Integration Therapy Research Articles

Reflex Integration Therapy: A Novel Approach to Rehabilitation Policy Issues in International and Ukrainian Context

Reflex Integration Therapy: A Novel Approach to Rehabilitation Policy Issues in International and Ukrainian Context

Efficacy of the sensory integration therapy on language development in autism spectrum disorder children

Efficacy of the sensory integration therapy on language development in autism spectrum disorder children

Problems Associated with Persisting Primitive Reflex in Healthy School-going Children

Introduction: Primitive reflexes, originating in the brainstem, develop in utero and vanish within six months post-birth, aiding infant motor milestones. Integration relies on cortical maturation inhibiting them via basal ganglia pathways. Persistence may indicate neurological issues lead to motor, balance, and learning difficulties. Aim: This scoping review explored the persistence of primitive reflexes and determined the problems associated with their persistence in healthy school-going children. Materials and Methods: A total of 3988 full-text published articles were identified from PubMed, Ovid-SP and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) from 2004-2024 year. Only full text prevalence/ incidence and observational studies on children between 4-12 years are included. After duplicate deletion 3614 articles were left at abstract level, finally 63 full text articles related to research topic were further analysed and only nine articles were included in review for analysis. Results: Within group analysis for both experimental groups were found to be statistically significant for Rectus femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles whereas between group analysis revealed general power training group to offer statistically significant improvement with p-value <0.05. Conclusion: Majority of articles show that persistence of ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex) reflex shows neurological impairments like attention and reading difficulties while persistence of spinal galant may lead to scoliosis. In articles assessing the persistence of all primitive reflexes like ATNR/STNR (Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex)/TLR (Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex) may cause gait impairments and development delay. Boys exhibit higher reflex activity and attention deficits, correlating with diminished reading proficiency, emphasising the link between neuromotor maturity and academic achievement. The prevalence of primary reflexes like ATNR and TLR in preschoolers, impact attention, neuromotor development and gait. Early detection of persisting primitive reflex, and managing them with reflex integration therapy in children can help mitigate neurological development delay

Effectiveness of a Sensory Play Activity Program with Parent Engagement for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial

Background: According to DSM-5, sensory processing problems are among diagnostic criteria in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Various studies have shown that play, as the main occupation of children, can be helpful in performing sensory interventions. Solving sensory problems is one of the most common demands of families with children with ASD. Children's families play a key role in the implementation of occupational therapeutic interventions. Objectives: This randomized clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of sensory play activities performed by parents at home on the sensory patterns of children with ASD. Methods: Fifty-one children with ASD, aged 3 to 6 years, were divided into the intervention and control groups. All participants attended 16 sessions of in-person individualized sensory integration therapy (SIT) in a clinic for 8 weeks. In the intervention group, children received 8 sessions of a sensory play activity intervention performed by parents at home. Data collection instruments included the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 and the sensory profile 2. Parametric (independent and paired t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests) were used for statistical analysis to compare between-group and within-group mean differences. Results: The results showed that although all four sensory processing patterns improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.05) (i.e., the within-group effect), children in the intervention group showed significant improvements in three sensory patterns, including sensory avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and sensory registration (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the sensory seeking pattern between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Sensory integration therapy improved dysfunctional sensory processing patterns in ASD children, an effect that was enhanced by the simultaneous implementation of sensory play interventions.

Observed & Experiential Integration (OEI) Therapy for Adolescent Girls with Depression

Depression is a significant concern among female adolescents, necessitating effective therapeutic interventions. This study investigates the efficacy of Observed Experiential Integration (OEI) therapy in reducing depression levels among female adolescents. The research involves site selection, securing permissions, adapting measurement tools (BDI-II), modifying the OEI module, and selecting qualified therapists and observers. After implementing informed consent procedures, initial BDI-II assessments were conducted, followed by OEI therapy sessions. One week later, post-treatment assessments and a follow-up were used to evaluate the outcomes. This study employed a mixed-methods quantitative research approach with a quasi-single experimental design with pretest experimental and control groups, as well as posttest design, which is used to evaluate the effect of a treatment on a single case. Findings reveal notable reductions in depression levels post-OEI therapy. For instance, subject AIN's score decreased from 28 (moderate depression) in the pretest to 7 (minimal) in the follow-up. Subject LA's score dropped from 27 (moderate) in the pretest to 5 (minimal) in the follow-up. These results demonstrate the therapy's effectiveness in alleviating depression among female adolescents. This research provides valuable insights into the potential of OEI therapy as an effective intervention for adolescent female depression. However, limitations, including the small sample size, should be considered. Future research should explore broader populations and extended therapy durations. In conclusion, OEI therapy holds promise as a means of reducing depression among female adolescents and warrants further investigation.

Sensory Processing Differences in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review of Underlying Mechanisms and Sensory-Based Interventions.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties with social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Altered sensory processing and perception are consideredcharacteristics of ASD. Sensory processing differences (SPDs) are commonly observed in individuals with ASD, leading to atypical responses to sensory stimuli.SPDs refer to the way in which individuals receive, process, and respond to sensory information from the environment. People with SPDs may be hypersensitive (over-reactive) or hyposensitive (under-reactive) to sensory input, or they may experience fragmented or distorted perceptions. These differences can make it difficult for individuals with SPDs to filter out irrelevant sensory information, and to integrate sensory information from different sources. This study intends to investigate the underlying mechanisms contributing to SPDs in individuals with autism and determine the effectiveness of sensory-based therapies in addressing these challenges. The literature suggests that altered neural pathways, sensory gating dysfunction, and atypical sensory modulation contribute to SPDs in individuals with ASD. Assistive technology, environmental changes, and sensory-based interventions like sensory integration therapy (SIT) have all shown promise in improving sensory functioning and reducing associated behavioral issues. However, further research is needed to improve our understanding of sensory processing in autism and to optimize interventions for individuals with ASD.

The guiding effect of clothing design assisted therapy based on Chinese elements on young patients with autism

BackgroundAutism disorder (ASD) affects social, communication and behavioral patterns and appears in childhood. Although many interventions for autism have been developed, effective approaches to improving social adaptation and quality of life remain challenging. The integration of Chinese cultural elements, especially clothing design, may provide new ideas for the rehabilitation of autistic youth.Subjects and MethodsThe study included 30 autistic young people aged 18-25, who were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group with 15 people each. The experimental group received 12 weeks of Chinese element costume design adjuvant therapy, including traditional costume making and cultural learning. The control group received social skills training. Stress response and cognitive status were evaluated with SASRQ and 3D-CAM. SPSS23.0 statistical analysis and independent sample T-test were used to compare the differences between the two groups.ResultsAfter treatment, the scores of the Stanford acute stress response questionnaire in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), indicating that their stress response had been alleviated to some extent. On the 3-minute disorder assessment scale, the cognitive status score of the experimental group was also significantly better than that of the control group (P < 0.05), indicating that the cognitive function had improved.ConclusionsChinese element clothing design assisted therapy actively reduces stress response and enhances cognitive state. Traditional costume design and cultural learning improve emotional management and cognition. Innovative psychological intervention supports the comprehensive treatment of autism, and cultural integration therapy is supported by empirical evidence.

Effectiveness of Sensory Integration Therapy on Functional Mobility in Children With Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy.

Background A set of non-progressive brain abnormalities and nervous system dysfunctions are referred to as cerebral palsy (CP). Due to this,the child's mobility, eyesight, learning, and thought processes are affected. It can evolve before, through birth, or the firstyear of a child's life.The activity through which the brain organizes and analyses external sensations like touch, motion, body awareness, vision, hearing, and gravity is indicated as sensory integration. The use of sensory integration therapy (SIT)necessitates that the sensorimotor exercises target the specific parts of difficulties that the child experiences daily. This study aims tostudy the effectiveness of SIT on functional mobility in children with spastic diplegic CP. Methods In this study, 40 children of CP with spastic diplegic who met the inclusion and exclusion criterion were enlisted and were separated into two groups, with Group A (n=20) receiving SITfor 25 minutes along with conventional physiotherapy for 20 minutes, and Group B (n=20) were given conventional physiotherapy for 45 minutes. A four-week therapy plan was followed. Short sensory profile (SSP) and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Pediatric mini-mental state examination (MMSE), and Modified Ashworth Scale were taken as outcome measures. Results SIT along with traditional treatment is described in the study protocol which aids CP children to improve themselves. Following a four-week protocol, combined therapy of SIT and conventional physiotherapy show an effect on the motor function of the children. After therapy, scores in GMFCS and SSP improved. By using Student's paired t-test, a statistically significant difference was found in GMFCS score at pre and post-test treatment in group A (7.28, p=0.0001) and group B (4.48, p=0.0001),in SSP score at pre and post-test treatment in group A (27.91, p=0.0001) and group B (11.31, p=0.0001), in MMSE score at pre- and post-test treatment in group A (6.89, p=0.0001) and group B (6.32, p=0.0001). The significance threshold was p<0.0001. Conclusion Under the study's experimental conditions, both groups showed substantial improvements in the functional mobility of children. When the efficacy of SIT along with conventional physiotherapy was examined, the impact resulted in a significantly greater improvement in the functional mobility of spastic diplegic CP children.

Effectiveness of Sensory Integration and Conventional Therapy on Impaired Kinesthesia in Peripheral Neuropathy

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Over all prevalence in India varies from 5 - 2400 per 10,000 populations. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common type. Kinesthesia is the ability to sense the motion of a joint or limb. It is primarily influenced by muscle spindles and secondarily influenced by skin receptors and joint receptors. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of sensory integration on kinesthesia in peripheral neuropathy and to compare the effect of sensory integration with conventional therapy on kinesthesia in peripheral neuropathy. Materials And Methods: This was an experimental study conducted on 68 subjects in which Group A received conventional therapy (control) and another group received sensory integration along with conventional therapy (experimental). Simple Random Sampling technique was used. Pre intervention assessment was done and treatment was given for 6 weeks. Post intervention assessment was done with help of outcome measures. Statistical analysis was done using students t test. Results: Among the 68 subjects, Group B which received sensory integration along with conventional therapy showed extremely significant improvement in impaired kinesthesia. In the Weber two point discrimination test, the post intervention comparison (8.6 with group A and 5.98 with group B) showed that group was extremely significant in improving joint position sense. In joint position sense for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, Group B showed extremely proximate results to range which was asked and the range which was performed by the subjects. Conclusion: Sensory integration therapy was found to be significantly effective on impaired kinesthesia in peripheral neuropathy.

Older people’s perceptions of how eye movement integration therapy facilitates their processing of trauma symptoms

ABSTRACT The study aims to describe the perceptions that trauma-exposed older people hold about how Eye Movement Integration therapy (EMI) facilitates their processing of trauma symptoms. Ten older persons participated in a qualitative interview to review their perceptions of the therapy, combined with pre- and post-intervention quantitative checklists of trauma symptoms. The results show improvements in most trauma symptoms for most participants. Older persons perceived EMI as helpful in alleviating trauma symptoms. Further research into EMI is warranted to verify the results of this study, with a view to increasing affordable access to mental health services for trauma among older persons.

Using Gaze Tracking on Sensory Integration Therapy for Eye-movement Detection

Autism spectrum disorder is a condition that often occurs in infancy (from birth to three years old). A common problem includes eyesight disorders, where children cannot focus on a specific item. We use the method of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to detect eyes and collect eye positions. Then, we use a linear regression model to best fit the movement of the eyeballs through the track of positions. After that, we use an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model for a multi-perspective judgment on children's performance in eye movement.

Sensory Integration Therapy as a Management of Sensory Deficits in Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Background Sensory integration therapy (SIT) has been used for the management of sensory processing deficits associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This work presents an overview of these sensory processing deficits and the SIT. This study aims to provide an evidencebased practice regarding the effectiveness of the SIT in the management of such sensory processing disorders in children with ASD. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the SIT as a therapy for the sensory processing symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders in children. This will be made by conducting a systematic review of the literature in this topic area. Material and Method Search for any RCTs or retrospective studies that were in English language only. Study participants were not less than 5 children 3-12 yrs aged diagnosed with ASD. The intervention was validated by Ayres Sensory Integration® Fidelity Measure© (ASIFM) to ensure treatment integrity and effectiveness was measured by outcome measures such as SPM or SP. Data Sources PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ScienceDirect, and all materials available on the Internet till 2020. Data Extraction If the studies did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, they were excluded. Study quality assessment included whether ethical approval was gained, eligibility criteria specified, appropriate controls, and adequate information, and defined assessment measures. Conclusion The current systematic review has not concluded that SIT may have a positive effect on improving sensory processing defects that are found in children with ASD. We suggest that more literature review would be effective in giving attention to the limitations of this study.

Effectiveness of Neurodevelopmental Treatment and Sensory Integration Therapy on Gross Motor Function, Balance and Gait Parameters in Children With Spastic Diplegia.

Background Spastic diplegic cerebral palsy is the type that is most frequently seen in clinical settings. Spastic diplegic children have trouble maintaining their balance, gait, and gross motor function.This study investigated the effects of the Neurodevelopmental Technique (NDT) and Sensory Integration Technique (SIT) on balance, gross motor function, and gait characteristics in children with spastic diplegia. Method The study's participants were 8 to 12 years old, with spastic diplegia, categorized into stages I to III of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. While individuals in group B underwent sensory integration therapy, group A's subjects received NDT for 45 minutes. Both groups received traditional physiotherapy for 15 minutes. The protocol was given for five days a week, continuously for four weeks. All 40 subjects underwent pre- and post-treatment assessments using the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), Paediatric Balance Scale, Gait Parameters, and Gross Motor Function Classification System. Results The trial involved 40 children, divided into two groups of 20 each. Statistical analysis demonstrated a substantial improvement in group B post-intervention (P>0.0001).The study's findings were drawn using the Chi-Square test, paired and unpaired t-tests, and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA).A p<0.05 and theGraphPad Prism version 7.0 (GraphPad Software, Boston, USA)were used. A total of 40 children completed the entire duration of treatment for a month. 20 subjects participated in group A (age range 8-12 years; mean age 10.3 years) and 20 subjects in group B (age range 8-12 years; mean age 10.25 years). The GMFM-88, which assesses motor function, reveals that the between-group comparison indicates a substantial difference of 7.95 (6.04-9.86) in favor of Group B, with a p-value of 0.0001, signifying statistical significance.Similarly, the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) outcomes significantly enhanced in both groups post-intervention.The comparison between groups yields a difference of 1.85 (1.11-2.59) in favor of Group B,with a p-value of 0.0001. Conclusion The study concluded that SIT has a positive impact on gait metrics, balance, and gross motor function in children with spastic diplegia.

Pediatric and psychiatric models of autism care in Mexico: Differences in diagnostic tools and prescribed interventions.

Low- and middle-income countries face heterogeneity in the way clinicians' approach Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis and treatment. The current study analyzes the diagnostic tools, laboratory tests, pharmacological and psychosocial interventions received by patients during the steps to diagnosis and treatment of two specialized care centers. Researchers interviewed families with a child with ASD receiving services at either a child psychiatric or a pediatric hospital. Of the total sample, 47% reported clinicians not using a diagnostic tool, 20% reported not receiving any psychosocial intervention, and 88% reported receiving a pharmacological prescription. Patients at the pediatric hospital were more likely to receive interventions with some components of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Early Start Denver Model, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children, and Sensory integration therapy; while patients at the psychiatric hospital were more likely to undergo learning, daily living skills, and socialization therapies. Patients at the psychiatric hospital received significantly more requests to obtain auditory and vision tests whilst genetic testing and imaging were more common in the pediatric hospital. The range and variability in terms of diagnostic tools, laboratory tests, and treatment options observed for both sites reflect a lack of consensus. Recommendations to improve ASD diagnostic and treatment in Mexico are given.

Rehabilitation using neurodevelopmental and sensory integration therapy approaches in an 8-month-old infant with self-gratification behavior: A case report

Self-gratification behavior is a normal behavior in infants or children and is usually misdiagnosed with dystonic development delays, repeated movement disorders, or even epilepsy. This case report aims to share our clinical experience in managing a child with self-gratification disorder through physical therapy techniques. An 8-month-old female infant presents with concerns related to poor social interaction, reduced play, irritable behavior, frequent crossing, and stiffness in the legs which she started showing at 3 months of age. She was earlier diagnosed with dystonic developmental delay and referred for a thorough development and sensory assessment. Rehabilitation with sensory integration and neurodevelopmental techniques was delivered to the child. Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Denver’s score, and Sensory profile were assessed at 8–9 months, 9–10 months, and 10–11 months to monitor prognosis. There was a significant improvement in self-gratification habits and improved attention in the child. Self-gratification behavior is a normal behavior in infants or children and is usually misdiagnosed. Treatment mainly constitutes neurodevelopment, sensory integration techniques, and parent education.

Development of sensory integration therapy in Mainland China: A comprehensive study with bibliometrics and visualization techniques

Sensory integration therapy (SIT) is an intervention to improve the developmental and learning problems in children. It was introduced in China from late 1980 s to early 1990 s and has received considerable attention from scholars. However, due to its late development in China and its specialised nature, it is worth exploring in depth whether it is recognized by the general public and how it is researched by academics. Therefore, we used Internet survey approach to explore the actual feedback of users towards SIT through the Internet. At the same time, bibliometric method and visualization techniques were used to study 892 journal articles on SIT in CNKI, Wanfang Database and VIP Database to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution, subject distribution, keyword co-occurrence, and keyword clustering of SIT research in mainland China since it came to China mainland. We found that the research on SIT in mainland China has been fruitful. However, the public is less aware of its basic function, therapeutic effects, and necessity. Our findings point to the need to raise awareness of sensory integration disorder and sensory integration therapy among the general public, and to strengthen academic research on sensory integration therapy.

Sensory integration therapy as enabler for developing emotional intelligence in children with autism spectrum disorder and the ICT’s role

Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) is a widely known and used intervention by a lot of professionals and practitioners in the field of special education as being an enabler of functionality of the child. Through intervention, the sensory processing components that have been affected are targeted. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is highly affected by sensory modulation disorder (SMD), a special subcategory of sensory processing disorder (SPD) that is expressed in various ways causing activation of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) leading to biological and physiological stress. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a complex set of skills that drive us to higher mental states. According to theorists the basis of these skills is the ability to manage and regulate stimulus. The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the connections between SIT and EI in children with ASD. In the introduction basic definitions and concepts of ASD and SIT are analyzed and in the main part correlations between EI and SMD are made, discussing the effectiveness of SIT in ASD children.

Effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Long-term treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with adverse events, such as nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and sleep disturbances, and poor maintenance of late ADHD medication compromises treatment outcomes and prolongs the recovery of patients' social functioning. To evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with ADHD. A total of 90 patients diagnosed with ADHD between May 2019 and August 2020 were included in the study and randomly assigned to either the pharmacological group (methylphenidate hydrochloride and tomoxetine hydrochloride) or the non-pharmacological group (parental training, behavior modification, sensory integration therapy, and sand tray therapy), with 45 cases in each group. Outcome measures included treatment compliance, Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV (SNAP-IV) scores, Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) scores, and Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) scores. The non-pharmacological interventions resulted in significantly higher compliance in patients (95.56%) compared with medication (71.11%) (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in SNAP-IV and PSQ scores, in addition to the learning/school, social activities, and adventure activities of the WFIRS scores were observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Patients with non-pharmacological interventions showed higher WFIRS scores for family, daily life skills, and self-concept than those in the pharmacological group (P < 0.05). Non-pharmacological interventions, in contrast to the potential risks of adverse events after long-term medication, improve patient treatment compliance, alleviate patients' behavioral symptoms of attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, and improve their cognitive ability, thereby improving family relationships and patient self-evaluation.

Influence of Auditory Integrative Training on Casein Kinase 2 and Its Impact on Behavioral and Social Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Considerable disturbances in post-translational protein phosphorylation have recently been discovered in multiple neurological disorders. Casein kinase-2 (CK2) is a tetrameric Ser/Thr protein kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates and contributes in several cellular physiological and pathological processes. CK2 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a large number of substrates that are crucial in neuronal or glial homeostasis and inflammatory signaling processes across synapses. In this study, we investigated the impact of auditory integration therapy (AIT) for the treatment of sensory processing abnormalities in autism on plasma CK2 levels. A total of 25 ASD children, aged between 5 and 12 years, were enrolled and participated in the present research study. AIT was performed for two weeks, for a period of 30 min, twice a day, with a 3 h interval between sessions. Before and after AIT, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) scores were calculated, and plasma CK2 levels were assayed using an ELISA test. The CARS and SRS indices of autism severity improved as a result of AIT, which could be related to the decreased level of plasma CK2. However, the mean value of the SSP scores was not significantly increased after AIT. The relationship between CK2 downregulation and glutamate excitotoxicity, neuro-inflammation, and leaky gut, as etiological mechanisms in ASD, was proposed and discussed. Further research, conducted on a larger scale and with a longer study duration, are required to assess whether the cognitive improvement in ASD children after AIT is related to the downregulation of CK2.

Occupational therapy using a sensory integration

The article analyzes the use of occupational therapy with elements of sensory integration to improve functional capacity and quality of life for children who have problems with coordination of movements, hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to certain stimuli.&#x0D; Principles of sensory integration and various techniques that can be used during occupational therapy are described. It was noted that occupational therapy using sensory integration can be an effective method of rehabilitation and improvement of the quality of life of children with autism, Down syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy and other disorders.&#x0D; The goal of sensory integration therapy is to strengthen, balance and develop the processing of sensory stimuli by the central nervous system. A complex of sensory integration exercises is created based on sensory diagnostics individually for each patient. The choice of exercises and tasks for sensory integration should depend on the individual characteristics of the patient and the specific goal of therapy.&#x0D; The results of our study indicate that the use of sensory integration in patients with various diagnoses allows to achieve positive results in improving their physical, mental and social condition. Moreover, children love to perform these tasks, since the classes are played in a playful way.&#x0D; In particular, in patients with motility disorders, improvement in coordination of movements, increase in muscle tone, improvement in motor skills and balance was recorded. In children with impaired speech development, the use of sensory integration made it possible to improve the articulation of sounds, expand the vocabulary and improve coherent speech.&#x0D; The use of sensory integration in children with mental retardation and autism has helped to improve communication, reduce behavioral problems and increase her level of independence, learning to regulate her sensations and adapt to different types of stimuli, allowing her to function better in everyday life and be more independent.