Intellectual Enrichment Research Articles

Metabolic and dopaminergic correlates of intellectual enrichment in de-novo Parkinson's disease patients.

Cognitive reserve (CR) is an expression of brain resilience in response to damage. Education, occupational experience and leisure activities are thought to increase CR and have beneficial effects on global cognition and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to disclose brain metabolic and dopaminergic correlates of CR in de-novo PD patients. Sixty-two drug-naïve de-novo PD patients underwent [18F]FDG-PET and DAT-SPECT. CR was quantified through the Cognitive-Reserve-Index questionnaire including total-CR and 3 subscores (educational-CR, occupational-CR, leisure-CR). Specific binding ratios (SBRs) and Z-scores in basal ganglia were obtained with 'BasGan-V2'. Z-scores were used as dependent variables in general linear models to assess the interaction between dopaminergic function and CR. Voxel-based correlation between brain metabolism and CR-scores and between SBR and [18F]FDG-PET was evaluated using SPM12 (P<0.05 FWE-corrected at peak and cluster level considered significant). Dopaminergic deficit in the most affected hemisphere (MAH) putamen was significantly less marked in higher CR patients (Z-score -1.7±0.1 highly-educated versus -2.1±0.1 poorly-educated, P<0.02). Total and leisure-related-CR resulted correlated directly with z-scores of the MAH putamen (P<0.018 and P<0.003) and inversely with brain metabolism in both cerebellar hemispheres (P<0.001). MAH-putamen SBR correlated directly with metabolism in occipital and parietal cortex (P<0.003) and inversely in cerebellar hemispheres (P<0.02). CR proxies demonstrated to correlate directly with dopaminergic function and inversely with metabolism in cerebellar hemispheres in de-novo PD patients. The present multi-modal approach including both metabolic and dopaminergic correlates of CR allowed to identify possible compensation mechanisms, highlighting a potential role of the cerebellum that deserves further investigation.

التناص: تحولات الشعرية البلاغية إلى الوظيفة النسقية

The study revolves around the intertextuality orbit in terms of its systemic attachment with cultural critique, where this rhetoric approach assumes a rhetoric capacity that exceeds the deliberative dimensions which are based on showing the poetic aspect of intertextuality and its ability to express the ideas of the text and that is done through creating a new post for it. This post is known as the systemic post and is originally associated with cultural critique and is based on procedural tools designed to create the cultural trick through which the profound meaning is passed. The meaning which Strauss added to the hidden meaning and Iceberger drafted in the underlying structure of the text. The study followed the possibility of this post manifesting itself in Arabic rhetoric and the western intertextuality theory, and did not find a clear impact. Therefore, it assumes that this post is new to intertextuality and this assumption is proven by an applied study which has been conducted on a creative text from the Abbasid Era. This text is Sahl bin Haroun’s letter on stinginess. The research concluded after careful study with results: intertextuality - the rhetorical device known in both Arab and foreign cultures - has a well-known pragmatic function related to the aesthetic and intellectual enrichment of the text linked with various quotations; intertextuality can be utilized in cultural critical studies by establishing the systemic function it possesses. In light of a systemic reading of intertextuality in the message of Sahl ibn Harun on miserliness, it became evident that the writer challenged the image of Arabs by reversing the trait of generosity and placed it on a low moral scale. Therefore, The study recommends following Arabic rhetoric research and studying it within a new vision so that the procedural tools are effective in adopting cultural critique.

GP workforce sustainability to maximise effective and equitable patient care: a realist review of what works, for whom and in what circumstances?

UK general practice has been described as being in crisis. A shortage and exodus of GPs is an urgent and challenging problem, attracting significant media attention, widespread public debate, and policy action. Our review aims to examine which aspects of the healthcare system affect GP workforce sustainability, how, why, and for whom. A realist review is an interpretive, theory-driven approach to evidence synthesis, that brings together data from quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods research, and the wider grey literature (e.g., policy documentation). Using this data allows us to examine a diverse range of evidence with a clear focus on understanding factors which support (or hinder) GP workforce sustainability, how these are shaped by contexts, and the mechanisms that underpin them. We identify important individual and system-level contexts that may be amenable to change. We present our emerging findings in the form of a programme theory which explores human connection with patients, colleagues, and across organisations, gaining intellectual enrichment and learning systems comprising socially-situated knowledge. Relational continuity is key across these, supporting GP workforce sustainability. Challenges include standardisation, alienation and professional loneliness, inflexible organisation, and restrictive technologies. Our research generates new knowledge about the interdependencies between contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes. The findings can inform strategies and interventions intended to support, facilitate, and assist the GP workforce in delivering equitable and effective patient care. We identify critical gaps in knowledge and prioritise the expectations for scope and nature of future GP work and retention strategies.

Стратегии возрождения сельских регионов России через интеллектуальное обогащение

введение: проблематика убыли населения сельских районов является весьма актуальной в современном социолингвистическом дискурсе. Этот труд направлен на анализ причин, способствующих уменьшению жителей российских деревень, и предлагает стратегии по привлечению молодых специалистов, с особым упором на литературное обогащение. Материалы и методы. Изучение базируется на анализе демографических изменений в около 150 сельских районах с 2010 по 2023 год. Были проведены интервью с 250 молодыми профессионалами из сельской местности и анализ социально-демографических аспектов населенных пунктов. Акцент делается на роли литературы и культурных практик в изменении социального климата сельских районов. Результаты. Исследование показало снижение численности населения в 78% изучаемых районов. Одной из главных причин является отсутствие культурного и литературного развития, что снижает привлекательность сельской жизни для молодежи. Предложены методы по внедрению литературных программ и инициатив, направленных на повышение культурного уровня и привлекательности сельских территорий, что может способствовать экономическому оживлению и социальному благополучию.introduction: the problem of population decline in rural areas is very relevant in modern sociolinguistic discourse. This work is aimed at analyzing the causes contributing to the decrease in residents of Russian villages, and suggests strategies for attracting young professionals, with a special focus on literary enrichment. Materials and methods. The study is based on an analysis of demographic changes in about 150 rural areas from 2010 to 2023. Interviews were conducted with 250 young professionals from rural areas and an analysis of the socio-demographic aspects of settlements. The focus is on the role of literature and cultural practices in changing the social climate of rural areas. Results. The study showed a decrease in the population in 78% of the studied areas. One of the main reasons is the lack of cultural and literary development, which reduces the attractiveness of rural life for young people. Methods are proposed for the implementation of literary programs and initiatives aimed at improving the cultural level and attractiveness of rural areas, which can contribute to economic recovery and social well-being.

Crowdsourced translation as immaterial labour: a netnographic study of Communities of Practice in the TED translation project

ABSTRACT This article examines crowdsourced translation on TED.com – an initiative to disseminate general knowledge by producing TED Talks. Drawing on the Autonomist concept of immaterial labour and the theoretical model of Communities of Practice, it presents a critical analysis of participatory translation practices in the digital age, focusing on the relations between corporate actors and individual translation agents. By examining dynamics within communities of practice composed of translators on the TED platform, this study found that TED Translators provide immaterial labour as they help push forward both their individual goals and TED’s overall agenda, and both the practice of translation and communication processes among translators become sources of meaning making for translators to negotiate their identities. More importantly, this study identifies tensions caused by the top-down approach taken by TED to manage the self-organised translator communities. While the translators provide immaterial labour for intellectual enrichment, pleasure and meaning making instead of monetary rewards, the corporate approach taken by TED treats translation as a source of add-on value and undermines group dynamics in translator collectivities.

윤리적인 미식의 이해와 실천

Following Brillat-Savarin’s aphorism, “You are what you eat”, many contemporary literary scholars and college professors have been increasingly drawn to food-centric studies. They seek to articulate and develop the profound connection between food consumption and personal identity. Remarkably, in the USA and Canada, some scholars advocate for literature courses that combine literary analysis with immersive experiences like food-oriented field trips, cooking classes, and communal dining. These courses allow students to explore the intricate relationship between food, culture, environment, politics, and economics. This paper asserts that by participating in such courses, college students can derivate intellectual enrichment and practical skills in the culinary arts. Furthermore, these courses encourage students to consider their connections to the place and environment where the food was made. With the aim of inspiring the design of a creative and interdisciplinary curriculum for undergraduate students, this paper proposes that Yann Martel’s 2001 novel Life of Pi as a potential text suitable for food-oriented classes. It demonstrates that Life of Pi is, in essence, a food narrative that underscores the importance of physical and spiritual nourishment. Additionally, it outlines a pedagogical approach for using Life of Pi in a classroom setting that seamlessly blends literary study and culinary projects.

Exploring the relation between reserve and fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

Intellectual enrichment and brain reserve modulate the expression of cognitive and motor disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Their association with fatigue, one of the most debilitating and common symptoms of MS, has never been explored. Forty-eight MS patients underwent clinical and MRI examination at baseline and after 1 year. Physical and cognitive MS-related fatigue were evaluated via Modified Fatigue Impact subscales (MFIS-P and MFIS-C). Differences in reserve indexes between fatigued and non-fatigued patients were tested. The relationship between clinico-demographic features, global brain structural damage, indexes of reserve (age-adjusted intracranial volume and cognitive reserve index) and fatigue were tested via correlations and hierarchical linear/binary logistic regression, to predict MFIS-P and MFIS-C (at baseline) or new-onset fatigue and meaningful worsening in MFIS (at follow-up). At baseline, although a significant difference was identified for cognitive reserve questionnaire between fatigued and non-fatigued patients (18.19±4.76 versus 15.15±3.56, p=0.015), only depression accounted for significant variance in MFIS-P and MFIS-C (R2=0.248, p=0.002; R2=0.252, p<0.001). MFIS-T, MFIS-P and MFIS-C changes over time were associated to depression changes over time (r=0.56, r=0.55, and r=0.57, respectively; all p<0.001). Indexes of reserve did not differ between non-fatigued patients and patients developing new-onset fatigue at follow-up. None of the baseline features was able to predict the new-onset fatigue or meaningful worsening in MFIS at follow-up. Among the explored features, only depression was strongly associated to both physical and cognitive fatigue. Intellectual enrichment and brain reserve did not seem to affect fatigue symptoms in MS patients.

Community Empowerment Through Making Iboni Craft to Improve Community Welfare and The Economic Impact

The people of Rowoboni Village have not optimized the potential of water hyacinths in Lake Rawapening. People only work as laborers picking water hyacinths and selling raw to collectors. It does not improve the community’s economy because the selling price of water hyacinths is still lower than that of water hyacinths processed into handicraft products. This study aims to describe the process of water hyacinth Iboni craft community empowerment to improve community welfare and economy. This qualitative approach used in-depth interview techniques with 14 participants consisting of one manager, seven workers, four devices village, one farmer, and one hyacinth collector who are considered to have precise information related to the focus of the research. Data collection techniques in this study used observation, interviews, and documentation. Data validity applied source triangulation techniques, and the data were analyzed through data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study show that the empowerment process of Iboni craft consists of 3 stages, namely 1) awareness and behavior formation, 2) knowledge and skills transformation, and 3) intellectual and skills enrichment or improvement. The economic impact of this empowerment program is increasing people’s income and welfare. The conclusion is that the empowerment process of Iboni Craft consists of 3 stages: 1) awareness and behavior formation through Dialogical communication or word of mouth to the public, 2) knowledge and skills transformation through group training, and independent training with the manager of Iboni Craft, 3) intellectual and skills enrichment or improvement where the workforce begins to produce independently following consumer demand. The economic impact of this empowerment program is an increase in family income, which can provide the family with a second source of income.

Experience of Realizing Cross-cultural Student Projects at the Language Faculty of Pedagogical University

Problem and goal. The paper highlights the problem of cross-cultural interaction of intending teachers, which is especially topical under the modern geopolitical conditions of urgency to build and develop tolerance and mutual understanding among people. Goal of the paper – to present the experience of organizing and realizing cross-cultural interaction of pedagogical university students on the basis of the project method under the conditions of academic mobility. Methodology. The methodological foundation of this material is the cross-cultural and competence approaches allowing building teacher’s cross-cultural competence including such important professional qualities as tolerance, open-mindness, ability to make a decision and bear responsibility for complying this decision. Research results. The author’s solutions for organizing international projects within academic mobility having the aim to build students’ cross-cultural competence are described. The forms of realizing the projects are indicted; the practical results expressed in building professional and personal qualities of intending foreign language teachers are characterized. The new cross-cultural projects planned to be held in 2023 – 2024 are presented. The authors arrive at the conclusion on the effectiveness of an extracurricular cross-cultural project in teacher professional training in getting to know other cultures, in in-depth study of native culture, in intellectual enrichment of a personality.

Use it or lose it: gene-environment interactions at the nexus of expanding genes and shrinking brains in Huntington's disease and other experience-dependent disorders of ageing.

This scientific commentary refers to 'Intellectual enrichment and genetic modifiers of cognition and brain volume in Huntington's disease' by Papoutsi et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac279).

Intellectual enrichment and genetic modifiers of cognition and brain volume in Huntington's disease.

An important step towards the development of treatments for cognitive impairment in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases is to identify genetic and environmental modifiers of cognitive function and understand the mechanism by which they exert an effect. In Huntington's disease, the most common autosomal dominant dementia, a small number of studies have identified intellectual enrichment, i.e. a cognitively stimulating lifestyle and genetic polymorphisms as potential modifiers of cognitive function. The aim of our study was to further investigate the relationship and interaction between genetic factors and intellectual enrichment on cognitive function and brain atrophy in Huntington's disease. For this purpose, we analysed data from Track-HD, a multi-centre longitudinal study in Huntington's disease gene carriers and focused on the role of intellectual enrichment (estimated at baseline) and the genes FAN1, MSH3, BDNF, COMT and MAPT in predicting cognitive decline and brain atrophy. We found that carrying the 3a allele in the MSH3 gene had a positive effect on global cognitive function and brain atrophy in multiple cortical regions, such that 3a allele carriers had a slower rate of cognitive decline and atrophy compared with non-carriers, in agreement with its role in somatic instability. No other genetic predictor had a significant effect on cognitive function and the effect of MSH3 was independent of intellectual enrichment. Intellectual enrichment also had a positive effect on cognitive function; participants with higher intellectual enrichment, i.e. those who were better educated, had higher verbal intelligence and performed an occupation that was intellectually engaging, had better cognitive function overall, in agreement with previous studies in Huntington's disease and other dementias. We also found that intellectual enrichment interacted with the BDNF gene, such that the positive effect of intellectual enrichment was greater in Met66 allele carriers than non-carriers. A similar relationship was also identified for changes in whole brain and caudate volume; the positive effect of intellectual enrichment was greater for Met66 allele carriers, rather than for non-carriers. In summary, our study provides additional evidence for the beneficial role of intellectual enrichment and carrying the 3a allele in MSH3 in cognitive function in Huntington's disease and their effect on brain structure.

Phubbing as a social and communicative phenomenon of modernity

The proposed article is intended to consider an urgent and important problem — the spread among modern people of an obsessive addiction to smartphones and a frightening inability to distract from them even during a face–to–face conversation with others. The main goal of this study is to form an integral, scientifically based idea of the relevant socio–psychological and communicative phenomenon of the 21st century, called «phubbing», to analyze its distinctive features and influence on the social behavior and communication of people living in the era of digitalization. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive, interdisciplinary study of the defining characteristics and symptomatic signs of phubbing, the main approaches to the study of the causes and prerequisites for its actualization, as well as the available empirical data on the specifics and frequently occurring forms of embodiment of this phenomenon in various countries of the world is undertaken. In addition, the author focuses on the problem of so–called partner phubbing and its negative impact on a person’s close relationship with his romantic or family partner. The analysis allows us to state that in the modern information society it is very difficult for individuals to avoid strong addiction to smartphones, therefore, the social and communicative phenomenon of phubbing is likely to become an integral attribute of human life for a long time. However, the retribution for excessive attachment to communicative gadgets with a high degree of probability may be the progressive alienation of the subject from nearby relatives and friends. The solution to the problem for modern people can be the acquisition of a reasonable and harmonious combination of real and virtual, offline and online communication. It is this approach that would allow humanity to avoid digital addiction, not to lose the quality and depth of diffuse personal interactions, but rather move along the path of intellectual, emotional and communicative enrichment and self–improvement.

Long-term Cognitive Outcomes and Socioprofessional Attainment in People With Multiple Sclerosis With Childhood Onset.

Patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) can be especially vulnerable to cognitive impairment (CI) due to the onset of MS during a critical period for CNS development and maturation. The objective of this longitudinal study was to assess long-term cognitive functioning and socioprofessional attainment in the Italian pediatric MS cohort, previously assessed at baseline and 2 and 5 years. The 48 patients evaluated at the 5-year assessment were screened for inclusion. All participants were assessed with a cognitive test battery exploring 4 different cognitive abilities. Depression, fatigue, and socioprofessional attainment were also assessed. Mean cognitive z scores were calculated for the whole cohort, and their evolution over time was analyzed with an analysis of variance for repeated measurements test. Predictors of cognitive worsening or improvement were assessed with a linear mixed-model analysis. Thirty-three participants were included (mean follow-up 12.8 ± 0.8 years). The global cognitive performance worsened at year 2 and improved at year 5, although the z score remained significantly lower than at baseline (-0.9 ± 1.2 vs -0.3 ± 0.9, p = 0.002). There was no significant variation between years 5 and 12 (-0.7 ± 1.1, p = 0.452). Higher IQ (>90) at baseline (effect 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.5, p = 0.017) and lower number of relapses in the 2 years before baseline (effect -0.1, 95% CI -0.1 to 0.1, p = 0.025) predicted better cognitive performances. Eighteen (54.5%) patients failed at least 2 tests compared with healthy controls and were defined as cognitively impaired. The presence of CI predicted worse socioprofessional attainment (β = 4.8, 95% CI 1.4-8.2, p = 0.008). The longitudinal cognitive trajectory in pediatric-onset MS has a heterogeneous course over time, with a decline in the first years followed by a partial recovery over the long term. However, at the last follow-up evaluation, the proportion of impaired patients was more than double compared with baseline, with a negative impact on the individual's socioprofessional attainment in adulthood. This study underscores how cognitive reserve may partially mitigate the negative effects of brain damage, highlighting the critical importance of intellectual enrichment early during the disease course.

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS OF ODESA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY AS WAYS OF PROMOTION LITERATURE, BOOKS AND READING IN MODERN SOCIETY

Libraries play an important role in the system of public institutions that ensure the right of citizens to information, knowledge, education, use of cultural achievements and public access to information resources, popularization of books and reading as a way of learning about the world, education of educated and comprehensively developed individuals with critical, panoramic thinking. The introduction of systematic measures to promote books and reading in modern society remains an extremely important mechanism of cultural, professional and intellectual enrichment, and in general – the development of human capital, its sustainable economic and social progress, increasing the competitiveness of the state in global political, economic, cultural and information space. The work of libraries, which are constantly looking for innovative forms of their activity, is inextricably linked with the process of raising the level of education and culture. The aim of this work is to examine the innovative experience of cultural and educational projects of Odesa National Scientific Library, which made the library an important center for the promotion of literature, reading and books. Currently, there is no single study that would reveal the experience of unique cultural projects of Odesa National Scientific Library. Thus, the systematization and analysis of information about these innovative projects implemented by the library is incredibly relevant.

Cognitive Reserve in Early Manifest Huntington Disease Patients: Leisure Time Is Associated with Lower Cognitive and Functional Impairment.

We focused on Cognitive Reserve (CR) in patients with early Huntington Disease (HD) and investigated whether clinical outcomes might be influenced by lifetime intellectual enrichment over time. CR was evaluated by means of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), an internationally validated scale which includes three sections: education, working activity, and leisure time. The clinical HD variables were quantified at three different time points (baseline-t0, 1 year follow up-t1 and 2 years follow up-t2) as per the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), an internationally standardized and validated scale including motor, cognitive, functional and behavioral assays. Our sample consisted of 75 early manifest patients, withclinical stage scored according to the Total Functional Capacity (TFC) scale. Our correlational analysis highlighted a significant inverse association between CRIq leisure time (CRIq_LA) and longitudinal functional impairment (namely, the differential TFC score between t2 and t0 or ΔTFC) (p < 0.05), and the multidimensional progression of HD as measured by the composite UHDRS (cUHDRS, p < 0.01). CRIq_LA was significantly and positively associated with better cognitive performances at all time points (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that higher is the CRIq_LA, milder is the progression of HD in terms of functional, multidimensional and cognitive outcome.

Зарубіжна / світова література: проблема номінативного визначення

The terminological load of the phrase “foreign / world literature” is outlined. The attention is focused on the semantic, cultural-historical, epistemological features of this concept. Literature as a verbal art, being formed since the time of oral folk creativity, reflects the corresponding established canon in the national expression, accordingly, the dynamics of the world literary process. It is emphasized that the development of national literatures had strengthened the nature of explicit-implicit literary relationships. It contributed to the formation of new genres, artistic tastes, as well as to the expansion of the recipient`s worldview, and, accordingly, literary concepts. Controversial interpretations of Goethe’s term “Weltliteratur” are considered: supporters who perceived literature as one general world synthesis (F. Moretti) and scientists who predicted the collapse of the views of the German classics (E. Auerbach). The scientific discourse of the 20th century is assumed. Diverse interpretations of the “world literature” paradigm is understood as a collection of all works from antiquity to modern times; an anthology of the best literary texts (a kind of canonization); as a high-quality cultural and intellectual mutual enrichment. The significant contribution to the formation of the “world / foreign literature” paradigm of comparative studies and sociocultural research is emphasized (the works of P. Sorokin, O. Biletsky, L. Gumilyov, G. Gachev, D. Dyuryshin, A. Volkov of the Chernivtsi TPI School). Outlining the term world / foreign literature in the general literary process, the modern concepts of Western literary critics (E. Auerbach, P. Casanova, K. Prado and T. Samuayo, F. Moretti, D. Damrosch, R. Thomsen, J. David, N. Esenlilioglu, S. Uhliga and C. Zhang) are assumed. It is concluded that the diversity of the interpretation of the term “world / universal / foreign” literature directly depends on the historical, cultural and epistemological approaches to considering this issue; however, for all researchers there are common criteria for the nominative definition of the given paradigm – comprehensiveness, canons of a certain method, anthropological value, and participation in globalization processes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Six Methods of Tax Treatment of Corporate Donations: A Theoretical Study of Intellectual Enrichment in the Fields of Taxation and CSR

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Six Methods of Tax Treatment of Corporate Donations: A Theoretical Study of Intellectual Enrichment in the Fields of Taxation and CSR

THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAM AND ITS ROLE IN MUSLIM CIVILIZATION

The article examines the original meaning, the transformation of the concept of education in Islam and its role in the development of science and education in the Muslim civilization. Any concept or term undergoes semantic changes depending on ideological, cultural, social and other conditions in different historical periods. This applies both to the concept of education in Islam and its place in civilization. The concept of knowledge in the tribal Arab culture with limited literacy acquires a new meaning with the advent of Islam, makes a huge contribution to the theoretical definition of the systemic concept of religious and secular education and the development of scientific knowledge. Based on fundamental works on the history of education and science, the role of the concept of education in the development of the Islamic religion and Muslim civilization is evaluated. The main historical factors of accumulation, systematization and development of knowledge in the Muslim civilization are also analyzed. In particular, the ancient Greek, Indian and Persian cultures were included in the Muslim civilization, which contributed to its intellectual enrichment. The prerequisites for the increasing development of education and science in the era of the "golden age" in Islam are analyzed, the place of ancient Greek science in the Muslim civilization, which is the core of modern scientific knowledge, is assessed.

Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: Educational Level as a Protective Factor.

Most people with MS experience cognitive deficits especially in attention, memory, information processing, and executive functions, negatively impacting on their quality of life. Cognitive variables of short-term memory, logical memory, and verbal fluency in 65 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were analysed in conjunction with sociodemographic variables such as sex, age, and educational level that might influence disease progression. We found that psychoeducational variables exerted a significant effect on the cognitive status of patients with MS. Thus, when considering sex, age, educational level, and type of MS (SPMS or RRMS), tests for between-subject effects revealed statistically significant differences in all three cognitive variables. In addition, we found that the type of MS and time since onset also generated significant cognitive differences. Our study shows that educational achievement or level is a protective factor against the disease, acting as a source of intellectual enrichment that promotes cognitive reserve in patients with MS. Further longitudinal studies assessing disease progression and prognosis in patients with MS would be useful in order to determine the specific importance of these variables in such patients and in strategies that could enhance their performance in neuropsychological assessment tasks.

HE INTELLECTUAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MASTER'S DEGREE AS A CONTEXT OF PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUTURE MANAGER

The article analyzes the specifics of the master's degree as an environment that promotes intellectual development and personal and professional development of the future specialist in the field of management.&#x0D; The opinion is substantiated that the master's degree should prepare a specialist, not only competent in the chosen field, but also able to grow in the process of professional activity on the basis of self-analysis, self-design, self-organization. These skills need to be formed in him not only by means of teaching, but also by extracurricular communication, involvement in scientific activity of teachers of the department and scientists in the field as a whole. It makes sense to talk about the intellectual environment of the master's degree as a context of such formation, which requires a number of conditions for its effectiveness (the presence of a broad scientific context of educational activities and the department, which is sufficiently covered in the media, Internet resources, has adequate opportunities to carry out such activities, emphasizing the value attitude to personal and professional development of students, their intellectual enrichment on the background of the tasks of all forms of educational work provided by the educational and professional program, the use of innovative technologies to expand teacher-student interaction in educational and extracurricular activities. allows for more focused on personal and professional development of the student communication; monitoring the growth of opportunities for future students as a subject of personal and professional self-development). We see the disclosure of their detailed content and means of implementation as a promising area of ​​our further research.