Intellectual Disability In Children Research Articles

Intellectual Abilities of Children with Narcolepsy.

High cognitive functioning could be a protective factor for school difficulties, behavioral and mood impairments in children with narcolepsy. To investigate this factor, we studied the intellectual abilities of 74 children with narcolepsy (43 boys, 11.7 years old at diagnosis, 91% of cataplexies, 64% obese, 100% HLA positive for DR-DQB1*06:02). All children underwent a one-night polysomnography followed by Multiple Sleep Latency Tests, an evaluation of intelligence quotient (IQ), and filled standardized questionnaires. Thirty-eight percent had high potentialities (HP defined by IQ > 130) and 48% had school difficulties. Using non-parametric tests, we found that HP children reported less difficulties at school and tended to have less impulsivity, conduct, and learning disorders than those without HP. They also tended to be less obese and had less desaturation. Using a multivariate regression analysis, we found an association between the REM sleep percentage and the IQ. REM sleep could be involved in the dynamic changes contributing to the equilibrium of intellectual functioning. This study highlights that despite their frequent school difficulties, narcolepsy per se is unlikely to be a cause of intellectual disability in children. Prompt diagnosis and management of comorbidities such as obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) could improve cognitive and school performances in these children.

High levels of blood glutamic acid and ornithine in children with intellectual disability

Objectives: Aminoacidopathies are inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that cause intellectual disability in children. Luckily, aminoacidopathies are potentially treatable, if diagnosed earlier in life. The focus of this study was the screening of aminoacidopathies in a cohort of patients suspected for IEMs. Methods: Blood samples from healthy (IQ > 90; n = 391) and intellectually disabled (IQ < 70; n = 409) children (suspected for IEMs) were collected from different areas of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. An analytical HPLC assay was used for the screening of plasma amino acids. Results: All the samples (n = 800) were analyzed on HPLC and forty-three out of 409 patient samples showed abnormal amino acid profiles mainly in the levels of glutamic acid, ornithine and methionine. Plasma concentration (Mean ± SD ng/mL) were significantly high in 40 patients for glutamic acid (patients: 165 ± 38 vs. controls: 57 ± 8, p < 0.00001) and ornithine (patients: 3177 ± 937 vs. controls: 1361 ± 91, p < 0.0001). Moreover, 3 patients showed abnormally high (53.3 ± 8.6 ng/mL) plasma levels of methionine. Conclusion: In conclusion, biochemical analysis of samples from such patients at the metabolites level could reveal the underlying diseases which could be confirmed through advanced biochemical and genetic analyses. Thus, treatment to some of such patients could be offered. Thus burden of intellectual disability caused by such rare metabolic diseases could be reduced from the target populations.

Clean and Healthy Lifestyle Behavior (PHBS Program) for Children with Intellectual Disability

Clean and Healthy Lifestyle Behavior (PHBS Program) for Children with Intellectual Disability

Modern Ideas about Intellectual Disability in Medical Psychology in the Context of Non-Verbal Communication of Primary School Children

Objective: The study of intellectual disabilities in children and their diagnosis has become more and more relevant in recent years. In the 21st century, in terms of diagnostics and the implementation of psychological influences, the problem of identifying the features of communication skills in children with intellectual disabilities becomes very significant and urgent. Background: This study aims to review modern ideas about the role of intelligence in the development of communication. The methodological framework of this study was the combination of various theoretical methods of cognition. The author analysed the scientific literature of Russian and foreign researchers. Method: The following methods of scientific cognition were used: data synthesis and analysis. In the process of writing this work on the modern ideas of scientists, according to the subject matter, the author studied the current level of research on this issue. Results: The works of Russian and foreign scientists were considered, as well as conclusions, were drawn about the levels of study of the problem of intellectual disability in children. Conclusion: The practical significance of this study lies in the identification of modern ideas about intellectual disabilities. The study and research of this subject will provide opportunities for the development of a programme of psychological influence on the optimisation of non-verbal communication of children with intellectual disabilities.

Feeling of grief and loss in parental caregivers of adults diagnosed with intellectual disability.

The diagnosis of intellectual disability in children can produce complex grief-related feelings in their parents. Previous studies have focused on the moment of the diagnosis or the early life of the children, and little research has been conducted on their feelings of grief in adulthood. The objective was to analyse the process of grief/loss in parents of adult offspring with intellectual disability. The intentional sampling included sixteen parents who responded to semi-structured interviews. A qualitative study was conducted based on grounded theory. Five categories were identified: "Reception of the diagnosis", "Emotional bonds with the child", "Experience of loss and feelings in response to intellectual disability diagnosis", "Recurrent grief" and "Coping strategies". Recurring feelings of loss experienced by parents in relation to their child's diagnosis persist over time. Specialized emotional interventions are needed to help parents to reduce the intensity of their feelings of grief.

태블릿PC 인지재활훈련게임이 비장애, 지적장애 아동의 게임 수행 능력 및 인지능력 향상에 미치는 영향과 사용자 효과성 분석

태블릿PC 인지재활훈련게임이 비장애, 지적장애 아동의 게임 수행 능력 및 인지능력 향상에 미치는 영향과 사용자 효과성 분석

Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902-1977). Part I. The psychologist

Starting with an overview of AR Luria's biography, we will present his works in general psychology which are key to his conception of neuropsychology (this will be developed in a forthcoming paper). We will focus on the construction of the historical and cultural theory of psychology developed with LS Vygotski, according to which, in man, the natural mental activities, related to the genetic evolution and shared by all humankind, are transformed into higher cortical functions (that is conscious and voluntary activities) through the mediation of language and the products of social activity, thus differ according to the development of societies. We review the Luria's studies devoted to support the theory in his expeditions in Central Asia, his studies in twins and intellectual disabled children, and the demonstration of the role of speech in the child development of the higher mental activities and regulation of behavior.

The Impact of Inclusive Education on Children with Mild Intellectual Disabiliy in Promoting Social Skills and Peer Positive Attitudes in Trichy District

Background: Social skills and social status are important aspects of development that are likely to be influenced by an individual’s ability to solve social problems appropriately. An important area of development for children with mild intellectual disability is the development of social skills and social relationships. When children with disabilities are mainstreamed into general education classroom, they learn to play and interact appropriately with children of their own age. Inclusion provides opportunities for socialization and friendships to develop Inclusion help children with disabilities decrease their aggressive and non complaint behaviour. The study aims to explore the social skills and peer interaction of children with mild intellectual disability which is considered as the most important factors of social outcomes. Finally, the study is objectively proposed to find out how the children with mild intellectual disability self rated themselves as well as the teachers and parents rating of social skills of children with mild intellectual disability in inclusive education programmes. Materials and Method: In the inclusive education set up, 200 Children with intellectual disability and their teachers, parents and also the children without disability (peers) and their parents in the rural and urban areas of Trichy District were chosen for the study. The data was collected through SOCIAL SKILLS RATING SYSTEM (SSRS)-Gresham &amp;Elliott, 1990). Obtained data were transcribed and analyzed using Descriptive and Differential analysis. Findings: The statistical procedure showed that children with intellectual disability in inclusive education have average social skills. Since interpersonal contact was associated with positive attitudes towards children with mild intellectual disabled children, interventions should be directed towards promoting interpersonal relationships in order to build an inclusive society. Conclusion: It is essential to build an inclusive society through an inclusive approach. Success of inclusion demands effective collaboration and meaningful cooperation from all stakeholders associated with education of children.

Basal ganglia calcification in a patient with static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration

AbstractA 46‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with slowly progressing parkinsonism/dystonia in adulthood. She had a history of epilepsy and intellectual disability in childhood. Additionally, brain CT revealed bilateral calcification of the globus pallidus. Further investigation using T2‐weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging showed low signal intensity in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra; T1‐weighted imaging revealed a parallel line of hyperintensity in the midbrain. We identified a de novo c.233C &gt; A, p. Ser78* mutation on the WDR45 gene. Static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration should be enlisted among the causes for parkinsonism/dystonia with basal ganglia calcification.

Do typically and atypically developing children learn and generalize novel names similarly: The role of conceptual distance during learning and at test

There is a large body of evidence showing that comparison of multiple stimuli leads to better conceptualization and generalization of novel names than no-comparison settings in typically developing (TD) children. By contrast, the evidence regarding this issue remains scarce in children with intellectual disabilities (ID). Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) and TD children matched on mental age with the Raven’s coloured progressive matrices were tested in several novel name learning comparison conditions, with familiar objects. We manipulated the conceptual distance between the learning stimuli in the learning phase and between the learning and generalization phase stimuli for object and relational nouns. Results showed that both populations had rather similar performance profile when matched on their cognitive skills (low- vs. high-functioning). Unexpectedly, ID children’s performance was equivalent for relations and better for objects compared to their TD peers’ performance. However, when controlling for chronological age, the difference between ID and TD children disappeared in the case of object categories and was better understood by TD children in the case of relations. We discuss the role of conceptual distance on participants’ conceptual generalization as a function of their intellectual abilities and cognitive functioning.

Comparison of Parenting Stress and Quality of Life among Mothers and Fathers of Intellectual Disability Children in Erode, Tamilnadu

The present study was undertaken to Compare Parenting stress and Quality of life among mothers and fathers of Intellectual disability children in Erode, Tamil Nadu. The present study was a cross-sectional (comparative) study. 60 couples having children aged between 2 and 18 diagnosed with ID based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM5) criteria formed the sample of this study. Case Study Schedule was used to get the needed information about the selected Parents of Mentally Challenged. The questionnaire was standardized questionnaire. It consists of 30 items, under 4 parts namely, Physiological, Emotional, Cognitive and Behavioral. The WHOQOL BREF questionnaire is used to assess the quality of life.9 Prior permission was obtained to use the Tamil version of the questionnaire. The WHOQOLBREF is an abbreviated version of the original WHOQOL- 100. Very high level of stress was observed in mothers and high levels of stress was observed in fathers. Quality of life was more or less same in both mothers and fathers. There is a moderate negative correlation between fathers stress score and QOL score. It means stress decreases their QOL increases. There is a moderate negative correlation between mothers stress score and QOL score. It means stress decreases their QOL increases. The study recommends further multi center studies for better understanding and to plan adequate interventions.

Stress Levels between Mothers of Children Attending Normal School and Special School in Erode, Tamilnadu

The present study was undertaken to observe the stress levels between mothers of children attending Normal school and Special school in Erode, Tamilnadu. The present study was a cross-sectional (comparative) study. The present study was conducted in and around Erode district, TamilNadu. 120 mothers were taken for the study, out of which 60 were mother of intellectually disabled children diagnosed with ID based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM5) criteria and 60 was mother of normal children. A total of 60 mothers of intellectually disabled children were selected through convenient sampling method. Stress inventory questionnaire was used to assess the stress levels. The major findings of this study are that mothers of children with intellectual disability experience stress. However, all the subjects experience higher level of Emotional, Cognitive, Behavioral stress than Physiological stress. Generalizations from this study are cautioned, due to the small volume of data and convenient selections of schools. Considering all that has mentioned above it has been shown that mothers of children with intellectual disability experience different levels of stress. Some relevant therapeutic interventions for these mothers and through methods of stress management interventions could be adapted to prevent many of these mothers’ problems with their children. Special educations and early interventional measures should be more extensive in India and it should be available to educate and support mothers of intellectual disability children. The results of this study show that most of the mothers in our sample population must be referred to specialists for professional consultation on stress management.

Prevalence of developmental defects of enamel among children with intellectual disability – A systematic review

The purpose of this review was formulated with an aim to understand the prevalence of enamel defects among ID children. An identical search was performed in PubMed, Google scholar, and Cochrane review and was limited to human studies and studies written in English. Reviews, case studies, and case series were excluded from the study. A total of 56 articles were identified. In PubMed 18 articles, Google scholar 29 articles and Cochrane review nine articles were found, respectively. In this, two studies (n = 2), dealt with the developmental defects of enamel with intellectual disability (ID)/mental retardation. This systematic review suggests that developmental defects of enamel was more common in ID children than normal children. A larger number of well designed studies are, however, needed to increase the validity of the studies.

Sialuria-Related Intellectual Disability in Children and Adolescent of Pakistan: Tenth Patient Described has a Novel Mutation in the GNE Gene.

Sialuria is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by excessive synthesis of sialic acid due to the mutation in the binding site of the cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid of UDPGlcNAc 2-Epimerase/ManNAc Kinase (GNE/MNK). This is the first study investigating the molecular basis of neuronal disorders exhibiting sialuria in Pakistani children/adolescents. The current study genotyped GNE SNPs rs121908621, rs121908622 and rs121908623 by using PCR, RFLP, and DNA sequencing methods. Socioeconomic and clinical histories were also recorded. Our data suggest that clinical symptoms and financial status play a significant role in conferring sialuria related Intellectual Disability (ID). SNP: rs121908623 showed G/A substitution (R263Q) in the GNE gene. We have identified one case study in Pakistan, so this makes our research a leap forward towards the identification of the 10th case study worldwide.

Societal cost of childhood intellectual disability in Australia.

There is limited research quantifying the direct and indirect economic costs associated with intellectual disability (ID) in Australia. Costs incurred by families, governments and broader society include time spent providing care, absenteeism and increased healthcare utilisation. The purpose of this research is to quantify the costs associated with ID in childhood using a range of methods to collect cost data. Costs included healthcare service utilisation, pharmaceutical use, caregiver productivity losses and time spent providing care because of the child's disability. The sample comprised caregivers with a child with ID aged between 2 and 10years old recruited in Australia. Healthcare service utilisation and pharmaceutical use were obtained from routinely collected administrative claims data. Healthcare utilisation not captured in the routinely collected administrative data and absenteeism data were obtained from a retrospective recall-based questionnaire. Time spent providing care because of the child's disability was obtained using a time-use diary. The total cost of ID in Australia was estimated to be AUD 72027 per year per child, and the total cost of ID in childhood was estimated to be AUD 12.5 billion per year. The cost to governments of ID in childhood was estimated to be AUD 6385 per child per year, resulting in a total cost to government of AUD 1.1 billion per year. This is the first study to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with ID in childhood. The results of this research demonstrate the considerable economic impact of ID in childhood on families, governments and broader society in terms of both direct and indirect costs. An understanding of the cost implications of any intervention are critical in assisting policymakers in planning and prioritising of health services.

Prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: Danish nationwide follow-up study.

To compare the prevalence of mental disorders (MDs) in a cohort of children and adolescents with and without cerebral palsy (CP) and to explore whether there is an association between MDs and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level. A register-linkage follow-up study of 10- to 16-year children with CP (identified in the Danish National Cerebral Palsy Registry, n=893), and 2627 children without CP, matched by gender and age. Information on MDs was obtained from the National Patient Registry in Denmark and based on ICD-10-codes. Conditional logistic regression was performed in order to compare the prevalence of MDs. The prevalence of MDs was significantly higher in children and adolescents with CP (22.4%, CI 19.8-25.2%) compared with controls (6.3%, CI 5.5-7.3%). Intellectual disability was statistically significantly associated with motor function (odds ratio (OR) 4.55, CI 2.81-7.36 for GMFCS levels IV-V compared to GMFCS level I), but there were no statistically significant association between motor function and autism spectrum disorders, ADHD or affective disorders. Our findings emphasize that follow-up of children with CP should include screening for both cognitive dysfunction and other mental disorders. The motor function does not predict the risk of other mental disorders than intellectual disability in children and adolescents with CP.

Social Support on Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability

Context: Intellectual disability is one of the disabilities that occurs in children with Intellegence Quotient(IQ) characteristics <70. The limitations possessed by intellectually disabled children can be stressors andburdens that can cause psychological problems for parent, therefore, social support is needed for parents.The purpose of this study was to identify social support obtained by parents who have intellectually disabledchildren. This quantitative descriptive study was conducted at schools for special needs children in Bandung,with a sample of 81 parents of intellectual disabled children who met the research criteria. Social support wasmeasured by the Social Support Questionnaire that was modified and developed using The Sarafino theory.Data were analyzed by univariate. The results showed that 70.4% of parents have received social support inthe higher category, while 29.6% had low social support. The results of the study showed that the highestsocial support received by parents was instrumental support, while the lowest domain was recognitionsuppsort. Nurses need to collaborate with parents, teachers and other health providers to strengthen thesupportive program for parents with intellectually disabled children.

Childhood intellectual disability and parents' mental health: integrating social, psychological and genetic influences.

Intellectual disability has a complex effect on the well-being of affected individuals and their families. Previous research has identified multiple risk and protective factors for parental mental health, including socioeconomic circumstances and child behaviour. This study explored whether genetic cause of childhood intellectual disability contributes to parental well-being. Children from across the UK with intellectual disability due to diverse genetic causes were recruited to the IMAGINE-ID study. Primary carers completed the Development and Well-being Assessment, including a measure of parental distress (Everyday Feeling Questionnaire). Genetic diagnoses were broadly categorised into aneuploidy, chromosomal rearrangements, copy number variants (CNVs) and single nucleotide variants. Compared with the UK general population, IMAGINE-ID parents (n = 888) reported significantly elevated emotional distress (Cohen's d = 0.546). Within-sample variation was related to recent life events and the perceived impact of children's difficulties. Impact was predicted by child age, physical disability, autistic characteristics and other behavioural difficulties. Genetic diagnosis also predicted impact, indirectly influencing parental well-being. Specifically, CNVs were associated with higher impact, not explained by CNV inheritance, neighbourhood deprivation or family structure. The mental health of parents caring for a child with intellectual disability is influenced by child and family factors, converging on parental appraisal of impact. We found that genetic aetiologies, broadly categorised, also influence impact and thereby family risks. Recognition of these risk factors could improve access to support for parents, reduce their long-term mental health needs and improve well-being of individuals with intellectual disability.

Does cannabidiol reduce severe behavioural problems in children with intellectual disability? Study protocol for a pilot single-site phase I/II randomised placebo controlled trial

IntroductionSevere behavioural problems (SBPs) are a common contributor to morbidity and reduced quality of life in children with intellectual disability (ID). Current medication treatment for SBP is associated with a...

Estimating the national burden of mild intellectual disability in children exposed to dietary lead in China

The effects of lead as a dietary pollutant remain a global public health concern that needs urgent resolution. Children are highly susceptible to the adverse outcomes of lead pollution, as even low levels of lead may cause irreversible damage to intellectual development. Since several sources of lead exposure are present in the environment, it is necessary to identify the attributable burden of lead-related diseases arising from different exposure sources. In the present study, we used epidemiological data from studies around the nation to estimate the burden of mild intellectual disability (MID) attributed to lead exposure sources by using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). To this end, a dose-response approach was used and a model comprising three components was established: exposure, dose-response, and DALYs module. In Chinese children aged 0–6 years, blood lead levels (BLLs) of 5.34 ± 3.09 μg/dL resulted in a MID incidence rate of 12.84 cases per 1000 children, with an estimated burden of disease (BoD) of 42.23 DALYs per 1000 children. Owing to dietary lead exposure, 36.64 healthy life years per 1000 children were lost, which was notably higher than the outcomes associated with exposure from other sources. This was consistent with the result that dietary exposure was the main contributor to children’s lead exposure, accounting for 86.76%. According to the regional distribution based on the existing literature, the areas in China with higher BLLs were Heilongjiang, Shanxi, and Jiangxi. Our findings provided the information for lead risk management decisions and policies making.