Intellectual Decline Research Articles

Awareness Creation of Neurotoxins‐induced Wallerian‐type degeneration causing brain Acetylcholine‐imbalance and frank Alzheimer disease

AbstractBackgroundPresence Environmentally Mediated Intellectual Decline Neurotoxins ('presence‐EMIDN') threats from 'bounded', 'unbounded' and 'pervasive' sources puts everyone at risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases (eg. Alzheimer) once specific lipophilic‐neurotoxins breach the blood‐brain and nose‐brain barriers to reach the brain and build up to harmful thresholds. Such neurotoxins exist; how they provoke Wallerian‐type degeneration to cause FAD have been threaded together from experimental evidenced‐based reviews. My intent/interest is to create awareness and establish the aetiology for FAD, which has remained idiopathic since 1906, when the German Neurologist, Alois Alzheimer, discovered the disease.MethodThrough threaded literature reviews from multiple sourcesResultsMany neurotoxins produce Wallerian‐type degeneration: organophosphorus compounds (DFP, TOCP), acrylamide, n‐hexane and some of its metabolites. Wallerian‐type degeneration have been demonstrated in animals: hens, cats, rats, rabbits. Changes during Wallerian‐type degeneration can be grouped into two (Histopathological and Biochemical): it describes the cascade of events taking place in the distal part of an axon that has been cut or crushed. The histopathological changes occur in stages in the following order of succession: stage a: primary degeneration of axon followed by secondary degeneration of myelin in these order: axon swelling; axon disintegration; loss of normal myelin structures with swelling; tumefaction; and breakdown of myelin sheaths; followed by stage b: Cellular proliferation; and then stage c: Fibrosis. The biochemical changes result from liberations of normal biochemical constituents of axon and myelin. There is specifically a decrease in the CNS neurotransmitter's Acetylcholine content, in stage a (causing deficiency‐imbalance), increase in collagen in stage c, and other stage b changes.ConclusionThere are evidences showing that symptoms of FAD is due to 'Acetylcholine deficiency‐imbalance in the brain' where it exercises Excitatory and Inhibitory effects which progressively kick‐starts FAD with fatalities after 5 years. Establishing this aetiology brings vistas of new hope/challenges for possible therapeutic interventions developments.

The Relationship Between Material Knowledge About Child Nutrition and Stunting at The Age of 0-5 Years

Stunting is a problem that is found in many developing countries, especially in Indonesia. Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children caused by chronic malnutrition so that children are too short for their age and have a risk of intellectual decline and an increased risk of degenerative diseases in the future. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge about child nutrition and the incidence of stunting in children aged 0-5 years in Kelambir Village. This study used correlation analytical design with cross sectional approach. The population in this study was all parents who had stunted children aged 0-5 years. The sample was obtained using random sampling, which was as many as 90 people. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. The results showed that most respondents had good knowledge about stunting, which was 57 respondents (63.3%). There is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge about stunting and nutrition of children aged 0-5 years in Kelambir Village, Pantai Labu District in 2022. Suggestion: Health education is very important in order to increase maternal knowledge about stunting and the importance of knowing nutrition in children aged 0-5 years.

빅데이터 시대의 비평이론

This essay discusses the rise of neoliberalism and globalization and its effects on the reconstruction of critical theory. This consideration will be about how the desire for critical theory, or the desiring critique, could intervene in the cognitive or surveillance capitalism phase based on big data technology. For this purpose, I will clarify the fact that the revival of critical theory should be the reconsideration of French philosophy (or French theory) and its political foundation since the 1950s. The vital link between critical theory and political conjunctures is revealed in the CIA’s report on French philosophy in the 1980s. The failure of radical French philosophy led to the decline of intellectuals and the reification of critical theory. I will relate this situation to the advent of cognitive or surveillance capitalism and its changed mode of accumulation. My conclusion will focus on the role of critical theory in understanding the function of big data capitalism and imposing its political implication on the celebration of technological advances.

Assessment of work ability decline in workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities

BACKGROUND: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience work ability decline through aging and disability (WADAD), conceptualized as the process of deterioration in work ability resulting from the interaction between disability and aging, which has a direct impact on their job. OBJECTIVE: There is a need to focus on how this decline can be detected and to identify the main areas and indicators of WADAD in people with IDD, in order to build a targeted prototype assessment tool to determine a prevention protocol that extends people’s positive working lives for as long as possible. METHODS: We employed a literature review, Delphi panel, and working group through Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (MOODLE). RESULTS: We created a tool, composed of 76 items, 6 dimensions, and 17 indicators, to assess WADAD in people with IDD. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators identified can be used to develop prevention and/or intervention protocols for WADAD and to produce guidance for the transition toward retirement, specifically for people with IDD. This tool helps extend the satisfying working lives— with support— of people with IDD, promoting social inclusion and participation as workers and not as pensioners.

Effectiveness of Akper Student Assistance to Mothers whose Children are Stunting

Cases Stunting in children can be a predictor the low quality of a country's human resources. The state of stunting causes poor cognitive abilities, low productivity, and increased risk of disease resulting in long-term losses for the Indonesian economy. Nutrition problems, especially stunting in infants, can inhibit a child's development, with negative impacts that will last in the next life such as intellectual decline, susceptibility to non-communicable diseases, decreased productivity to cause poverty and the risk of giving birth to babies with low birth weight. Knowing the effectiveness of the assistance of Akper students to mothers who have children Stunting to Height / Length of Child Body. This research is a quasi-experimental quantitative research with a Pre and Post Test with Control Group Control Test design, where mothers who have stunting children are assisted by acper students by providing health education 6 properly taking medicine, immunization, breastfeeding Exclusive, MP-ASI, Nursing Mothers Nutrition and Benefits of Zynk and Fe. After mentoring, a re-evaluation of body length / height was then compared with the control group. Analysis of different tests using the Mann Whitney Test.The results of the statistical analysis of the treatment group accompanied by the student akper to the addition of the stunting length / height of the child obtained p = 0,000 (P0.05), the control group p = 0,000 (P0.05). Although equally significant changes occur in body length / height, if examined based on nutritional status (TB / Age) the control group only changes its status from very short to short. Adds because it is still involved in a period of growth and development but is not maximal compared to the assistance was carried out. This means that the child who is a control group is still in a stunting condition. However, the treatment group, from very short status to normal status, is free from stunting status. While Mann Whytney's different test in the treatment group and the control group results p = 0,000 (P0.05), meaning that the Akper student assistance for mothers whose children are stunting effectively increases the length / height of the child compared to the control group. The assistance of Akper students to mothers who have stunting children effectively increases the length / height of the child.

An Automated Approach for the Detection of Alzheimer's Disease From Resting State Electroencephalography.

Early detection is crucial to control the progression of Alzheimer's disease and to postpone intellectual decline. Most current detection techniques are costly, inaccessible, or invasive. Furthermore, they require laborious analysis, what delays the start of medical treatment. To overcome this, researchers have recently investigated AD detection based on electroencephalography, a non-invasive neurophysiology technique, and machine learning algorithms. However, these approaches typically rely on manual procedures such as visual inspection, that requires additional personnel for the analysis, or on cumbersome EEG acquisition systems. In this paper, we performed a preliminary evaluation of a fully-automated approach for AD detection based on a commercial EEG acquisition system and an automated classification pipeline. For this purpose, we recorded the resting state brain activity of 26 participants from three groups: mild AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI-non-AD), and healthy controls. First, we applied automated data-driven algorithms to reject EEG artifacts. Then, we obtained spectral, complexity, and entropy features from the preprocessed EEG segments. Finally, we assessed two binary classification problems: mild AD vs. controls, and MCI-non-AD vs. controls, through leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. The preliminary results that we obtained are comparable to the best reported in literature, what suggests that AD detection could be automatically detected through automated processing and commercial EEG systems. This is promising, since it may potentially contribute to reducing costs related to AD screening, and to shortening detection times, what may help to advance medical treatment.

SUPPORTING FACTORS FOR IMPLEMENTING EARLY BREASTFEEDING IN CHILDREN AGE 0-24 MONTHS (2017 IDHS DATA ANALYSIS)

Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD) is an important step in early life and achieves the goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in preventing infant mortality by 2030. Providing Early Initiation of Breastfeeding is also the first step in achieving the success of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age. The mistake of providing IMD and exclusive breastfeeding can lead to nutritional deficiencies which will affect the intellectual decline of infants and threaten human potential in the future, especially in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the supporting factors for the implementation of Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) in children aged 0-24 months. The method in this research is a cross-sectional study to analyze the relationship between all the variables studied using secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) collected from 6,291 children who had received breastfeeding and women aged 15-49 years who had done birth during the last 5 years. The results showed that the factors supporting the successful implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding in children aged 0-24 months were maternal education (p=0.0009) and wealth quintile factors (p=0.037). Meanwhile, place of birth and area of residence factors showed that there was no relationship with the successful implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding in children aged 0-24 months.

QOL-16. A 6-year longitudinal study of neurocognition in children treated for a brain tumor

Long-term neurocognitive difficulties in children treated for a brain tumor are well documented and known to be affected by treatment. However, longitudinal studies of these neurocognitive difficulties are scarce. In the present study, we investigated the impact of radiotherapy (RT) on the evolution of neurocognition between different consecutive time points after diagnosis, and throughout treatment and survivorship. This study included 69 children diagnosed with a brain tumor at the University Hospitals Leuven who completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery (intelligence, memory, visuomotor functioning, and QoL) on at least three consecutive time points (2-year interval). Of all patients, 40 completed the test battery at 4 time points. The first assessment was conducted at the earliest possible moment after diagnosis and before the start of any adjuvant therapy. Mean age at diagnosis and first assessment were 7.75 and 7.92 years, respectively. The most common diagnoses were pilocytic astrocytoma (n=33) and medulloblastoma (n=11). 29.0% of the children received local RT and 15.9% received craniospinal RT. A repeated measures analysis with cranial irradiation (no, focal, craniospinal) as between-subjects factor and age at diagnosis as covariate demonstrated a significant interaction effect between time and type of irradiation for both overall intelligence (p=0.007) and QoL (p=0.006) for children with three and four assessments. Children who received craniospinal irradiation demonstrated a significant decline in overall intelligence and a significant worsening of QoL. For the non-irradiated group, an improvement of QoL was observed. For processing speed, a significant time effect was found for children with three and four assessments (p<0.001), with a significant improvement for the overall group. The results of this longitudinal study demonstrated diverse longitudinal trajectories. Children who received craniospinal irradiation are most often confronted with intellectual decline and worsening of QoL.

Beta-band network modularity in resting-state EEG negatively correlates with level of intelligence

IntroductionRecent studies mostly focus on the links between measures of alpha-band EEG networks and intelligence. However, associations between wide frequency range EEG networks and general intelligence level remain underresearched.ObjectivesIn this study in a student sample we aimed to correlate the intelligence level and graph metrics of the sensors/sources-level networks constructed in different frequency EEG bands.MethodsWe recorded eyes-closed resting-state EEG in 28 healthy participants (21.4±2.1 y.o., 18 females, 1 left-handed). The Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Plus (‘SPM Plus’, 60 figures) was used as an intelligence measure. We constructed networks for all possible combinations of sensors/sources-level and 4-8, 8-13, 13-30, or 4-30 Hz frequency bands using Weighted Phase-Lag Index (wPLI), and calculated four graph metrics (Characteristic Path Length, Clustering Coefficient, Modularity, and Small World Index) for each network. Spearman correlation (with Holm-Sidak correction) was applied to characterize the relations between the SPM Plus scores and all the network metrics.ResultsSPM Plus scores varied from 35 to 57 (mean 45.3±4.2), and the intelligence level negatively correlated with Modularity in beta-band (r = -0.63, pcorr = 0.0253).ConclusionsHigh modularity may reflect relatively high segregation, but not integration, of networks (Girn, Mills, Christoff, 2019). Accordingly, our findings may shed light on the neural mechanisms of the general inefficiency of global cognitive processing in the case of intellectual decline related to different mental disorders. Funding: This research has been supported by the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Lomonosov Moscow State University ‘Brain, Cognitive Systems, Artificial Intelligence’.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Intellectual decline in patients with schizophrenia with comorbid type ii diabetes mellitus and alcoholism

Comorbid conditions in general psychopathological practice need equally research in the field of psychiatry and narcology, as well as the development of issues of social practice in relation to mental patients. There is an opinion that comorbid mental pathologies are even more common than “pure” forms of diseases. In most cases of comorbid conditions, the medical community increasingly encounters clinical situations where “classic” symptoms and syndromes are deformed, mutually intertwined and, superimposed on the actual social situation of the patient, acquire an “unreal fancy character”.Schizophrenia remains one of the most urgent problems at the stage of modern psychiatry formation. Up to date there are 1.1% of men and 1.9% of women in the general population of patients. Schizophrenic spectrum disorders are often combined with a number of chronic pathologies that increase the negative impact on the neuro-cognitive sphere of a person. One of the main problems of modern urbanized society is type II diabetes and alcoholism. By increasing the negative impact on a person’s cognitive abilities, they accelerate the process of disintegration of personality and its social functioning. The intellectual level of patients with those chronic diseases that require patients to actively and consciously participate in the treatment process and social functioning can significantly affect the patient’s ability to learn, independently manage the disease, establish a high level of compliance and, as a result, the effectiveness of therapy. An attentive study of the issue of the state of intelligence of patients with comorbid pathology will lead to an improvement in the patient’s social adaptation, a more careful attitude to their somatic health and reduce the risk of disability of the able-bodied population.

Clinical and psychological assessment of the variability of schizotypal personality disorder in children and adolescents

To analyze the variability of violations of cognitive and emotional-personal parameters in schizotypal disorder (STD) in children and adolescents according to the pathopsychological profile. 47 patients with STD were examined, 21 of them with psychopathic variant (F21.4), 16 with neurotic (F21.3) and 10 with personality schizotypal disorder (F21.8) aged 9 to 16 years (37 boys and 10 girls). All patients were examined in detail by a psychiatrist and clinical psychologists. The method of integrative assessment of the pathopsychological profile was used, including the assessment of the presence and severity of impairments in cognitive functioning, emotional-personal and motivational-volitional spheres (the assessment was carried out according to detailed psychological reports). Mathematical processing of the obtained data was carried out. Cluster analysis of clinical and psychological indicators showed that patients differ in the level of intellectual impairment, as well as in the characteristics of motivational-volitional and personal spheres. Three clusters are described, two of which included patients (10 and 31 patients) with individual variants of STD with a greater severity of various cognitive deficits, and parameters of the emotional and personal sphere, the last cluster included 6 patients with personality variants of STD. A separate largest cluster included all three analyzed variants of STD in approximately equal proportions, with a mildly pronounced intellectual decline and more noticeable changes (deficiency) in the emotional and personal sphere. Thus, patients with STD differ in the severity and structure of deficient changes. At the same time, the nature and degree of involvement of a particular area in the overall picture of the pathopsychological profile is of great importance. Patients with STD differ in the severity and structure of deficient changes. The identified clusters differed in age, in the presence of patients of both sexes, and in various indicators of the pathopsychological profile. At the same time, the nature and degree of involvement of a particular area in the overall picture of the pathopsychological profile is important for diagnosis.

DYKE DAVIDOFF MASSON SYNDROME-AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF REFRACTORY SEIZURE: A RARE CASE REPORT

BACKGROUND: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by drug-resistance seizures, hemiparesis, mental retardation, facial asymmetry, and intellectual disabilities. On brain imaging, the disease is characterized by cerebral hemi atrophy with ipsilateral calvarial thickening and hyperpneumotisation of paranasal sinuses or mastoid air cells. INTRODUCTION: we describe a rare case of Dyke Davidoff Masson syndrome with an unusual cause of refractory seizure in an adolescent. Diagnosis: DDMS was diagnosed from its manifestations, biochemistry indexes, and imaging (computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance venography, and so on). Interventions: Several drugs are used to treat the disease, including valproate, carbamazepine, topiramate, and levetiracetam. Outcomes: Under the medicine treatment of sodium valproate, levetiracetam and carbamazepine, the patient experienced generalized tonic clonic seizure seizures approximately once or twice per month that lasted 30 to 60seconds each without any complications observed during a follow-up period of. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded early diagnosis and pharmacotherapy are the keys to preventing intellectual decline in DDMS patients. Moreover, the combination of sodium valproate, levetiracetam and carbamazepine could signicantly reduce the frequency and duration of seizures, despite not eliminating them completely24months

INTELLIGENCE AS AN OBJECT OF RESEARCH

The article deals with an overview of research on intelligence from the pre-scientific to post-neoclassical periods of the development of science. The continuity of knowledge is shown, the purpose of which is to determine the boundaries of human cognition of objective reality to create an optimal model of society, in which the maximum realization of intellectual potential is possible. A retrospective analysis shows that researchers have defined the basis of intelligence in different ways, designating the biological or environmental components as the dominant. The use of logical-deductive or experimental-inductive methods as a methodological basis had a decisive influence on the researcher while choosing methodological tools to solve the problem posed. The article notes that despite the task of studying intellectual development throughout ontogenesis, the period of gerontogenesis has been less studied. Empirical studies of intellectual development during this period prove that intellectual decline is largely the result of insufficient intellectual activity, the monotony of activity and a person's unwillingness to acquire new competencies in later life due to a number of objective and subjective reasons. It is noted that the decisive importance in ascending intellectual development has the level and quality of a person's subjectivity. This is expressed in the need for purposeful random activity, in which a person can abstract from social stereotypes about an unconditional decrease in intellectual development during the period of gerontogenesis.

INTELLIGENCE AS AN OBJECT OF RESEARCH

The article deals with an overview of research on intelligence from the pre-scientific to post-neoclassical periods of the development of science. The continuity of knowledge is shown, the purpose of which is to determine the boundaries of human cognition of objective reality to create an optimal model of society, in which the maximum realization of intellectual potential is possible. A retrospective analysis shows that researchers have defined the basis of intelligence in different ways, designating the biological or environmental components as the dominant. The use of logical-deductive or experimental-inductive methods as a methodological basis had a decisive influence on the researcher while choosing methodological tools to solve the problem posed. The article notes that despite the task of studying intellectual development throughout ontogenesis, the period of gerontogenesis has been less studied. Empirical studies of intellectual development during this period prove that intellectual decline is largely the result of insufficient intellectual activity, the monotony of activity and a person's unwillingness to acquire new competencies in later life due to a number of objective and subjective reasons. It is noted that the decisive importance in ascending intellectual development has the level and quality of a person's subjectivity. This is expressed in the need for purposeful random activity, in which a person can abstract from social stereotypes about an unconditional decrease in intellectual development during the period of gerontogenesis.

Hip Displacement in MECP2 Disorders: Prevalence and Risk Factors.

Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) disorders, including Rett syndrome and MECP2 duplication syndrome, are typified by profound intellectual disability, spasticity, and decline in gross motor function. Unlike scoliosis, linked to disease severity, little has been reported regarding the hip. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence and risk factors of hip displacement (HD) in MECP2 disorders. This was a retrospective, comparative study. Children with a genetically confirmed MECP2 disorder were included. The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of HD (migration percentage>30%). Secondary outcomes included age at HD onset, ambulatory status, presence of clinically relevant scoliosis, genetic severity, presence of seizures, and associated comorbidities. Analysis of proportions of categorical variables was performed using χ2 testing (P=0.05). Fifty-six patients (54 Rett syndrome and 2 MECP2 duplication syndrome), diagnosed at 6.6 (SD: 4.7) years, met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of HD was 36% [onset, 7.7 (SD: 3.8) y]. Risk factors for HD were nonwalker status (P=0.04), scoliosis (P=0.001), and refractory epilepsy (P=0.04). The prevalence of HD in MECP2 disorders is comparable to cerebral palsy, associated with proxy measures of disease severity. These results can be used to develop hip surveillance programs for MECP2 disorders, allowing for timely management. Level III.

Intellectual outcome from 1 to 5 years after epilepsy surgery in 81 children and adolescents: A longitudinal study

ObjectiveThis longitudinal study aimed to measure the time course of intellectual changes after pediatric focal resective epilepsy surgery and to identify their predictors. MethodsWe analyzed a cohort of 81 school-aged children with focal epilepsy and intractable seizures who underwent neurosurgery (focal resection) from 2000 to 2018 in La Timone Hospital (Marseille). Neuropsychological assessments were carried out before and then 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after epilepsy surgery. ResultsEighty-one patients with a median age at surgery of 13.74 years [4.25] were enrolled. Overall, 45 of the 81 (55%) recruited patients were improved after the surgery on at least one of the five domains of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Temporal lobe localization and postoperative seizure freedom were the main prognostic factors impacting intellectual outcome (improvement and decline) after epilepsy surgery. Younger patients at surgery were less likely to have a postoperative IQ decline. Intellectual improvement after epilepsy surgery could be delayed for up to 5 years after surgery and concerned all intellectual domains except the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI). Intellectual decline after epilepsy surgery occurred mainly during the first two years after the surgery and was reflected in full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and Working Memory Index (WMI). ConclusionsOur study points out that children and adolescents with TLE who achieved freedom from seizure after epilepsy surgery are the leading candidates for achieving postoperative intellectual improvement. This enhancement in intellectual function shows a long time course, whereas intellectual decline is evidenced earlier.

The management of brain tumors at children

Brain tumors are a severe form of pathologies, that are more common in children and it is associated with hydrocephali. The long term effects of central nervous system therapy for children with brain tumors have been the subject of research since the 1970. Many studies have demonstrated that children treated for brain tumors with surgery and standard radiation therapy have developed intellectual decline which is progressive over at least a decade. Risk factors for the cognitive deterioration have been identified and include: perioperative complications, hydrocephalus, high radiation dose, large volume radiation, chemotherapy (especially methotrexate), vasculopaty and young age at the time of treatment. The purpose of research: Study of surgical treatment applied to children with brain tumors hydrocephalus by implementing and perfecting the surgical treatment. Material and methods: We used data of 2018-2019 period, in the Children Clinical Hospital „V. Ignatenco”, of the Republic of Moldova, which shows the structure of morbidity through malign and benign tumors with associated hydrocephalus at prematures population. Results: Since 2018-2019 were diagnosed 13 children. The average age was: 1 child(0,76 %) 0-1 years old, 5 children (38,46 %) 2-5 years old, 2 children (15,38 %) 6-10 years old and 5 children (38,46 %)11-17 years old. From 13 children, 2 children (15,38 %) were inoperable. The incidence was 10 boys (76,92%) and 3 girls (23,07%). There were complications: malign hipertermia, anemia, cranial nerves damages (facial asymmetry, palpebral ptosis), hemiparesis, intraventricular bleeding. Conclusions: The morbidity was common in boys, average age was 2-5 and 11-17 years old. Chidrenswere operated in two ways. There were complications since intraoperatory and postoperatory period.

Political and Philosophical Ideas of Socio-Political Development of Russia: Opportunities in Modern Conditions

The article draws attention to the risks associated with the loss of national research traditions in political theory. It is shown that non-creative borrowing and imitative reproduction of foreign concepts and theories does not contribute to the scientific rise, especially if the Russian heritage and scientific schools are pushed aside and forgotten. To attract the attention of academic circles to the existing potential of Russian socio-political thought and discuss opportunities for further development, the article analyzes and compares the concepts of “Autocracy of the people”, “Holy Russia”, “Moscow - the Third Rome”, and “Spiritual Vertical”. Their philosophical and political significance for the development of the Russian state in modern conditions is determined. Conclusions are drawn that due to the alienation of citizens, especially young people, from the national intellectual tradition (together with economic and political reasons), emigration moods, spiritual decline, and pessimism are expanding in Russian society. The problem could be a funded study, support and promotion oriented to the spiritual development of the adherents of the concepts of "Holy Russia" and the likes, which have a long history, formed in the domestic tradition, belong to the history of the first and the second Rome have religious and philosophical and political justification provide the basis for social and national consolidation of many peoples of the Russian state.

Increased excitatory to inhibitory synaptic ratio in parietal cortex samples from individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease

Synaptic disturbances in excitatory to inhibitory (E/I) balance in forebrain circuits are thought to contribute to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia, although direct evidence for such imbalance in humans is lacking. We assessed anatomical and electrophysiological synaptic E/I ratios in post-mortem parietal cortex samples from middle-aged individuals with AD (early-onset) or Down syndrome (DS) by fluorescence deconvolution tomography and microtransplantation of synaptic membranes. Both approaches revealed significantly elevated E/I ratios for AD, but not DS, versus controls. Gene expression studies in an independent AD cohort also demonstrated elevated E/I ratios in individuals with AD as compared to controls. These findings provide evidence of a marked pro-excitatory perturbation of synaptic E/I balance in AD parietal cortex, a region within the default mode network that is overly active in the disorder, and support the hypothesis that E/I imbalances disrupt cognition-related shifts in cortical activity which contribute to the intellectual decline in AD.

Analisis perbedaan kinerja perusahaan dan kinerja modal intelektual di Indonesia

Business development is needed to increase its competitive advantage. In business development, the companies can do a business combination through mergers and acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions are expected to improve intellectual capital performance. Apart from improving the performance of the company, it is also expected to increase their company performance. This study aims to examine and analyze difference in intellectual capital performance and company performance 1 year before and 1-4 years after mergers and acquisitions. The objects in this study are all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and do mergers and acquisitions in 2011-2014. The data analysis technique used is the Wilcoxon test. The results of this study found that mergers and acquisitions made the performance of intellectual capital and company performance decline. This is because when a company merges and admits, the management who manages cannot directly use the intellectual capital they have, but must study it in order to be able to use it. Therefore, it takes time to be able to synergize it so that the performance of intellectual capital will be better. The deteriorating performance of intellectual capital shows the added value that can be created by the company to make profits worse, which will make the company's performance also decreased.