Intellectual Challenge Research Articles

Copyright Issues in Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Examination from the Perspectives of Subject and Object

In the era of rapid technological advancement, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various domains. However, this widespread integration of AI technology has given rise to complex intellectual property challenges, particularly in the realm of copyright. This paper explores the intricate landscape of AI copyright issues, addressing disputes related to training data, the copyright status of AI entities, and ownership attribution for creative works generated by AI. From an object perspective, AI-generated creations undeniably meet the requirements of originality and merit copyright protection, irrespective of civil law or common law frameworks. However, from a subject perspective, the legal recognition of independent copyright status for AI is currently lacking in most jurisdictions. Consequently, it is argued that the relationship between AI and its human operator should be legally characterized as a tool-based association, essential for addressing ownership concerns regarding AI-generated works. Furthermore, AI gives rise to novel copyright infringement quandaries, such as data utilization and incorporation of copyrighted works, presenting challenges in definition and enforcement within existing legal frameworks. Thus, there is a pressing need to refine and enhance relevant laws to adequately address these emerging challenges. As AI technology continues to progress, the copyright conundrums associated with it are poised to evolve, necessitating profound and extensive discourse within the realms of law and intellectual property.

Improving The Gross Motor Skills Of Mentally Retarded Children Through Rhythmic Brain Gym Activities

This study aims to identify and describe the influence of Brain Gym or brain exercises to increase gross motor skills and fine motor mental reterdation category were aged 4 years to 6 years. In this study, the sample were students in kindergarten SLB Muhammadiyah Jombang. This study was conducted in 10 meetings for each child. Each child will be given the treatment in the form of brain exercise, starting from the lateral dimension, focusing dimension and the dimension of convergence. Tests performed every time the student has finished the movement brain gymnastics. This is done so that the results of tests that are obtained more accurately. Mental reterdation characteristics that have limitations in considering would negatively affect the test results. Tests for gross motor movement and fine motor movement using DDST test format. DDST contains procedures for conducting tests and evaluation of test results. For the tests of gross motor movement and fine motor movement there are three assessment criteria, namely failed, refused and passed. At the beginning of the meeting five tests carried out many items in the category of students failed and refused. This is caused by the adaptation of students in recognizing the new environment and the movement of brain exercises that they have never done before. At the end of the five meetings that the number of test items in the category refuse and fail to decline, it is because the students have started to adapt and understand instructions, instructions were given to them. Overall improvement of the results of tests on five initial meeting and five final meeting for categories of pass is 33.8%. Based on this research exercise influence Brain Gym on the development of gross motor movement and fine motor skills of children with intellectual challenges, it can be argued conclusions in this study are: Gymnastics Therapy Brain (Brain Gym) have an influence on the development of gross motor movement and fine motor movement for mental reterdation midle category were aged 4 years to 6 years.

Analysing Theoretical Models for Predicting Employee Attrition: A Comparative Study in the FMCG Sector


 Employee attrition—the voluntary or involuntary departure of employees—causes business problems. Increasing attrition can hurt productivity, knowledge retention, and financial performance. This study compares the Herzberg Theory, Employee Equity Model, Expectancy Theory, and Job Embeddedness Theory to discover the best turnover predictor in FMCG. 53 FMCG workers completed a questionnaire survey for the study. The participants' opinions on the company, career objectives, employment engagement, and happiness were valuable. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality testing, and correlation analyses to determine which theoretical model better described FMCG turnover. Career problems were a fundamental cause of employee turnover. Many respondents seek more challenging and career-focused workplace positions. Many workers felt their jobs offered neither intellectual challenge nor professional progress. Attrition concerns increased due to a heavy workload and project deadlines. Most workers were satisfied with their salaries and non-cash benefits, suggesting that financial incentives did not drive attrition. Employees were proud of their company and communicated well with management. Comparing theoretical models, the Herzberg Theory, which prioritizes career growth and job happiness, predicted FMCG turnover the greatest. Model of Employee Equity and Expectations The Job Embeddedness Theory helped explain attrition dynamics but did not match attrition patterns. FMCG and other knowledge-intensive companies can use our findings to reduce personnel churn. Career development, job enrichment, and intellectually stimulating workplaces can boost employee retention.

An education in educational technology

“Educational technology” is a perfectly serviceable name for a field of research and development that is of practical importance and in which interesting intellectual challenges can be found. Stick with it.

Mycoviruses: Antagonistic Potential, Fungal Pathogenesis, and Their Interaction with Rhizoctonia solani.

Mycoviruses, or fungal viruses, are prevalent in all significant fungal kingdoms and genera. These low-virulence viruses can be used as biocontrol agents to manage fungal diseases. These viruses are divided into 19 officially recognized families and 1 unclassified genus. Mycoviruses alter sexual reproduction, pigmentation, and development. Spores and fungal hypha spread mycoviruses. Isometric particles mostly encapsulate dsRNA mycoviruses. The widespread plant-pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which has caused a rice sheath blight, has hosted many viruses with different morphologies. It causes significant crop diseases that adversely affect agriculture and the economy. Rice sheath blight threatens the 40% of the global population that relies on rice for food and nutrition. This article reviews mycovirology research on Rhizoctonia solani to demonstrate scientific advances. Mycoviruses control rice sheath blight. Hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses are needed to control R. solani since no cultivars are resistant. Mycoviruses are usually cryptic, but they can benefit the host fungus. Phytopathologists may use hypovirulent viruses as biological control agents. New tools are being developed based on host genome studies to overcome the intellectual challenge of comprehending the interactions between viruses and fungi and the practical challenge of influencing these interactions to develop biocontrol agents against significant plant pathogens.

Strategy for confronting intellectual challenges from an Islamic perspective

"Society today faces great challenges and dangerous phenomena that have often led to the loss of its cohesion and the dispersion and loss of its children on several levels, including the faith, psychological, intellectual and scientific levels, including those related to values and morals..., especially as the world is witnessing successive changes, carrying multi-directional ideas. Its owners are willing to publish it in light of the digital transformation that depends on advanced media such as the Internet and satellite channels, especially since the Islamic community is at the forefront of those targeted.

Factors influencing public perceptions of child neglect: A mixed methods study

BackgroundMore than 1 in 5 children experience neglect, exposing them to several adverse consequences. Children with intellectual disability experience additional neglect related challenges. Public perceptions significantly influence the identification, intervention, and prevention of child neglect. ObjectiveThis study applied a mixed methods approach exploring public perceptions of four subtypes of child neglect (lack of supervision, failure to provide, emotional, and educational neglect), associations with key demographic factors (age, gender, parental status, and contact with people with intellectual disability), and victim-survivor intellectual disability. Participants and SettingThe final sample of 399 Australian participants (48.87% female, M = 38.93 years, SD = 12.72 years) completed an online questionnaire and were recruited via Prolific. MethodsParticipants rated 10 potential neglect scenarios on the degree of neglect severity, perpetrator and victim-survivor responsibility, likelihood of victim-survivor mental and physical health outcomes, and perpetrator intention. Five-short answer questions allowed for elaboration of participant perspectives. ResultsMultiple Factorial Analysis of Variance found that the child’s intellectual disability had no bearing on perceptions of neglect, but participant gender was influential with women rating neglect as more severe than men. Lack of supervision was rated the most severe subtype of neglect and lack of providing as the least. Qualitative responses described the context of neglect as important. ConclusionsThe public may understand neglect as abhorrent irrespective of whether the child has intellectual disability and may be less recognizable to men than women. The public tends to consider the families financial situation when evaluating neglectful situations.

Book Censorship in the United States: A Government Documents Story

In recent years, book bans and censorship have been serious topics of conversation in the United States. The American Library Association has been compiling data regarding censorship in libraries for more than twenty years. An announcement on March 22nd, 2023, reported 1,269 book censorship demands in 2022, the highest number yet recorded.According to the announcement, this data is compiled through reports given to ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom and challenges covered in the press. However, many censorship attempts are not reported, so this annual data is an incomplete overview of yearly trends. “Challenge” is defined as a complaint or attempt at removal; some challenges are resolved without removing the item from collections, while others do result in restriction or removal. Despite continual reports of challenges, ALA finds that most Americans are against book censorship and believe librarians make good decisions when building collections.

Remarkable anecdotes illustrating the nature and effect of seizure-precipitating factors in Border Collies with idiopathic epilepsy.

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological syndromes in dogs and has serious implications for the quality of life of both the dogs and owners. Seizure-precipitating factors (SPFs) (also termed "triggers" or "provocative factors") have been studied and reported in both humans and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. In dogs stress, hormones, sleep deprivation, and the weather have been reported as SPFs. The Border Collie (BC) is a breed of dog that is predisposed to idiopathic epilepsy, and the outcome is often poor. BC is described as a very sensitive dog with a strong focus on their owners, and this may have an influence on their and their owners' stress level. In this article, we described six unrelated BCs with idiopathic epilepsy in which several remarkable SPFs were identified, and avoiding them improved the outcome of these dogs. The possible SPFs were different for each dog. The SPFs were, among others, the other dog in the family, the lack of intellectual challenge, the presence of an autistic child, a busy street, the relation with the owner, and throwing a ball at the beach. These cases illustrate that recognizing the SPF(s) and taking measures with regard to management can lead to a reduction in epileptic seizure frequency or even achieving seizure freedom.

قرون وسطیٰ میں فکری تحدیات اور مسلم مفکرین کا فہمِ نص

Epistemology of Western Civilization is famous all over the world. Sense and intellect have preference in sources of knowledge over revelation. In the result the position of the Prophets had forbidden. Western Scholars and Thinkers have honor and well respected. A large number of people are inspiring them. The waves of Secularism and Atheism have increased due to it. It is need of the hour that Muslim Thinkers increase their efforts for the comprehension of Quranic Text. It is much important in contemporary intellectual challenges. This article encourages the Muslims that Islam had also faced challenges in the middle ages, similar to the above mentioned. Muslim Philosophers, Scholars and Intellectuals solved all problems. They were well known of Texts. Their efforts to understanding the text lead us today. It is a narrative study of their intellectual efforts told by the modern historians. Problem of both eras are examined and solution is made through it.

Barriers to Community Participation for Adults Aging With an Intellectual Disability in Ireland: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract Social inclusion is associated with better health and quality of life. Community participation is essential to inclusion and is an established human right. However, people with intellectual disability experience limitations and challenges to their participation. This study examined difficulties older Irish adults had participating in community. A sample of 609 individuals was followed over a six-year period to explore rates of difficulty experienced and associated factors. The proportion reporting the difficulties measured increased over time. Aging was associated with increased difficulty participating in community but was just one of multiple factors. Contrary to policy, more adults with intellectual disability may face exclusion from community as they age. More person-centered supports are needed to address individual needs to better support inclusion.

‘Islamic Epistemology’ in a Modern Context: Anatomy of an Evolving Debate

ABSTRACT This paper critically analyses how Islamization of Knowledge (IOK), Radical Reform (RR), and Maqasid Methodology (MM), three distinct Islamic intellectual projects, attempted to develop discourses of Islamic epistemology in facing contemporary developments of natural and social sciences. Mainly, the paper focuses on similarities, differences, and potential contributions of all three projects respectively. Initially, this paper observes that IOK, RR, and MM have solid agreements among themselves in defining the core crisis of the modern Islamic intellectual tradition, as well as in highlighting the importance of inclusion of Islamic primary sources and its normative guidance in the process of reorienting modern knowledge. Equally, each of those projects presents itself as a new reflection of Islamic primary texts considering current intellectual challenges. Nevertheless, this paper further finds that all three projects have deep disagreements among themselves in terms of defining the scope of epistemic authority of revelation, reason, and spirituality and thereby offer three different visions of Islamic epistemic schema in facing modern knowledge. Finally, this paper reflects how these differences could potentially impact visions of an alternative education system from an Islamic worldview.

The Role of Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Protection in Investment in China and Southeast Asia

This article aims to explore the relationship and impact of technology transfer and intellectual property protection in Chinese investment within Southeast Asia. Against the backdrop of increasing globalization and cross-border collaboration, technology transfer has gained significant attention as a crucial means to promote innovation and international investment. However, the issue of intellectual property protection in the process of technology transfer has also raised widespread concerns. This study first provides an overview of the relevant theories and concepts related to technology transfer and intellectual property protection. Subsequently, it focuses on analyzing the challenges and opportunities faced by Chinese companies in their investments in Southeast Asia. Factors such as cultural differences, legal environments, and the uncertainty of intellectual property protection pose challenges to technology transfer. Nonetheless, technology transfer also presents opportunities for Chinese companies, including entry into new markets, accelerated innovation cycles, and enhanced competitiveness. In order to address challenges and leverage opportunities, companies need to formulate effective intellectual property protection strategies, underscore the importance of contracts and agreements, and strengthen international collaboration and cooperative innovation. Furthermore, the study points out in its future outlook that intelligent technology transfer and digital platforms will shape future developments. Exploration in emerging technological domains will bring forth new possibilities for technological collaboration. Governments play a pivotal role in this landscape, requiring strengthened establishment and enforcement of laws and regulations, promotion of talent development and exchange, and the advancement of sustainable development and social responsibility. Through the exploration of these issues, this research aims to provide valuable insights for the field of technology transfer and intellectual property protection, fostering the development of cross-border collaboration and innovation.

Multisensory Stimulation Reverses Memory Impairment in Adrβ3KO Male Mice.

Norepinephrine plays an important role in modulating memory through its beta-adrenergic receptors (Adrβ: β1, β2 and β3). Here, we hypothesized that multisensory stimulation would reverse memory impairment caused by the inactivation of Adrβ3 (Adrβ3KO) with consequent inhibition of sustained glial-mediated inflammation. To test this, 21- and 86-day-old Adrβ3KO mice were exposed to an 8-week multisensory stimulation (MS) protocol that comprised gustatory and olfactory stimuli of positive and negative valence; intellectual challenges to reach food; the use of hidden objects; and the presentation of food in ways that prompted foraging, which was followed by analysis of GFAP, Iba-1 and EAAT2 protein expression in the hippocampus (HC) and amygdala (AMY). The MS protocol reduced GFAP and Iba-1 expression in the HC of young mice but not in older mice. While this protocol restored memory impairment when applied to Adrβ3KO animals immediately after weaning, it had no effect when applied to adult animals. In fact, we observed that aging worsened the memory of Adrβ3KO mice. In the AMY of Adrβ3KO older mice, we observed an increase in GFAP and EAAT2 expression when compared to wild-type (WT) mice that MS was unable to reduce. These results suggest that a richer and more diverse environment helps to correct memory impairment when applied immediately after weaning in Adrβ3KO animals and indicates that the control of neuroinflammation mediates this response.

Soft Skills Training Program as a Moderator on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Channel Performance

This study focuses on soft skills training program whereby soft skills refer to a person's ability to relate with others as well as with one's own self (Nayak, 2014). Soft skills are often studied and discussed compared to hard skills of an individual to resolve some technical problem or liaise with intellectual challenges based on their knowledge and ability. The purpose of this paper is to explore the moderating effects of soft skills training program on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking) and channel performance. Soft skills training programs can have a positive impact on entrepreneurship and help to increase channel performance in a number of ways. The methodology of the study was guided most generally by positivist research in using precise, objective measures and is usually associated with quantitative data (Cavana, Delahaye, & Sekaran, 2000). A sample of 320 top-ranked MLM sales agents across the Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) industry in Malaysia was selected to participate in this structured questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis is used to test the moderating effect of soft skills training program on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and channel performance. The findings showed that soft skills training program moderates each of these relationships, which are proactiveness and innovativeness, whereas risk-taking showed the negative impact on channel performance with a moderator effect. This study gives new exploration in MLM industry of Malaysia whereby soft skills training program as a moderator delivers some significant relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and channel performance.

Bioethics: Shaping Medical Practice and Taking Diversity Seriously

AbstractBioethics functions within a world of deep moral pluralism; a universe of discourse debating ethical analysis, public policy, and clinical practice in which a common, generally accepted morality does not exist. While religious thinkers are often approached within a hermeneutic of suspicion for assuming moral standards that cannot be justified in rational terms, secular bioethicists routinely find themselves in exactly the same intellectual predicament. That ethical theory, proposed values, or normative content is secular, that it does not invoke God or any particular religious perspective, does not mean that it is rationally grounded, necessarily true, or universally binding. As the authors in this issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy make clear, this normative reality directly impacts debates regarding concepts of health, illness, and disease, accounts of socially acceptable health-risky behaviors, and the political frameworks that shape public policy. As a result, honest discussion of diverse moral, religious, and political perspectives remains essential in clarifying the intellectual challenges, ethical intuitions, and ideological judgments that shape clinical practice and healthcare policy. Depending on which moral, political, or scientific concepts are guiding bioethical analysis, careful scrutiny will tend to support rather different policies and practices, each of which is likely to be worth careful consideration.

Information seeking behavior of medical students in Sri Lanka

Information seeking behavior involves identifying needs, searching approaches and the use of information. This study aims to explore the information seeking behavior of medical students in Sri Lanka. A qualitative study, using focus group discussions, was conducted with 85 final year medical students of four universities in Sri Lanka. 47 of the participants were males and their average age was 26 years. All focus group discussions were audio-recorded and the records were transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis of content was carried out. The themes identified varied from conceptualization of information seeking behaviour to needs, strategies, barriers, and facilitators. Students use limited sources of information in classroom-based learning and they confine mainly to material provided by teachers, i.e., teacher-directed behavior. This was primarily driven by exam orientation and the belief about in learning. They seek information from external sources, e.g., internet, while they learn in the clinical environment, i.e., self-directed behaviour, as they face more uncertainty in such settings. Web sources used ranged from informal, e.g., Wikipedia, to standard, e.g., PubMed, sources. Although the participants were millennials some tend to prefer printed material which gives them a higher sense of ‘confidence’. The role of a traditional library seems to be of weaning off with smartphones and tablets gaining popularity . The primary orientation of information seeking is academic needs. Learning environment and its level of intellectual challenge sophisticates the process; teachers and teaching play a vital role in widening the scope of information seeking.

Students with Intellectual Disabilities' Challenges in Online Classes Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic

Students with Intellectual Disabilities' Challenges in Online Classes Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic

Students with Intellectual Disabilities' Challenges in Online Classes Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic

Students with Intellectual Disabilities' Challenges in Online Classes Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic

At What Cost? : Missouri Librarians and the Struggle for Intellectual Freedom

ABSTRACT Book challenges have a profound impact on communities, but what about the effect these challenges have on librarians? Our pragmatic hybrid approach based on narrative and grounded theory documents librarian perspectives and forms the basis for a broader future investigation of how intellectual freedom work impacts librarians. Interviews with five Missouri public librarians derived from a purposive sample were conducted and addressed through open and axial coding processes. The results include a code book with six major themes and 59 individual child codes, as well as a collection of compelling narratives. The negative impact intellectual freedom challenges have on public librarians is clear. Participants underscore their commitment to the ethics and norms of professional librarianship, but also emphasize the need for more timely support from national organizations and local political structures and the importance of educating governing bodies on the centrality of intellectual freedom to the mission of libraries.