law in intellectual writings/ paintings/ music/ art as work. Work in the history of copyright law requires direct human intellectual labor, which the AI lacks. AI does not have physical and / or mental labor to the levels of humans, and the human physical and intellectual labors put into building the AI system is different from the AIs production of contents. These are two separate and consecutive processes: humans make AI, and AI automatically generates contents. The second process cannot produce work because it does not involve comparable labor to humans.

Using Artificial Intelligence to Generate Master-Quality Architectural Designs from Text Descriptions

The exceptional architecture designed by master architects is a shared treasure of humanity, which embodies their design skills and concepts not possessed by common architectural designers. To help ordinary designers improve the design quality, we propose a new artificial intelligence (AI) method for generative architectural design, which generates designs with specified styles and master architect quality through a diffusion model based on textual prompts of the design requirements. Compared to conventional methods dependent on heavy intellectual labor for innovative design and drawing, the proposed method substantially enhances the creativity and efficiency of the design process. It overcomes the problem of specified style difficulties in generating high-quality designs in traditional diffusion models. The research results indicated that: (1) the proposed method efficiently provides designers with diverse architectural designs; (2) new designs upon easily altered text prompts; (3) high scalability for designers to fine-tune it for applications in other design domains; and (4) an optimized architectural design workflow.

Reproducing Intellectual Labor Specialists: Institutional Imbalances and Gaps

Reproducing Intellectual Labor Specialists: Institutional Imbalances and Gaps

Personnel policy in the sphere of intellectual labor (review of the book: Gorshkov M. K., Sheregi F. E., Tyurina I. O. Reproduction of specialists of intellectual labor: a sociological analysis. Moscow: FNISC RAN, 2023. 384 p.)

The book under review is noteworthy because the analysis of the state personnel policy in the sphere of intellectual labor is carried out from the theoretical positions of reproduction of the socio-professional structure of society. The conclusions based on theoretical postulates of the authors of the book are verified on the basis of rich statistical and sociological material. The author reveals the structure of inequality of chances to receive higher education, the reasons for the formation of "professional ballast" and imbalance in the market of intellectual labor. The necessity of strengthening the coordinating role of the state in the reproduction of specialists of intellectual labor in the interests of personnel support of innovative production was substantiated.

Adult education and training for the development of problem-solving skills

Introduction. Currently, the presence of employees with developed basic skills of working with textual and numerical information can no longer explain how effectively a person functions in society and the professional sphere. This is due to the rapid transformation of the innovative economy and the renewal of production technologies and business processes. Therefore, the key basic skills of the adult population have been supplemented with one more cognitive skill – problem solving. Aim. The present research aimed to present a portrait of a person with a developed problem-solving skill on the basis of sociological data, and to identify which types of employee training could most effectively lead to his/her development during participation in educational activities. Materials and methods. The study was based on theoretical methods of literature analysis, which made it possible to describe the categorical field and to systematize existing scientific approaches. The empirical foundation for this research was built on the data of OECD-PIAAC studies in Russia (2013). The study sample consisted of 3,877 people employed in various sectors of economic activity. To process the results obtained, the authors used the methods of mathematical statistics (descriptive statistics, one-factor analysis of variance, regression analysis method). Results. It was discovered that even prolonged employer-provided training does not lead to development of problem-solving skills, but still provides an increase in salary for some workers. Moreover, training which is not directly connected to the professional field and not initiated by the employer would lead to increase in problem-solving skills in a technology-rich environment. In this study, it is debated that the most significant increase in problem solving skills was brought by informal on-the-job training. It was shown that problem-solving skills provide significant increase in labour productivity in the production fields and intellectual labour fields (education and science). At the same time, problem-solving skills barely provide any increase in labour productivity in the routine fields, because such type of jobs does not involve behavioural variability, operational problem solving, and constant cooperation with other people. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the Russian academic literature, the authors conceptualised the concept of problem-solving skills and clarified which types of training significantly increase the contribution to the development of human capital of Russian workers. Based on the results of the study the authors presented a sociological portrait of a Russian worker with a high and low level of problem-solving skills. The revealed patterns allowed the authors to form an idea of the system of organisational conditions of enterprises that ensure maximum involvement of employees in the constant updating of their knowledge and skills, and contribute to the effective use of the problems-solving skill in the process of labour activity. Practical significance. This article might be of interest for the specialists in sphere of adult education and lifelong learning, HR-specialists and small and medium-sized enterprise managers in order to improve the efficiency of the recruitment process and to adopt more efficient employer-provided training systems.

Networked misogyny beyond the digital: the violent devaluation of women journalists’ labor and bodies in Turkey’s masculine authoritarian regime

ABSTRACT Following the conservative Turkish government’s political-economic capture of the news media, educated and pro-feminist women journalists have migrated online. Despite having more publicity across platforms, they face immediate prosecution based on the tweet of an anonymous troll, an informant citizen or a government official. While this is a common case of networked misogyny, inspired by Liz Kelly’s concept of the continuum of sexual violence, we argue that networked misogyny against women journalists is not simply technological but rather both interconnected across different spaces (online manosphere, masculine newsrooms, and authoritarian state) and intersectional feeding from nationalism, class, and anti-Western sentiments. This intersectionality renders networked misogyny against Turkey’s journalists different from liberal contexts because it operates not through illegality but suspicion (of terrorism, treason). Our focus on interconnections and intersectionality allows for theorizing networked misogyny beyond the digital, genders current perspectives on authoritarianism and reframes networked misogyny as a violent war targeting women’s intellectual labor and public visibility, both significant threats to authoritarian regimes across the globe. The interconnected and intersectional stories of networked misogyny from Turkey point to how fighting against this form of violence is also a fight against the post-truth regimes of authoritarianism and fight for democracy.

Playing That Crystal Flute: Black Interventions in the Sonic Archives

Playing That Crystal Flute:Black Interventions in the Sonic Archives Kristin Moriah (bio) Liner Notes for the Revolution: The Intellectual Life of Black Feminist Sound. By Daphne Brooks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021. 608 pages. $39.95 (hardcover). Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll. By Maureen Mahon. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. 408 pages. $29.95 (paperback). Black Ephemera: The Crisis and Challenge of the Musical Archive. By Mark Anthony Neal. New York: New York University Press, 2022. 232 pages. $27.00 (paperback). Black women and Black musicians have a contentious relationship with archival practices and popular memory. Take Lizzo, for example, and the moment she played James Madison's previously untouched two-hundred-year-old flute at a concert in Washington, DC, in fall 2022. In that instance, she was, as the kids say, her ancestors' wildest dreams. She certainly seemed to be creating a full circle, reaching toward the eighteenth century and grasping hold of a powerful symbol of the Enlightenment cherished by a founding father whose most notorious achievements would be used to disenfranchise women like Lizzo for generations. Common wisdom tells us that she was not meant to touch it. The crystal flute's very status within the Library of Congress calls attention to its symbolic power and its distance from Black women's marginalized position in society. Can you be Lizzo, a Black musician, and play the flute? More specifically, can you be Lizzo and play that flute? In their recent books, Daphne Brooks, Maureen Mahon, and Mark Anthony Neal reckon with such questions raised by Black musicians and musical archives at a time when Black music and its influence on popular culture is both ubiquitous and contentious. They write from a cultural context in which the roots, nuances, and implications of Black musical life have often been obscured and whose continued existence, in the [End Page 395] case of Black musical archives, is often tenuous. Their scholarship represents a deep engagement with a diverse set of sonic archives and innovators. The need to theorize work so foundational to American popular culture, to mine sounds always seemingly present and in motion, arises from a sense of urgency spurred by the fascination with and furor over Black popular musicians. In Liner Notes for the Revolution, Daphne Brooks argues that "Black women of sound" have "a history unfolding on other frequencies while the world adores them and simultaneously devalues them" (1). Brooks takes "seriously the centrality of sound in Black women's lives as a foundation for developing and sustaining pivotal, profoundly meaningful world-making sociocultural networks and forms of intimacy with one another" (12). In doing so, she recalls the work of scholars like Jayna Brown when she argues that "what these Black women musicians offer, in short, is another way of hearing, reading, theorizing, making the modern. Black women of sound sign and sing themselves through their listening such that they reframe archaic philosophies of the 'Self' born out of high Enlightenment—thought that never had them in mind" (17). In Brooks's work, readers will also find echoes of Paul Gilroy, Sylvia Wynter, and Alexander Weheliye and their interrogations of Western Humanism and modernity. What is more, while rigorously engaging with critical theory from a range of fields, Liner Notes is structured like a vinyl record. Thus the text speaks to the influence of material culture on Black sound studies. Black media form part of the message. Side A of Liner Notes is "a meditation on the importance of intellectual labour and Black women's sonic cultures" (45). Side B is "an exploration of elusive Black women musicians and the critics and artists who have focused their attention on their legacies in a variety of ways" (45). Side B takes inspiration from the experimental nature of B sides and moves more fully into "the speculative terrain of revolutionary possibility" (45). Taken together, each side is a reminder that listening is a central critical practice. Liner Notes is a manifesto that offers a blueprint for the work that Black feminism can accomplish in the field of sound studies. While Brooks is interested in how theory and cultural criticism can...