Intellectual Effort Research Articles

Нарратив в научном познании: кинематографический метод Н.И. Жинкина

The intellectual heritage of the Russian philosopher and psychologist N.I. Zhinkin, turns out to be strikingly consonant with modern scientific research, in which scientists and philosophers are trying to identify the origins of possible syntheses and correlations in a wide variety of interdisciplinary interactions. The structure of modern science is changing, new forms of teamwork of scientists (collabo­rations) are being formed, requiring not only new methodological strategies in the study of applied problems, but also taking into account the scientific inter­ests of the participants. Interdisciplinary interactions do not develop on their own, but require mutual intellectual and existential efforts. And this means that the ways of expressing knowledge for each other must be adjusted. Thus, a form comes into the scientific consciousness, which was previously practically not taken into account in the communication of natural scientists: narrative. Under these conditions, Zhinkin’s unique historical experience acquires special signifi­cance, to which science and art, phenomenology and psychology, life and knowl­edge are connected in a special way. The unifying principle in this experience of Zhinkin was, paradoxically, the cinema, in which the scientist saw the key to expanding cognitive aspirations and enriching the cognitive abilities of a per­son. Cinematography is not just a new art form, but it is a special technical form of the embodiment of the age-old aspirations of a person who is trying to express (repeat, reproduce) life in motion, to make “the former present”. Zhinkin (fol­lowing his teacher G.G. Shpet) substantiates this idea of art as a special kind of cognition in the report Issues on Building a Scientific and Artistic Script, which was discussed on November 19, 1945 at the Moscow House of Cinema at the Section of the Scientific and Educational Film.

АНТРОПОЦЕНТРИЗМ ЯК МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПРИНЦИП У ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ НАУКОВОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

Anthropocentrism is becoming one of the basic methodological principles in Translation Studies. There appeared theories where a translator is assigned a part of an interpreter of the source text semantic code rather than a verbal code converter. This principle is not only a feature of modern science, it also defines subject fields of particular sciences, and science translation is not an exception. Anthropologically, science reflects human intellectual activity being the basis of translation of scientific texts. The anthropocentrism of science translation is stipulated by the fact that this type of translation activity requires from the translator’s personality special intellectual efforts, keeping in mind the specific type of knowledge a science source text contains. This article investigates anthropocentrism as one of the leading methodological principles of modern Translation Studies, in particular its manifestation in science translation. A special research interest is taken in the role of the translator as a broadcaster of scientific knowledge. We have also considered a correlation of the subjective and objective in the translation of science texts, analyzing stereotypic vs creative translation choices. We took a close anthropocentric look at translator’s solutions in rendering texts from various branches of knowledge. In our study, we have analyzed the causes of translator’s mistakes influenced by the human factor, and provided alternative translation solutions, with the purpose of preventing such translation failures in conveying scientific information and improving the general quality of science translations. The main reasons of translation failures have been proved as incorrect folding of the source text, in other words inadequate concept interpretation. Mistakes are also caused by the translator’s inability to unfold the science text in the translated language, which hampers the conveying of coherence as a main typological parameter of a science text. Our research also aims to highlight the importance of further investigation of anthropological and other approaches to the translation of science texts, to trace their role in forming the theoretical basics of science translation. We also find it important to verify the hypothesis of creating a theory of science translation as a type of special translation, in view of insufficient research in the methods and principles of translatological study of science translation.

Heuristic and functional aspects of nomination (case-study of English anthroponymic sobriquet formations)

The article deals with functional and heuristic features of anthroponymic sobriquets in such English discourse varieties as literary discursive space, political discourse, Public Relations-discourse. Anthroponymic sobriquets represent themselves as the units of secondary nomination and linguistic manifestations of evaluative process, in which certain attitudes of linguocultural surroundings are formed and expressed. While being represented in discourse the units under analysis fulfill such basic functions as identification and evaluation, based on individual subjective characteristics that in the course of time acquire the more general character and to a certain extent tend to become possession of the linguistic cultural community. Being part of the discursive space anthroponymic sobriquets may acquire peculiar characteristics determined by communicative-pragmatic features of corresponding texts and communicative situations in question. In terms of their functional and heuristic perspectives anthroponymic nicknames serve to be the result of optimization with respect to linguistic means and intellectual effort saving, which refers to the semantic and structural peculiarities of the units under analysis, which can be regarded as both linguistic signs and signs-indexes performing discursive functions.

Russian Sociology in Search of Responces for Theoretical Challenges

Any social science needs is a theory as its integral part. Since 2022, Russian sociology has existed in the context of new challenges and social threats related to Russia's intentions to change the global balance of power. New conditions stimulate a revision of approaches to solving key problems of society and making adjustments to the theoretical models of its development. This is in many ways a painful process requiring intellectual efforts and political decisions. Since we are talking about Russian sociology, it is necessary to rethink the existing Russian macrotheories. There is an active search for new ways of developing social science. The search for these paths is accompanied by a rethinking of the well-known "universal" ways of modernizing society, which will help Russian sociology to determine its place in the global scientific community, while preserving its own cultural heritage. The article analyzes which theories can be considered relevant in Russia today, focusing on nodernization schemes and civilization approach developed by Russian sociologists, in particular, by Nikolay I. Lapin.

Role of Electronic Marketing on Promoting High Performance Levels - An Analytical Study in Investment Bank of Iraq

The research aims to clarify the role of the concept of electronic marketing and its dimensions in achieving high performance by building a knowledge base based on previous intellectual efforts in this field of business. The research was applied in the Iraqi Investment Bank, and the research sample consisted of 50 employees of the bank selected randomly. Data was collected through a questionnaire designed according to ready-made foreign scales, and a number of statistical tools were used using the SPSS V.24 software. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the use of modern technology in banking services has led to improved quality and the provision of more efficient and effective services to customers. The annual financial reports mentioned by the researcher confirm that the bank pays great attention to developing its programs and keeping up with the latest developments in information technology, which is a positive factor that enhances the bank's position and reputation in the banking market. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the bank focus on using modern technology and developing its electronic services to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in providing services to customers and maintaining its position and reputation in the banking market. The bank should also continue to support and motivate its employees to be creative and innovative in order to ensure the maintenance and improvement of management quality

The scope of copyright protection and the establishment of tort for an unauthorized use of work in public domain - Supreme Court Decision on June 30, 2021, 2019da268061 -

The scope of copyright protection and the establishment of tort for an unauthorized use of work in public domain - Supreme Court Decision on June 30, 2021, 2019da268061 -

TEAM MANAGEMENT IN THE CIVIL SERVICE IN THE PRESENT-DAY CHALLENGES AND THREATS

The transformational processes that are taking place in public administration today require new approaches to the public administration process. One of these approaches is the principle of team building in the organisation of managerial and professional activities of civil servants. According to the authors, there is a need to introduce a team-building approach to the functioning of competitive management teams in public authorities. This is due to the complexity of the tasks currently faced by civil servants under martial law in Ukraine and the prospects of transformational changes in public administration in the post-war period, as well as in the context of Ukraine's integration processes into the European community. Such challenges in organising the managerial activities of civil servants need to combine the intellectual and volitional efforts of the authorities to dynamically address various managerial tasks, which cannot be realised without the establishment of target (project) groups; high competition between different authorities requiring them to provide clint-oriented administrative services, increasing the competitiveness of civil servants and the authorities themselves. The article aims to reveal the possibilities of applying the team approach in the managerial activity of public authorities based on a theoretical analysis of the scientific literature and to propose directions for improving the professional activity of civil servants based on team management and virtue. To solve the tasks the authors used theoretical and empirical methods: analysis of the problem based on scientific literature and literature; results of testing, survey of civil servants, content analysis; method of mathematical statistics; GET TEST methodology – to determine the characteristics of competitiveness of management team of civil servants in public authorities. The article justifies practical recommendations to authorities on the application of effective management in public authorities based on team management (team building) and virtue.

Moving from the Brown Economy to the Green Economy: The Battle over International Intellectual Property

Abstract The article analyses potential intellectual-property-related disputes amid transfer of technology in the green economy within the international investment legal regime. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) protect human innovation and intellectual efforts. Tech transfer, IPRs in particular, has an important role to play in the move towards the green economy. In reality, it is the ‘private-sector-driven’ approach – foreign investment, licensing, and export – that plays the dominant role in tech transfer. Previously, private investors had brought disputes over intellectual property (IP) in the international investment legal regime. Towards the green economy, this article argues that tech transfer in the green economy can still meet more complicated challenges in the international investment legal regime due to the nature of IPRs, the sources of green tech, and the characteristics of the climate crisis.

Living Islam: Study of the “Pintan” Tradition in Welcoming and Ending the Month of Ramadhan

The reception of Islamic societies to authoritative sources of Islamic teachings can be diverse. However, in the history of Islamic civilization, scholars have exerted more of their intellectual efforts to study the informative rather than the performative function of the Islamic scripture. Living Islam pointing to a new sub-field within Islamic studies that focuses on the Qurʾanic and hadith reception in society as imprinted in the socio-cultural life of the Muslim community. This article discusses the tradition of pasang Pintan as the phenomenon of Living Islam in the Javanese Muslim community, Patok Village, Kayu Aro, Kerinci. This study aims to examine how the community's understanding and reception of the source of Islamic teachings and how it was reflected in the tradition of Pasang Pintan. This tradition is categorized as a Living Islam phenomenon because it has particles and dimensions of Islam in it and has been deeply rooted in the socio-cultural of the community. In addition, this tradition is considered to have a normative foundation derived from both the Quran and hadith. Using qualitative methods and phenomenological approaches, this study found that the tradition of pasang Pintan by the Patok Village community has a functional-cultural meaning, namely as a form of unification between religion and culture. In addition, Pintan is intended as a means of filial piety to parents and social cohesion, enlivening the month of Ramadhan, do'a and zikir, as well as a medium of moral education, especially to parents.

A Review of Shock Wave Compression Rotary Engine Projects, Investigations and Prospects

Compression by shock waves is a specific way of compressing gases. It has been practically applied for many years in supersonic flying objects. The idea of using this method in rotary engines is extremely appealing because one disk can replace several or a dozen disks of an axial compressor, significantly reducing the weight and production costs of the engine and lowering the fuel consumption due to possible increased compression ratio. This paper presents a review of existing technical solutions and the results of published research devoted to the construction of shock wave compression rotary engines: patents, scientific publications describing various research methods, numerical calculations, and the experimental results of unusual technical solutions. The characteristic solutions and problems that arose during the implementation of these methods are presented and described. Judging from the presented overview, these have wide application possibilities, and an enormous intellectual and financial effort has been put into the construction of such engines. Conversely, there is a rather hermetic group of scientists involved in this activity.

Realization of the category of informativeness in ultra-short English stories

This article describes the peculiarities of the actualization of the category of informativeness in a relatively new genre of online literature – short short / ultra-short English stories. An ultra-short story (microstory) is a text with a limited number of words (from 6 to 1000 words). A micronarrative has a unique feature of hiding or implying a larger story. In other words, most of the information in the ultra-short story is conveyed implicitly. The reader himself has to decode what was not said, to restore the hidden, implicit meaning (subtext). To create a subtext, authors of microprose use different linguistic and stylistic means. The article deals with the use of such means as metaphor, metonymy, allusion, pun, periphrasis, euphemism, abbreviations, aposiopesis, ellipsis, idiomatic expressions, proverbs and sayings, connotative meanings of words etc. Decoding of the nonverbalized content in an ultra-short story often requires a certain amount of time, intellectual effort, specific knowledge, intense mental work of the reader.

Graph-based decision making for varying complexity multicriteria problems

In the modern world in various spheres of activity, the number of problems that need multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is constantly increasing. Researchers and experts offer a number of approaches to MCDM process in such tasks; in particular, most of them are based on expert methods. However, in practice, these methods require significant intellectual effort of experts and organizational and technical workload during the expert survey, and also usually take a long time. At the same time, it is not always possible for experts to use certain characteristics of alternatives, which also carries the risk of making decisions based on unfounded expert opinions. Therefore, such methods and tools should be clear and informative and at the same time easy to use to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of their use. We offer a graph-based approach to expert decision-making and information visualization processes that meets these requirements and can significantly improve the efficiency of decision-making in multi-criteria selection tasks.

Siyasi İktidarın Sınırlandırılması ve Anayasal Denge Denetimi Düşüncesinin Kökeni

Sahip olduğu güç kullanma tekeli ile diğer iktidarlardan farklı olan siyasal iktidar, bir yandan toplumun devamını sağlarken, öte yandan bu gücün kötüye kullanımı tehlikesini içinde barındırır. Siyasal iktidarın sahip olduğu gücün kötüye kullanımını ve bunun yıkıcı sonuçlarını engellemenin yolu, ancak bu iktidarın sınırlandırılması, dengelenmesi ve denetlenmesiyle mümkündür. Özgürlüğünün ve güvenliğinin kayıt altına alınmış bir iktidardan geçtiğinin bilincinde olan insanoğlu, siyasi iktidarın ortaya çıkmasından bugüne, bu iktidarı sınırlandırmanın araçlarını ve kurallarını bulmaya çabalamıştır. Antik Yunanla başlayan bu düşünsel çaba, modern devletin ortaya çıkmasıyla başka bir boyut kazanmış, tarihin ilk yazılı anayasası kabul edilen Amerikan Anayasası’nın yapıcıları, yazmış oldukları anayasayla getirdikleri frenler ve dengeler adı verilen bir sistemle, bu düşünsel mirasa önemli katkılar sunmuşlardır. Her bir erkin, bir diğer erk üzerinde bazı etkilere sahip olmasını ifade eden frenler ve dengeler sistemi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanlık sistemini başarılı kılan en önemli unsurdur. Bu çalışmada, siyasal iktidarın sınırlandırılması ve anayasal denge denetimin yalnızca düşünsel kökenleri incelenmiş, iktidarı sınırlandırmanın, denge ve denetimin araçlarına yer verilmemiştir. Anayasal denge ve denetleme, 2017 anayasa değişikliği ile başka adlarla anılsa da fiilen başkanlık sistemine geçilen Türkiye’nin de güncel meselelerindendir.

Video-Assisted Cleft Palate Surgery: Preclinical Comparison Between Endoscope- and Exoscope-Based Approaches.

Using both endoscope and exoscope in cleft soft palate surgery is not widespread, despite the potential advantages related to view magnification, ergonomic posture of the surgeon, and involvement of the surgical team. The aim of the current study is to compare endoscopic (Olympus Visera©) and exoscopic (Karl-Storz Vitom©) assistance in cleft soft palate surgery in a preclinical cadaver setting. A formalin fixed specimen was dissected to mimic the anatomical conditions of a cleft soft palate. Ten young surgeons with limited experience in transoral surgery were involved in the exercitation on the specimen. The exercitation consisted of 4 tasks: (1) device setting; (2) identification of muscle plane; (3) muscle suturing; (4) oral mucosa suturing. Participants were timed while performing each task both with exoscope and endoscope and asked to fill in 2 questionnaires related to the visual systems used (NASA Task Load System TLS and VAS 1-10). All surgeons completed the 4 tasks with both the endoscope and exoscope. The execution times were similar except for faster setting of the exoscope. Participants felt that completing surgical exercises using the exoscope required less physical, intellectual, and temporal efforts compared to the endoscope. The exoscope was also more appreciated for its handling, 3D visualization, and limited encumbrance. Exoscope scored better both at NASA TLS and VAS 1-10 and required a faster setting than endoscope. Further clinical in-vivo studies are required to explore the advantages of these devices in cleft palate repair.

Science Education and Bureaucratization of Fieldwork

The establishment of a network of collaborators in nineteenth-century Serbia, dedicated to scientific rock specimen collecting, required ongoing negotiation with the state administration over allocation of resources, including the mobilization of state clerks. In this period, Serbia’s state-building involved, among other things, considerable investments in science education and mining. By appealing to the state’s educational goals, Jovan Žujović managed to organize collecting through the network of schools, whose professors occasionally sent specimens to him. Various other state clerks, officers, and diplomats participated in this network as well, making field collecting practices situated by state administrative networks and contemporary nationalist ideologies. Through the collaborative and competitive intellectual efforts of scientific and non-scientific actors, fieldwork was co-produced as a politically contested space through the interplay of scientific, administrative, political, educational, and diplomatic initiatives that competed and collaborated within state-building projects.

The Hebrew Orient: Palestine in Jewish American Visual Culture, 1901–1938 by Jessica L. Carr

Reviewed by: The Hebrew Orient: Palestine in Jewish American Visual Culture, 1901–1938 by Jessica L. Carr Zohar Segev Jessica L. Carr. The Hebrew Orient: Palestine in Jewish American Visual Culture, 1901–1938. Albany: SUNY Press, 2020. 299 pp. The evolution of the Zionist movement under Herzl's leadership coincided with the mass migration of eastern European Jews to the United States that lasted from 1881 until the de facto closure of the United States borders to Jewish immigrants in 1924. American Zionist leaders worked out a unique interpretation of Zionism centered on the quest to legitimize Jewish life in the United States within the bounds of Zionism. They tried to build a Zionist movement that would provide the political, public, and ideological means for improving and bolstering the status of Jews in American immigrant society. Initially, American Zionism was an underfunded minority movement, but subsequently, most markedly following Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis's Zionist activity during World War I and the Balfour Declaration, it became one of the most dominant public forces among American Jews and played a major role in the dramatic events experienced by the Jewish people in the 1930s and 1940s. The founding fathers of American Zionism invested considerable intellectual effort into formulating an ideological amalgam that would reconcile Herzl's philosophy with the American version of Zionism. American Zionism did indeed travel a different path from that of its European counterpart. American Zionists generally did not stress migration to Palestine as a fundamental tenet of their ideology and practice, preferring instead to cultivate Zionism as a central component in the fabric of their lives within American society rather than as a means to promote migration to the Land of Israel. Jessica L. Carr's valuable and absorbing book provides a unique and fascinating contribution toward understanding the course of the development of American Zionism and toward illuminating the complex network of relationships that existed between the Zionist movement and the Jewish Yishuv in Palestine, [End Page 458] and between the State of Israel and the American Jewish community. Orientalism and the way in which it is reflected in a wide variety of pictures and images provides the framework for the book's argument. Carr's book begins with a comprehensive discussion of its theoretical background, focusing mainly on the general concept of Orientalism while highlighting its specifically American manifestations. The use of Orientalism as a central organizing theme defining the collection of pictures presented in the book enables the author to discuss the fundamental questions concerning the place of Zionism among American Jews in general and during the first half of the twentieth century in particular. Each chapter of the book is devoted to a discussion of images connected to an organization, event, or publication, such as The Zionist Organization of America, The National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, The Jewish Encyclopedia, The Jewish Exhibit and Jewish Day at the 1933 World's Fair, and maternalism in Hadassah's "Propaganda." We learn from the book that Orientalism was harnessed by American Jewish opinion shapers as a means to mitigate the tension between the opposition of American Jews in general and the Reform movement in particular to the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, and the Zionist movement, which aimed to do exactly that. The use of oriental rather than national elements was an indispensable tool in this process. Orientalism served to forge an affinity with the Land of Israel while eschewing nationalist imagery. The author correctly notes that Orientalism was also a crucial component of Christian imagery relating to the Land of Israel, and that this facilitated the use of these images in a Jewish context as well. Naturally, after the Balfour Declaration in 1917 and as the crisis of European Jewry deepened until its tragic culmination in the Holocaust, the Zionist and national elements in the pictures presented in the book came more to the fore, testifying to the growing importance of Zionism among American Jews. Throughout the book, Carr emphasizes the fact that Mizrahi Jews and Arab inhabitants of Palestine were excluded from the pictures published in the United States. Insofar as they did appear, they were portrayed as passive bystanders who...

Live broadcasting of sporting events: a trigger to the revolutionary reform of Chinese copyright law by transforming the condition of originality

In Chinese law, the seemingly transparent condition of originality has been used to classify audiovisual productions into two categories: videograms protectable by neighboring rights and cinematographic works protectable by copyright, the latter of which benefit from a higher level of protection. However, the reality is that audiovisual productions often involve the intellectual efforts of their production teams, as shown through the live broadcasting of sporting events, such that one cannot completely deny the absence of originality therein. In addition, considering that the legitimate interests of TV and broadcasting organizations are justified by their significant investments and the need to prohibit rampant retransmission of their broadcasts on the Internet, it is no longer possible to maintain the distinction between cinematographic works and non-copyrightable audiovisual productions. In these circumstances, a series of famous cases and doctrinal debates regarding live broadcasting of sporting events have triggered the revolutionary reform of the Copyright Law of China in 2020, in which the statutory category of cinematographic works has been replaced by audiovisual works. This reform has not only granted copyright protection to all audiovisual productions but has also adopted the minimum threshold requirement for which copyrightable works may qualify for originality. This minimum threshold will likely further open the door of copyrights to encompass all productions vital to industries.

“I ain’t read not one bit of it”

The primary source of value in any organization is the knowledge of its workers. Yet, American workplaces are often not structured to support the unstructured and intellectual efforts of these workers. This makes it more difficult for a worker to apply what they know. This study looks at the knowledge work of library staff and how it is influenced by the presence of canonical maps that outline how work will and should go. Through think-alouds and interviews with six library staff, this study found that staff felt restricted by some canonical maps, faced challenges in following other canonical maps, and relied heavily on emergent noncanonical maps. These findings are significant to the practice of library management and the education of library professionals, suggesting ways to further support the efforts of library staff and prepare students for library work.

XX asrning 20-30-yillarida O‘zbekistonda til va yozuv siyosati

In this article, during the period 20s and 30s of the last century, in the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and later in the Uzbekistan SSR, the decrees of various levels adopted by the communist party and the government of the Soviets on the issues of equal rights of national languages, ensuring their development, the state language of business, and the localization of state and community management, the essence of decisions and other legal documents, according to which the activities carried out in the republic are highlighted. Also studied in the first quarter of the 20th century, the efforts of Turkestan intellectuals to reform the alphabet and spelling, and later to transfer writing into the Latin alphabet in Uzbekistan. Due to these processes, conflicts between Uzbek intellectuals have been evaluated. In general, the language policy, writing reform and change in Uzbekistan, its causes, nature, and results were covered based on primary sources.

Sub-setting and indication stacking in orphan drugs: a recipe for the future of exclusive rights

The present article is, apart from the result of my own work and intellectual effort, also written for a special occasion. Professor Marianne Levin has turned a healthy age, and I have been asked by the current esteemed colleagues at the Stockholm Law Faculty to write a contribution for this special occasion. Scheduling this piece of work into my calendar was difficult, due to a list of other commitments, but I could not possibly refuse the honour, so I accepted. The reader might wonder how Professor Marianne Levin and I could possibly be linked.