Integrative Motivation Research Articles

Motivation and English Language Learning: Students’ Perspectives

This study investigates university students’ motivation for learning English language in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The region is a foreign language learning context because English language learners almost entirely learn the language inside the classroom and without regular exposure to the English language outside. Besides English language centers, English Department in private universities is one of the most wanted departments in the region. However, we do not know students’ motivation for their choice. Therefore, a questionnaire was administered to 106 students from English department in a private university with the intention to obtain knowledge about their motivation for learning the English language and more specifically whether it is integrative and/or instrumental motivation. The study found that the level of students’ integrative motivation was different from instrumental motivation. This finding can be used by educators and university lecturers to embed motivation constructs in their teaching practices to keep the students motivated throughout their college years and have the desired outcome in the end.

Investigating the role of social inhibition in enduring involvement in online synchronous exercise classes: A use and gratification perspective

With the advancement of communication technology, online synchronous exercise courses become more common in recent years due to their ability to transcend time and space. Based on uses and gratifications theory (U&G), this study proposes a conceptual model for online synchronized exercise classes and examines the relationships among social inhibition, motivation, satisfaction, and continued involvement. After 322 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed by partial least squares (PLS), this study confirmed the significant positive effects of hedonic, identified, and integrative motivation on online synchronous exercise satisfaction and the significant negative effect of social inhibition on online synchronous exercise satisfaction. Moreover, online synchronous exercise satisfaction has a positive effect on enduring involvement. This study not only contributes by extending the application of U&G theory to dynamic online synchronized exercise and addressing the interaction and pressure of online users in cyberspace but also provides novel marketing strategies for fitness and sports organizations.

An Analysis of the Motivation in Learning English as a Foreign Language of Senior High School Students

Motivation is an element that affects a student's ability to learn. There are two different kinds of motivation: integrative and instrumental. Instrumental motivation moves learners to learn a language because of positive attitudes toward the target language, culture, community, way of life, literature, etc. Integrative motivation drives individuals to learn a language for practical reasons. This study aimed to determine the motivation for learning English as a foreign language among 12th-grade senior high school students and the factors that influence the students' motivation to learn English. The type of research used was a mixed method sequential explanatory model by conducting quantitative research first, followed by qualitative data collection. To collect the quantitative data, the researcher used questionnaires. Meanwhile, to manage the qualitative data, the researcher conducts semi-structured interviews. The result of the study shows that it was found that 12th-grade high school students have both integrative and instrumental motivation. Then, four factors influence the student's motivation, namely: the teacher, the method of teaching, which refers to the way that students are taught, the Atmosphere in class, and success in learning.

Investigating the Educational and Social Factors Affecting Saudi EFL Learners' Attitudes toward Learning English

This study aims to investigate the attitude of Saudi EFL learners toward learning English as a foreign language, their motivation, and contextual and surrounding factors affecting their attitudes positively or negatively. Out of the population that comprises students studying in levels 1 & and 2 of the graduate programs at Business College, PSAU, 216 EFL learners of Saudi Arabia were selected through a simple random sampling method. A self-designed questionnaire with partial adoption of modified items from existing studies was sent to the students to collect their responses. The quantitative approach (descriptive quantitative design) revealed that Saudi EFL students typically exhibited a high level of positivity toward English as a foreign language, and they demonstrated a high level of instrumental motivation but a lower level of integrative motivation toward English. The use of Spolsky’s (1969) and Gardner’s (1985) Second Language Learning Model and Second Language Acquisition theories respectively revealed that certain educational and social factors (e.g., English learning situation, language teachers, and parents) had an advantageous effect on Saudi EFL learners. In the same way, different social and educational factors, such as peer groups, educational settings, and educational environments, have been found negatively impacting learners' motivation and their desire to speak or learn the language. The study implies that the factors (learning physical environment, teaching material, peer groups) affecting the learners’ attitude negatively should be improved. The study would be beneficial to instructors and students in understanding the elements that impede language acquisition and assist them in attaining outstanding and effective English skills.

Motivation in learning english as foreign language: How Do santri view them?

This study aimed to students' integrative and instrumental orientations and focuses on knowing the motivation of santri in learning foreign languages at LPBA Nurul Jadid. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The writers used questionnaire and interview as instruments to collect the data. The writers adapted the questionnaire from Gardner’s Attitude, Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) with the integrative and instrumental Scales. The respondents of this study were elementary, intermediate and Advanced level of Lpba nurul jadid student. There were all 90 students. The findings describe that the questionnaire results reveal a consistent trend of disagreement among participants regarding integrative motivation. In contrast, instrumental motivation receives a predominantly positive response. Interviews with representative santris provide additional depth to the findings. The recognition of English as a global language and its practical utility emerges as a significant driving force. Santris express a preference for interactive and enjoyable learning methods, such as games, highlighting the importance of engaging instructional approaches. The results of this study concluded that while challenges exist, the positive reception of instrumental motivation suggests opportunities for educators to leverage practical and utility-focused approaches in English language instruction.

The Panic of 2008 and Brexit: Regional Integration versus Nationalism

In June 23, 2016, voters in the United Kingdom have just approved a referendum calling for leaving the European Union. The case describes the motives for European integration, the rise of separatist movements in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and the referendum process itself.The purpose of this case is to provide a contemporary counterpoint to a discussion of the economic and political motivations for the American Civil War. Dominant themes highlighted here are economic nationalism, political nationalism, cultural centrism and ethnocentrism, and populism.

The relationship between Instrumental and Integrative Motivation on the Students’ Writing Ability

The question of which motivation is more prevalent among learners has been heavily debated. This study aimed to determine the link between instrumental and integrative motivation and learners' writing performance. The participants were 75 L2 students from one of Palangka Raya's Islamic Institutes. The data were gathered via a questionnaire and writing. Normality, linearity, multicollinearity, elasticity, and autocorrelation were also calculated as assumption tests. Multiple linear regression was used in the analysis. The findings revealed that instrumental motivation (x2) contributed 70.15% to writing performance, while integrative motivation (x1) contributed 17.03%. The effective contribution was 87.00% in total. The r-square value was also 0.87. Instrumental (x1) and integrative (x2) motivations accounted for 87.00% of the variance in writing performance (y). Overall, motivation was found to significantly impact learners' writing performance (F= 244.87, p = 0.00). This indicated that learners with high instrumental and integrative motivation tend to perform well in writing. This meant that both motivation and writing performance were major predictors of learner performance. In L2 writing, instrumental motivation contributed more than integrative motivation. It was advised that lecturers provide more integrative incentives during the writing class learning process.

Students’ Integrative and Instrumental Motivation for Learning English as a Second Language

Objective: This research investigates the influence of integrative and instrumental motivations on English Language Learning (ELL) among students in private educational institutions within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It aims to discern which type of motivation—integrative or instrumental—exerts a greater impact on second language acquisition. Method: A quantitative research methodology was employed, utilizing a 44-item questionnaire adapted from the Motivation Test Battery. The study sample consisted of 101 English as a Second Language (ESL) students. Statistical tools such as regression analysis and correlation coefficients were used to analyse the data, providing insights into the relationships between motivational types and language acquisition success. Results and Discussion: The study revealed a positive correlation between both integrative and instrumental motivations and ELL. Notably, integrative motivation had a more substantial influence on the ESL outcomes compared to instrumental motivation. These results underline the complexity of motivational impacts on language learning, with integrative motivation playing a pivotal role. Research Implications: The findings suggest that educational strategies that enhance integrative motivation could be more effective in promoting successful language learning. This could involve fostering a deeper connection with the language community and culture, thereby enriching the educational experience and outcomes for ESL learners. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by focusing on the comparative impacts of integrative and instrumental motivations in the context of the UAE—a region where such studies are seldom conducted. The insights regarding the predominant influence of integrative motivation add a valuable dimension to the global discourse on second language acquisition, especially in multilingual and multicultural learning environments.

A Review of a Malaysian Public University Students’ Motivational Behaviour in Learning a Foreign Language

A Review of a Malaysian Public University Students’ Motivational Behaviour in Learning a Foreign Language

HERITAGE LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN RELATION TO EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT, MOTIVATIONS AND ATTITUDES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALAYSIAN CHINESE (MAHUA)

Emotional attachment (EA) to the community's language reshapes speakers' identities and aids in maintaining that language in most immigrant societies. Language also serves the social purpose of identifying identity characteristics and significantly impacts social identity development. However, more research is still needed on how Chinese Heritage Language Learners (CHLLs) form their identities, particularly when examining the relationship between this identity construction and language learning (Zhou, 2016). Therefore, this study uses a quantitative approach to explore the correlations between EA and CHLL's motivation and attitudes and the Malaysian CHLL's Chinese language proficiency (CLP) in relation to EA, motivations and attitudes. It also draws on the Chinese Identity Theory (Wang, 1985) and Gardner and Lambert's (1972) psychosocial model. The study found that participants in Malaysian public and private secondary schools showed high CLP in listening, speaking, and reading (over 80%), relatively low scores in writing (around 77%) and positive attitudes toward learning Chinese, high integrative motivation, and low CHL classroom anxiety, according to the study; the distinction is that, while Chinese cultural identity and attitudes toward Malaysian Chinese are thought to be the best predictors of CLP for the public school group, traditional Chinese dress, eating, housing, and transportation are considered to be the best predictors of CLP for the private school group.

ASASIpintar Student’s Attitude and Level of Motivation Towards ESL (English as A Second Language) Class

This study is conducted to find out the attitude and motivation of ASASIpintar students in learning English as a second language. The research problem is whether there is an attitudinal problem in learning English as a second language. If there is, suggestions need to be suggested to overcome this problem. The number of participants involved in this study is 100 participants. In this study, there are three objectives which is to a) find out the correlation between attitude of ASASIpintar students and their grades, b) find out which aspect has the highest correlation to attitude in ASASIpintar students, and c) to determine which level of motivation ASASIpintar students have higher towards learning English as a second language. The research question will be what is the main aspect of an attitude of an ASASIpintar student? Also another question would be are students more motivated to study English as a second language instrumentally or integrative in ASASIpintar. The assumption made in this study is that attitude is positively correlated to the grades obtained and instrumental motivation is higher than integrative motivation. However, the model of this study is conducted on special and talented ASASIpintar students thus the results obtained differ from past researches

Students' Interest in Learning English at Iain Syekh Nurjati Cirebon: Study of Instrumental and Integrative Motivation

Motivation is vital for learning and mastering a language. Motivation related to second language learning is integrative and instrumental motivation. This research aims to describe students’ interest in learning English from the terms instrumental and integrative motivation. The research design is quantitative descriptive. The information obtained is interpreted as tables, diagrams and sentences. The research location is at the IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon campus for the odd academic year 2023-2024. The sample size was 100 students studying English using simple random sampling techniques. Data collection tools are questionnaires related to instrumental and integrative motivation, with 20 statements. The results show that integrative motivation is higher than instrumental motivation for various reasons. The instrumental motivation of students' desire to study English leads to the conclusion that their motivation is tied to their employment, future profession, and education. Regarding integration motivation, they recognized that English is a crucial language for worldwide communication. They are also eager to visit English-speaking countries, engage with native speakers, and utilize English with English-speaking friends or acquaintances. The majority of students learn English because of integrative motivation.

Exploring Nuances in Second Language Acquisition: An Error Analysis Perspective

This study employs error analysis as a pivotal lens to scrutinize the intricacies of second language learning, emphasizing the unique accents manifested through learners’ mistakes. Departing from the confines of contrastive analysis, the research aims to illuminate the processes of acquiring a second language. Key facets of language acquisition, including transfer, interference, and the fossilization process, are investigated to provide insights into the development of learners’ interlanguage. The study conducts a comparative analysis of early and late language learning, emphasizing the impact of cognitive, psychological, and social factors on the learning trajectory. Motivational influences, encompassing instrumental and integrative motives, are explored in connection to their effects on learning outcomes. This research not only contributes to a deeper understanding of error patterns in second language acquisition but also advocates for methodologies that surpass the constraints of contrastive analysis, offering potential avenues for more effective language learning strategies.

Motivation and attitude of English language learning among nursing students

Background: Proficiency in speaking English is an individual's ability to convey thoughts and desires verbally to anyone. However, it can be challenging to develop this skill without continuous self-training. One effective approach is through peer or classmate interactions, as well as guidance from English language instructors. Numerous factors influence the success of students in learning English, and motivation and attitude are crucial aspects needed by nursing students to master the language.Purpose: To identify the description of motivation and attitude among nursing students in learning English, providing input for learning achievement targets for English courses and the most suitable learning methods to enhance the language skills of nursing students at Murni Teguh University.Method: A quantitative research method with a descriptive design was employed. The total sampling technique was used, and 157 respondents willingly filled out the questionnaire from a total population of 167 individuals. Instruments for measuring motivation and attitude were adopted from previous studies with established validity. Data analysis utilized Univariate data analysis.Results: Instrumental motivation among respondents (90.5%) was higher than integrative motivation (88.9%). The majority of respondents had high motivation at 89.6%. Meanwhile, most respondents exhibited good attitudes at 41.2%, followed by fairly good attitudes at 36.4%, and poor attitudes at 22.4%.Conclusion: Nursing students at Murni Teguh University demonstrate high motivation and positive attitudes toward learning English. However, this does not align with the English language proficiency of the respondents.Suggestion: It is highly recommended for future researchers to include additional variables such as interest in learning, self-concept, self-efficacy, the cause-and-effect correlation between each researched variable in English language learning, and the use of effective English teaching methods to enhance the English language proficiency of nursing students.

Exploring instrumental and integrative motivation in ESL learners of primary schools in Abu Dhabi, UAE

ESL learners are often motivated to learn English as a second language either through integrative or instrumental motivation. The purpose of this paper was to explore the type of motivation (instrumental or integrative) that impacted English language learning as well as the factors that impacted learners’ motivation. The qualitative method was adopted to conduct this research at a private school in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 12 students aged eight to 10 years old backed up by naturalistic observations. The questions of the interviews used Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). SPSS software was used to analyze the collected data. The main findings showed that students were highly motivated to learn English as a second language. Students’ sense of responsibility and student-teacher relationships played the most crucial role in impacting students’ motivation. The study identified its limitations and implications for future research and recommended to study the effect of technology integration on the level of motivation.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ІНСТИТУЦІЙНА АДАПТАЦІЯ АГРАРНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА ДО ЗАСАД ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ЗЕЛЕНОГО КУРСУ В УМОВАХ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The priority directions for ensuring the organizational and institutional adaptation of agrarian entrepreneurship in Ukraine to EU requirements regarding the implementation of the European Green Course roadmap are characterized. It has been proven that the transition to a "green" course aims to introduce the best global practices that can be used in the Ukrainian agricultural sector. Proposals are outlined regarding the need to draw attention to the development of sectors of the "green" economy and the need to form an appropriate industry policy that organizationally and institutionally corresponds to the motives of international economic integration. The concept of the mechanism of the transition of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine to the conditions of the European Green Course is generalized. The article examines the problems faced by subjects of agrarian entrepreneurship on the path of transforming the economy to the conditions of globalization. It has been highlighted that the use of green technologies will help increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises both during the war and after its end. The results of the survey on the annual assessment of the progress of companies in meeting their commitments on climate change were developed, which allowed to assess how they are meeting their commitments, where they face difficulties and what can be done to further improve the transition to the European Green Course. Institutional features in the EU countries are outlined, which vary not only between the countries themselves, but also within them, depending on the level of development and mechanisms for protecting the agricultural sector. It has been proven that the "green" economy aims to alter incentives within the economic system so that public and private investments take into account all the costs and benefits they generate. This will contribute to the redistribution of human and financial capital to improve people's well-being and promote sustainable development. The results of the study show that the adaptation of agrarian entrepreneurship to the conditions of the European Green Course should be consistent with a clear regulatory policy of the state, providing new information about critical processes that can affect practical efforts to reform policies to create a "green" economy.

The Role of Smart Technologies in Maintaining Students’ Motivation to Learn Foreign Languages

The paper aims to study and analyse smart technologies’ impact on students’ motivation to learn foreign languages. The testing method (SLAM), the interview method, the method of expert evaluations, the t-test, factor analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient were used. The control group mainly shows instrumental motivation based on the need to learn the language to solve practical tasks, such as professional activities or travel. The experimental group shows an integrative motivation to learn the language to understand the cultural context and communicate with native speakers. It was established that smart technologies significantly increase overall academic productivity, promote easier assimilation of educational material, and enhance interest in learning a foreign language.

Academic success in English Medium Instruction programmes in Turkey: Exploring the effect of gender, motivation, and English language proficiency

This article reports a mixed methods study that investigated the influence of gender, English language proficiency, and general motivation (Instrumental and Integrative) on academic achievement in English Medium Instruction in Turkey. Student test scores on their EMI Business Administration courses (n=143) and a general English proficiency (GEP) test were collected from second-year students. Students also filled out Turhan & Kırkgöz's (2018) Motivation Scale. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with a subgroup of students (n=21). Regression analyses revealed that gender had no statistically significant predictive power of EMI achievement, whereas both instrumental and integrative motivation were significant predictors. English language proficiency was the strongest predictor, explaining 90% of the variance in achievement. Interview data supported these quantitative findings. Pedagogical implications of these results for language educators, and EMI lecturers and students, as well as suggestions for further research are given.

Assessing English Learning Motivation among Thai University Students: A Cross-Faculty Perspective

This study delves into Thai university students' motivation to learn English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The research involved 33 participants from a Thai research university, with 15 students from the Faculty of Engineering (EG) and 18 from the Faculty of Liberal Arts (LA). The main objectives were to (1) identify the primary motivation underlying students' willingness to learn English, (2) identify the differences in motivation between EG and LA students, and (3) verify that students' milieu has a role in their motivation. The study employed a questionnaire on attitudinal constructs—integrative and instrumental motivation. Additionally, three open-ended questions were used. Results revealed that (1) both student groups displayed higher scores in integrative motivation, (2) while no significant differences were observed in motivation underlying students' willingness to learn English, LA students exhibited higher scores in both motivations compared to EG students, and (3) milieu played a pivotal role in shaping students' motivation to learn English. Furthermore, this study has significant implications for educators, emphasizing the necessity of acknowledging and addressing students' unique motivations and goals across various majors. While both groups exhibit integrative motivation, instrumental motivation provides additional support.

Integrative motivation and speaking achievement: A study of Indonesian L2 learners of English

The study investigates English as a second/foreign language (L2) learners’ integrative motivation and its influence on their L2 speaking achievement. It employed a survey method and used speaking test scores to measure L2 speaking achievement. 188 Indonesian L2 learners from non-English departments participated in this study. This study was conducted to fill the gap in the motivation literature which underrecruited L2 learners from non-English departments and lacked quantitative studies involving a sufficient number of such participants in the Indonesian context. Using descriptive statistics on SPSS, the study found that learners generally reported a high level of integrative motivation. Their motivation to make friends with native English speakers was slightly higher than their motivation to learn about native speakers’ cultures and to be involved in native speakers’ communities. Through bivariate linear regression, the study found that learners’ integrative motivation did not influence their L2 speaking achievement. These findings suggested despite integrative motivation being established in L2 literature, it did not always translate into motivated behaviours. This also calls for a re-examination of some pedagogical practices orienting towards native speakers and their cultures.