Intellectual Constructs Research Articles

Dynamics of personal financial management: a bibliometric and systematic review on financial literacy, financial capability and financial behavior

PurposeFinancial literacy, capability and behavior are crucial factors in personal financial management, which in turn plays a significant role in individual and societal financial well-being. The objective of this investigation is to explain critical factors and dimensions of personal financial management systems by employing a hybrid approach that encompasses a bibliometric analysis and a systematic review of the literature.Design/methodology/approachThe research team carefully evaluated a selection of 606 scholarly articles from the Scopus database and studied the evolution of personal financial management behavior over 38 years (1986–2023). This research adopted several graphical representations and network structures to comprehend publishing tendencies, high-impact papers, theoretical frameworks, intellectual constructs as well as the current state of research collaboration.FindingsFour major clusters were identified in the field of personal financial management behavior: the relationship between financial literacy and financial capability, factors influencing financial behavior, the impact of financial behavior on financial well-being and the financial behavior of different demographic groups. In addition, by performing content analysis on papers published within the last five years, new themes in personal financial management behavior were identified.Practical implicationsThis investigation serves to equip financial advisors, policy architects and scholarly investigators with a deeper insight into the intricacies of personal financial management behavior and aids in pinpointing prospective domains for forthcoming research.Originality/valueThis study seeks to address a significant vacuum in the current body of research by providing a thorough bibliometric analysis that specifically examines financial literacy, ability and conduct. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has conducted such a comprehensive investigation in this field. This research aims to identify important researchers and influential works in the subject by using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including content analysis. The purpose of doing this is to provide exclusive insights and expertise that can be highly valuable to scholars, practitioners, policymakers and other stakeholders who are interested in furthering the comprehension and encouragement of financial literacy and responsible financial behavior.

Reactualising the problem of social engineering and digital security

The article explores the current aspects of social engineering in the digital age. Social engineering is considered as a strategic technology of constructing new meanings, principles, rules and facts of social interaction. The socio-philosophical concepts of K. Popper, P. Sorokin, and R. Silverstone are analyzed in the context of constructive proposals of social engineering. The application of historical and philosophical intellectual constructs to the practices of social transformations is described in the article. The article reveals the possibilities and limitations of digital technologies in social engineering. The risks of creating new tools and algorithms for manipulation, disorientation of users of virtual technologies by social engineering methods are shown within the framework of the digital security problem. The diversity of views on the essence of social engineering and the analysis of its spheres of application problematize the interpretation of its social role and meaning. The methods of constructing social events and interfering in people's lives require critical evaluation. The implementation of AI in social engineering developments leads to the new risks, which are systematized in the article. They are related to the manipulation of public consciousness, distortion of identification and personalisation methods, financial fraud, and violation of human security.

The USSR as a “Great Power”: Imperial Narratives and the State’s Status, 1920–1935

This article analyses the adaptation and re-semantisation of the “great power” concept in Soviet public discourse between 1920 and 1935. The actualisation of the “great power” concept in the public discourse of this period was associated with the need to comprehend the USSR in the system of international relations, the one of “great powers”. After the First World War and the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century, Russia was excluded from the European system of international relations, and the USSR had to fight for the recognition of the new state formation. Simultaneously, the new authorities had to defend their positions within the country. In addition, the new state was in a complex relationship with the legacy of the Russian Empire. Denying numerous imperial attitudes at the ideological level, the USSR had to deal with old institutions, including the diplomatic and authoritative language of Imperial Russia. At the same time, new goals required revision of inconvenient intellectual constructs. The author aims to establish how the “great power” concept was rethought and appropriated by the Bolsheviks and the Soviet authorities after the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War (1917–1922). The author identifies several main stages of rethinking the concept in public discourse and, based on an analysis of the press, proves that the “great power” concept was only partially resemanticised. It acquired new semantic connotations (primarily ideological) while retaining a significant part of the previous pre-revolutionary attitudes. The author reveals that from the early 1920s, there were attempts to assign the “great power” status to Soviet Russia. During this period, the great-power narrative was re-actualised and stabilised. The main factor confirming the “great power” status is the country’s internal successes.

Media representations of social ideas in the digital age

The article discusses ways of implementing media representations of social ideas in the realities of the digital age. The features of the digital model of society as one of the versions of post-industrial transit are presented. The urgency of revising the problematic of media representations of ideas in the context of modern world development due to the unprecedented pluralism of tools for the practical implementation of intellectual constructs in the coordinates of social life is substantiated. The article analyzes and identifies tendencies of a qualitatively different sense-formation of the content of ideas through visualization methods and economic technologies rooted in consumer and performance societies. It is proved that in addition to the directly perceived reality, virtual reality and the world of simulacra have formed in the digital world. A high degree of possible distortion of the meanings originally embedded in social ideas during their perception and interpretation by target audiences is noted. The high role of new mass media has been demonstrated, which also allows powerful actors to form discourses and formulate an urgent agenda in national spaces. The possibilities of social networks and blogs in the construction of society and the implementation of ideological transformations are highlighted. The concept of «media representation» is proposed as one of the strategies of powerful actors used for the cognitive-discursive construction of the world. The emphasis is made on the ambivalent role of media representation technologies of ideas in those empirical contexts that are not yet in the «digital» belt of social opinion. In conclusion, generalizations are presented that constitute the theoretical and methodological basis for the subsequent study of media representations of social ideas in the digital age.

Трансформация содержания социальных идей под влиянием цифровизации

The authors analyze the dynamics of content of ideas that fund social change. The main focus is on the transformation of meanings under the influence of postmodern discourse and digitalization. The ambivalent role of advanced information and communication technologies in the perception, interpretation and understanding of ideas is shown. The increase in the share of fake information that transforms key meanings in intellectual constructs is underlined. The modern experience of the ideological determination of social transformations is considered.

C. S. Peirce’s Forgotten but Enduring Relevance to Psychological Science

Abstract Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) was one of the most polymathically brilliant scientific thinkers in American history. He was also arguably the first American experimental psychologist, strongly influencing some of the nation’s earliest modern psychology pioneers. Yet partly because of the lasting effects of personal scandals and powerful enemies, he has been almost entirely forgotten by the broader field of psychology. This article aims to briefly reintroduce Peirce as a historically important figure in psychology to a general audience and highlight a few ways in which his trailblazing perspectives point to pervasive deficiencies and opportunities in psychological science. First, his pioneering writings on the economy of research call on us to consider how diminishing returns may plague our research programs, potentially leading to waste of time, money, and intellectual labor in our communities of inquiry. Second, his pragmatic maxim of clarity for intellectual constructs provides a compelling framework in which to understand how jingle and jangle fallacies often undercut the cumulativeness of our field. We contend that Peirce’s work, much of it still unpublished, is a rich resource for psychological scientists across many domains.

Genesis of ideas in the course of intersubjective interactions between intellectuals

The authors of this article examine the issue of the genesis of ideas generated in the course of intersubjective interactions between intellectuals. It is pointed out that ideas, as mental constructs, ideas have gone beyond the subject area of metaphilosophy, in particular, falling into the praxeological dimension, thus turning into independent factors explaining the transformations of social reality. Randall Collins’s theory of intellectual networks was used by the authors of the article as methodology. The role of professional contacts in the process of generating ideas is shown. The article also highlights the importance of modern technologies, which serve as tools that encourage the creation of intellectual constructs and provide transboundariness, one of their basic characteristics. Another focus of the article is the contribution postpositivists have made to the general dynamics of ideas. Apart from that, intersubjectivity of intellectuals’ discourse is considered and conflict-generating factors of producing ideas are analyzed. In the conclusion, the results of the work and its main findings are summarized.

Rescuing Rawlsian Justice: Are Fraternity and Difference Principle Compatible?

The revival of the academic interest in the problem of fair distribution of resources in the society, which is one of the key issues for the political thought today, is largely associated with the name of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice. The article is devoted to the analysis of Rawls’s arguments in support of the difference principle as one of the principles of social justice. According to Rawls (whose arguments later formed the foundation for a separate direction in the political-philosophical thought known as luck egalitarianism), due to the random nature of the original distribution of talents, inequality in human wellbeing cannot be justified by an appeal to a merit. However, because strict equality in distribution might reduce productivity of the owners of talent, achieving the best outcome for all requires such inequalities that incentivize the more talented to work as efficiently as possible for the benefit of the less talented. This compromise drew criticism from ardent egalitarians, among which Gerald Cohen articulated objections to the difference principle most clearly and compared the claims of the most talented for material rewards with extortion. Having considered possible justifications for the need for incentives, based on Rawls’s argument in the Theory of Justice, the authors conclude that these justifications do not solve the problem that Cohen revealed. Appealing to human nature merely translates the dispute into the methodological realm: should the theory of justice proceed from reality, or should it be guided by the ideal? In turn, the inevitability of a conflict of private interests does not fit well with Rawls’s ideal of fraternity as an integral part of a just social order. According to their conclusion, in order to resolve the internal contradiction in Rawls’s theory, it is necessary to abandon either the postulates of luck egalitarianism or difference principle. However, both of these options directly contradict Rawls’s intellectual constructs and undermine the basic foundations of his concept.

ПОЛЬСЬКЕ ПИТАННЯ В "УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ВОЄННІЙ ДОКТРИНІ" МИХАЙЛА КОЛОДЗІНСЬКОГО

The vision of the Polish question is analyzed on the base of M. Kolodzinsky's "Ukrainian military doctrine". The nature of the radical intellectual constructs of the early twentieth century in the OUN environment was studied. The general historical context is analyzed, which allows a deeper understanding ofthis phenomenonand reveals a broad picture of the development of contemporary political and social thought. The Ukrainian nationalists in the interwar period were particularly keen on the future strategy and tactics of gaining the Ukrainian state. A detailed review of the concepts and understanding of Ukrainian history in the "Military Doctrine" was made. The main features of the ideological convictions of M. Kolodzinskyi and the most radical wing of OUN members are determined.

The Post-Covid-19 Reality and Economic Theory

This paper examines interconnectedness between Covid-19 and six nested subsystems of our planet: people, economy, society, anthroposphere, biosphere and planetosphere. It argues the complexity inside of them and in their interactions. The main question is what paradigmatic shift related to sustainable development economics did Covid-19 initiate, and what are the changes in paradigmatic manifestations of a post Covid-19 sustainable economic theory. Through comparison between neoclassical economics together with neoclassical paradigm manifestations, and what should be changed to avoid business as usual and enhance environmental economy, the paper concludes that much of everyday economic intellectual constructs and activities, including dominant economic theory is the part of the present reality that is not sustainable and has to be changed.

Sychological cognition methodology of the meaning-life-sphere of personality

Одне з головних складних питань сьогоднішнього філософсько-психологічного дискурсу – проблема віднаходження людиною сенсу власного життя і свого буттєвого призначення. В дослідженні проаналізовані особливості постання і взаємозалежного функціонування сенсожиттєвої і смислобуттєвої сфер особи у її буденних формах вияву та в контексті умов феноменального самоздійснення. На теоретичному і методологічному рівнях авторської рефлексії обґрунтовано концептуальні засади становлення особистості смисложиттєвого зорієнтування у повноті реалізації нею власного потенціалу, цілісному саморозкриттю її екзистенційних проявів у часопросторі суспільного повсякдення. Здійснено сутнісне розмежування понять смислу і сенсу: перше утримує стратегічні шляхи існування людини в її духовному самоплеканні, а друге опосередковується чуттєвим, досвідним сприйняттям нею дійсності, що становить підґрунтя для визначення тактичних пріоритетів її життєактивності. Наявний тезаурус психологічної науки засвідчує, що смислосфера буття і сенсосфера життя у їх сукупному синергійному поєднанні організуються у смисложиттєву сферу особистості. Якщо смисл буття є трансцендентним щодо людського єства, то сенс життя – іманентною психодуховною дійсністю феномена людини. Загалом сенси відображають вищий рівень задоволення індивідуальних потреб, які осягаються особистістю завдяки вчуванню, набувають для неї персональної значущості, тоді як смисли впорядковують основні для осіб і спільнот інтереси, знання, цінності, норми, моральні приписи, культурні настановлення та ін. В ідеальному світі життя свідомості людини її смисли і сенси організовані холістично, хоча й мають різний рівень оприявнення у повсякденній діяльності і відзначаються різною пріоритетністю для самої особистості, що продиктовано середовищем-довкіллям її безпосереднього існування, індивідуальними особливостями і характеристиками психодуховного розвитку. Водночас доведено, що важливого значення тут набувають персонально вибрані принципи побудови життєвого шляху, які становлять підсумок свідомої систематизації нею цільових запитів і духовних поривань до її повновагомої самореалізації. Постання системи особистих поглядів і переконань здійснюється в річищі цілеспрямованого здійснення низки осмислених діяльностей й узагальнюється насамперед під впливом образу/стилю життєактивності самої людини. Цілісна світоглядна картина дійсності розкривається її внутрішніми зусиллями в діалектичній єдності суб’єкт-об’єктної взаємодії як найдоступнішої форми матеріалізації фундаментальних властивостей буття. Особистісний світ з позицій філософсько-психологічного роз’яснення – це насамперед самобутня концептуальна модель багатовимірного відображення зовнішнього світу й одночасно феноменальний локус, що об’єднує досягнуте і реалізоване в соціокультурному просторі індивідуального життєздійснення людини. Рефлексивно-методологічний ракурс розгляду особистості у її самісному позиціонуванні оптимізує визначення зазначеного предметного поля науково-психологічного пізнання, конкретизує стратегічні і тактичні підходи до дослідження її ціннісно-смислової сфери, формує вихідну позицію в інтерпретації отриманих результатів щодо життєвого горизонту її екзистенційного утвердження як індивідуальності та універсума. Вітакультурна методологія і професійне методологування А.В. Фурман і його наукова школа уможливлюють оптимізацію теоретичних і прикладних пошуків у психосоціальній царині суспільного життя, відкалібровують сутнісну та структурно-функціональну змістовність особистісного сприйняття науковцем картини світу як раціогуманітарного результату дослідницько-пізнавальної активності людини – психологічного знання. Миследіяльність як інтегратор свідомісного і практичного слугує синергетичному поєднанню досвіду та знань у цілісну онтологічну картину світу, а категорійний лад уможливлює рефлексивно зріле мислення та організовує ідеальне інструментальне забезпечення психологічного пізнання, передусім синтезує інтелектуальні конструкти в систему всеохватного осягнення дослідником-гуманітарієм смисложиттєвих вимірів буття. Тому методологування у сфері наукової психології – це синтетичний спосіб здійснення рефлексивного мислевчинення й одночасно процес-просування вправного застосування дослідником складної сукупності підходів, парадигм, концептів, моделей і головне – засобів та інструментів цілісного пізнання-конструювання процесів, явищ і подій тотально присутньої психічної реальності. Конститутивною характеристикою свідомості особистості й засадничим індикатором її смисложиттєвого зорієнтування є осмисленість життя у циклічній єдності установчого, емоційно-мотиваційного, когнітивного і поведінкового складників, що визначає особливості ставлення людини до світу та постає своєрідною план-картою її подальших дій і вчинків. У роботі розкрито сутність поняття професійного мислення суб’єкта психологічної діяльності та методологічної організації пізнання як процесу достовірного відображення-творення предметного поля науково-пошукової роботи. З рефлексивних позицій висвітлено ґенезу психологічної думки щодо постання цілісної теоретичної картини взаємозалежних ліній самоздійснення людини – осмислення буття й осенсовування життя в актах методологування як миследіяльного практикування – ефективного застосування способів, форм, засобів та інструментів комплексного дослідження смисложиттєвої сфери особистості. Насамкінець запропонована структурно та функціонально обґрунтована авторська категорійна матриця пізнання названої сфери, що диференціює і згармонізовує оптимальну систему таксономічних категорій як засіб уможливлення цілісного теоретичного уявлення про цей важливий пласт онтофеноменальної буттєвості людини і як ефективний узірець-знаряддя взаємодоповнюваних метатеоретизування і професійного методологування, відіграє роль ідеалізованої канонічної моделі в таксономічно організованому мереживі категорійних визначеностей у світі науки і культури.

DA TRÍADE ADORNIANA HIPOTÉTICA - TAH - AOS PLANOS HIPOTÉTICOS DE AUDIÇÃO - PHA: REFLEXÕES SOBRE O CONCEITO DE AUDIÇÃO INTELIGENTE - AUIN

O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir acerca dos conceitos abordados, estudados e construídos em nossa tese de doutorado, buscando entender como apropriação de tais conceitos contribuem para a educação musical. São eles: Tríade Adorniana Hipotética - TAH, Planos Hipotéticos de Audição - PHA e Audição Inteligente - AUIN. Em nosso estudo, tais conceitos foram amplamente abordados conferindo um caráter de relevante significado para os estudos em educação musical, portanto, entendemos que devam ser tais construções intelectuais, democraticamente colocadas à disposição da comunidade acadêmica e científica, de forma a contribuir para a ampliação da episteme proposta. “Audição Inteligente”, é um conceito recente, validado em nossa pesquisa de Doutorado e traz em seu cerne, sólidas bases científicas fundamentadas em estudos de Theodor W. Adorno, Murray Schafer e Aaron Copland, entendendo a relação entre ensino de música, paisagem sonora e ambiente social, tendo como aporte metodológico os princípios da pesquisa participante. Propomo-nos assim, em estudos de Pós-Doutoramento, aferir o Estado da Arte no universo onde nossa pesquisa se deu validando assim, o conceito construído. De tal forma, esperamos contribuir para que o processo de educação sonora se consolide ou ao menos, desperte um “olhar” mais atento a esta temática em toda sua solidez.

The manifestations of the volition philosophy in the mind of al-Farabi

This research revolves around the philosophy of will that Paul Ricour has been looking at. The focus of this philosophy is the human error, which is based on a number of concepts, including five: infallibility and incongruity, mixture and mediator, the idea of the universal, the impact of misery, infinity Dozens of books and hundreds of studies and research papers have been written in Al-Farabi’s philosophical legacy, and various methodologies and ideological, sociological, anthropological and political propositions have been formulated around it, and theories have been developed in it, some of which are literary and intellectual and others are psychological, social and cultura .Each of these concepts is based on intellectual constructs and procedural representations that deal with issues of thought and existence. This research attempts to reconcile these five concepts and the ideas of the philosopher Abu Nasr al-Farabi (339 e) by shedding light on some of his books and letters. Key words: Concept, Al-Farabi, Philosophy, Ricor, volition.

Hispanic Baroque Ekphrasis: Góngora, Camargo, Sor Juana by Luis Castellví Laukamp

Reviewed by: Hispanic Baroque Ekphrasis: Góngora, Camargo, Sor Juana by Luis Castellví Laukamp Antonio J. Arraiza-Rivera Luis Castellví Laukamp. Hispanic Baroque Ekphrasis: Góngora, Camargo, Sor Juana. LEGENDA, 2020. 236 PP. HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED AND ENGAGINGLY written, the book under review analyzes the role of ekphrasis in Luis de Góngora's Soledades (1613), Hernando Domínguez Camargo's San Ignacio. Poema heroico (1666), and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz's Primero Sueño (1692). In doing so, Castellví Laukamp seeks to illuminate how criollo authors Camargo and Sor Juana deploy verses of an empathically visual nature to (circum)vent the aesthetic and ideological issues that bound them to their European models and readership (12). In this context, the term ekphrasis encompasses various types of poetic descriptions akin to the rhetorical figure enargeia. The book is less about establishing a typology of unequivocally ekphrastic objects or procedures and more about how and why Góngora, and the writers drawn to his poetics, embed digressive and rhetorically ornate sequences in longer works. This approach to ekphrasis enables the incorporation of ancillary concepts and allusions to works of art to explain the importance of such sequences (10). Chapters 1 and 2 examine scenes where the lovelorn peregrino of the Soledades is prompted by a goatherd and a fisherman to contemplate land and seascapes, respectively. The interplay evidenced in these passages between ekphrasis and teichoschopy, the trope whereby nature is viewed from "a high vantage point" (23), serves a proleptic function and yields an abbreviated vision of totality. In combining these procedures, a sort of paragone or artistic comparison is established: a minute description of nature, using language that evokes painting techniques (ekphrasis), competes with descriptions informed by iconographic conventions aligned with cartography and epic poetry (teichoschopy) (23). As a result, both protagonist and readers of the Soledades have to imagine what lies beyond sight. Nature is thus doubly bracketed, first by the interlocutors who lead the peregrino to see a river view or the seashore and then by the spatiotemporal coordinates that condition each viewing. Each episode becomes an anticipation of things to come in the poem and a metaliterary meditation on the power of language to convey all of nature. San Ignacio. Poema heroico benefits from discussion in chapters 3 and 4. Camargo's overwrought renditions of a sculpted crucified Christ that Ignatius [End Page 163] of Loyola contemplates and the saint's eight-day long ecstatic rapture incited by the image are read as an attempt to navigate the challenges posed by doctrinal compliance, Bloomian anxiety of influence, and the poet's sense of belatedness as a New World author. The result is a poem Castellví Laukamp finds steeped in diglossia, following Walter Benjamin's definition in The Origin of German Tragic Drama (1928): an illustration of the tensions that arise between artistic intent and adherence to Counter-Reformation values (86). Treating Ignatius's ecstasy as "a special category of ekphrasis" (101) convincingly underscores a guiding thread throughout the book: in each of the cases studied, ekphrasis bridges the gap between an unfathomable reality and the perception of that reality by poetic protagonists who remain silent while actively engaged in contemplation. In that sense, Camargo's decision to poeticize the unknown contents of Ignatius's mystical experience, similar to his recreation of an unidentified crucifix, upholds the historicity of both events while delving into stylistic experimentation (95). Chapter 4 explains with great insight why Camargo's treatment of the hagiographical subject sets him apart from his literary predecessors. Sor Juana's most famous silva takes up chapters 5 and 6. The main hypothesis asserts that ekphrasis in her Primero Sueño goes beyond Góngora and Camargo's apposite experiments by trying to render abstract concepts and intellectual constructs (132). The simile in which the soul's fantasía is compared to the legendary lighthouse of Alexandria is read in relation to Hermetic texts, positing a fragment of the thirteenth-century Arabic grimoire Picatrix—disseminated among Neoplatonist and Hermetic circles—as a possible inspiration (146–47). The Egyptian pyramids described in Primero Sueño get a reading richly documented with sources in support of the idea that...

DISCOURSE OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL IDEAS IN A NETWORK SOCIETY: SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS (PART 1)

The article identifies new essential features of the discourse of political and legal ideas, acquired by it in the realities of a network society. It is noted that the functioning of these intellectual constructs in the space of a particular society or state directly determines the effectiveness of the institutional structure, and also allows the authorities to achieve a different pragmatic effect. As a research methodology, the author turns to his own synthetic epistemic-methodological foundations, focusing on the provisions of social realism (R. Collins, N.S. Rozov) and actor-network theory. In accordance with the indicated approaches, the mechanism of genesis and the logic of the existence of ideas in the social space are presented. The specificity and characteristic features of a network society are shown, which also allows its reading as an information model of society. In conclusion, the work outlines the possibilities for further research on the claimed topic.

The malleability of thinking styles over one year

Whether or not styles are malleable is one of the major controversial issues in the field of intellectual styles. Taking thinking styles (one of the intellectual style constructs) as the theoretical basis, the present study aimed at clarifying the issue by examining the change of thinking styles over one year from multiple perspectives. Seven hundred and forty-three university students completed the same questionnaire assessing demographic factors and thinking styles twice with a one-year interval. Results revealed different levels of change and stability in thinking styles in terms of mean-level change, rank-order consistency, individual stability, and ipsative consistency. Research findings indicated that thinking styles are stable state, but still changeable. Implications of the research findings are discussed. Highlights Thinking styles had significant mean-level changes. Thinking styles had strong rank-order consistency. Albeit with small portions, real changes at the individual level did occur. Thinking styles showed remarkable profile consistency. Thinking styles are stable states, not fixed characteristics.

Heads and ‘cultures:’ A. C. Haddon, colonial exploration and the ‘Strickland River’ inscription

ABSTRACT This essay examines how anthropogeographical conceptions become materialized in place names inscribed on human remains. With respect to a type of headhunting artefact designated in museum anthropology as ‘stuffed human heads’, I consider processes of inscription and theorizing accompanying the circulation of stuffed heads between New Guinea and Cambridge. I trace the micro-history of one inscription – ‘Strickland R’ – across interrelated labels, articles, texts, notes, and the head itself, in order to reveal intellectual constructs simultaneously abbreviated and materialized in the human remains. In Papua, stuffed heads were understood as evidence of the geography of headhunting and cannibal customs. In Cambridge, they were framed within anthropologist A. C. Haddon's studies on the anthropogeography of New Guinea. By abbreviating colonial and scientific constructs, the words ‘Strickland R.’ enabled the material ‘stuffed head’ into which they fused to become inextricably linked to the theory and display of ‘culture areas’ in the museum.

Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History by Mona Hassan

Reviewed by: Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History by Mona Hassan John O. Voll Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. By mona hassan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. 408 pp. $45.00 (hardcover). The Caliphate is a set of historical Muslim institutions in specific times and places. The Caliphs were the leaders of the community of Muslim believers following the death of the Prophet Muhammad and the title continued to be used by various rulers in the following centuries. The Caliphate is also a symbol of the ideal Islamic society, especially for Sunni Muslims. Mona Hassan presents a broadly conceived discussion of the relationships between these two [End Page 325] dimensions as they are viewed in the historical memory of Muslims. The core of her analysis is an examination of how Muslims understood the caliphate in the contexts of its absence – in the thirteenth century, when the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad, and in the twentieth century, when the Ottoman caliphate was abolished in 1924 by the new Turkish Republic of Mustafa Kemal Pasa. Hassan argues that "the caliphate signifies a pivotal cultural symbol that Muslims have imbued with different meanings according to their particular social contexts" (p. 19). The continuing power of this symbol, even in the twenty-first century, is shown in the appeal of the "emotive rhetoric of a caliphate" used by militant extremists in the self-proclaimed caliphate of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (p. 254). Narratives of Muslim history commonly present a story of a great Golden Age of the early Caliphates followed by a long decline. Similarly, Ottoman history is commonly presented as a story of a dynamic early empire followed by a long decline. The ending of the caliphates, in this narrative, is seen as a culmination of the decline. However, Hassan argues that the military and political defeats of the Baghdad and Ottoman caliphates did not bring an end to the importance of the concept of the caliphate in Muslim historical memories. A major theme in Hassan's analysis is showing how Muslims understood the loss, so that they could "redefine the caliphate for their times" (p. 2). These efforts often represented significant intellectual dynamism rather than manifestations of a long civilizational decline. Hassan sets the foundations for her analysis in an introduction that provides historical and conceptual contexts for understanding the ways that Muslims have "striven to reconfigure their political and intellectual constructs as a part of a living and dynamic cultural memory" (p.16). The introduction provides summaries of the histories of the caliphates but this is primarily a study of historical memory rather than chronological history. The trauma of the destruction of the caliphate in 1258 inspired a broad spectrum of responses, which are analyzed in chapter one. Poets as well as scholars responded to the events and the cultural memories of those events. The comprehensive nature of Hassan's study is emphasized by her distinctive discussion of popular musical responses which created an "emotive soundscape" (p. 52) in the Muslim collective memory. Following the destruction of Baghdad, the Mamluk military rulers of Egypt established a member of the Abbasid family as caliph in Cairo. The Mamluks worked "to reinvent the Abbasid Caliphate for their times" (p. 67). The common historical narrative as developed by Orientalists such as Bernard Lewis is that these caliphs were "minor [End Page 326] Court pensioners with purely ceremonial duties to perform."1 Hassan, in chapter 2, presents a well-documented, contrasting view: "the Abbasid Caliphate was resurrected in the Mamluk State as a significant religio-political institution" (p. 95). The conceptualizations of the caliphate after the destruction of Baghdad presented in chapter 3 are the product of dynamic intellectual life of Muslim scholars in the Mamluk era like Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Khaldun and others. Again, as with the Mamluk Caliphate, the picture presented by Hassan counters the old narrative of Muslim decline. The end of the Ottoman Empire following World War I is usually viewed through the lens of the creation of the Kemalist Turkish Republic and triumph of Turkish nationalism. However, Hassan shows in chapter 4 that even among nationalists there was eloquent...

Universities of the Russian Empire in Autobiographies of Historians in the 19th – early 20th Centuries: “Events”, “Actors”, “Stories”

The paper provides an analysis of the 19th – early 20th centuries autobiographies by I. Snehyrov, N. Ustrialov, S. Soloviov, K. Bestuzhev-Riumyn, M. Maksymovych, N. Kostomarov, V. Antonovych, M. Drahomanov, V. Semevskyi, etc. Such concepts as «life events», «actors», «stories» act as key notions of the research. This research focuses on the «event» saturation at various stages and different spheres of the university life of memoirists, as well as the peculiarities of interpretation and presentation of the corresponding «events». Particular attention is paid to the analysis of «stories», which are a complete narration and give some «events» the status of «key» or «turning». In addition, the paper analyzes the circle of communication of memoirists (so-called «significant others»), which allows to talk about the relationships in the system «teacher – student», «client – patron», etc. Understanding autobiographical texts as cultural and intellectual constructs influenced by a lot of factors (cultural and historiographic tradition, life experience of a memoirist, etc.), makes it possible to understand more deeply not only the individual «life path» of the university historian, but also the phenomenon of the university as a whole. In particular, the appearance in the autobiographies of historians of the younger generation of reflections on their current system of education, attempts to understand the moral code of «university person», the emphasis on the recognition of their scientific achievements by their colleagues. This is what indicates the beginning of the formation process of a professional community and awareness of the university values.

Конструювання української ідентичності: виклики комеморації

The article deals with the cultural and philosophical analysis of national identity concept in the context of the "tradition invention". During the formation of collective identity, there is a reason to believe that the "invention" of the corresponding time of tradition is one of the main ways of overcoming stereotypes and practices that are considered obsolete and do not correspond to the functions assigned to them – society consolidation. Ideas, symbols and "places of memory", that receive new meaningful content, contribute to the destruction of those social models that were supported by the old tradition, destroying it itself. In this context, the notion of commemoration becomes important, which appears an effective tool for the formation of a collective identity and a means of preserving historical memory. The main goal of the article is to identify the fundamentals of national identity in its close relationship with tradition and informal memory, as well as to formulate the notion of commemoration as an effective instrument for the formation of collective identity. Furthermore, alongside with the need for a civilization definition, an important role in the process of "inventing the tradition" and the design of collective memory is widely declared as a desire to "break up" with the Soviet totalitarian past. The Soviet legacy is deeply rooted in Ukrainian socio-cultural and political life, and the inherent manipulative strategies, values and practices are an effective means of competition of political elites in the struggle for their own capital. The mechanical return to the intellectual constructs of the pre-Soviet period is not in last place, since they were based on "objective signs" of ethnic identification, which, in a multi-ethnic Ukrainian society, lacked sufficient symbolic capital to consolidate society. The analyzed researches testify to the fact that taking rejection of ethnic or communist myths should be accompanied by the creation of a constructive program of the Ukrainian future.