Integration Of Storage Systems Research Articles

Solid-State Transformer and Hybrid Transformer With Integrated Energy Storage in Active Distribution Grids: Technical and Economic Comparison, Dispatch, and Control

Solid-state transformer (SST) and hybrid transformer (HT) are promising alternatives to the line-frequency transformer (LFT) in smart grids. The SST features medium-frequency isolation, full controllability for voltage regulation, reactive power compensation, and the capability of battery energy storage system (BESS) integration with multiport configuration. The HT has a partially rated converter for fractional controllability and can integrate a small BESS. Fast grid-edge voltage fluctuations from increased solar photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) penetration are difficult to manage for mechanical load tap changers. Hence, along with the trend toward more BESS in the grid, the controllability and the storage-integration capability of the SST and HT are of strong interest. However, a review of literature shows existing SST and HT research is mostly at converter level, while system-level assessments are scarce. Assessing technical and economic impacts is critical to understanding the benefits and role of the SST and HT to guide future research, which is presented for the first time in this article. Experimental results from medium-voltage (MV) SST and MV HT prototypes are shown to confirm equipment-level feasibility, where the voltage controllability waveforms of an MV HT prototype are reported for the first time. Comparative simulations are performed on a modified IEEE 34-bus system. A grid-model-less decentralized grid-edge voltage control method and a day-ahead BESS dispatch method are proposed for the SST and HT. The simulations show that the SST and HT with integrated storage can host more PV, achieve peak shaving, mitigate voltage fluctuation and reverse power flow, and support energy arbitrage for operational cost reduction, compared to the LFT. Moreover, comprehensive analyses of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) are performed under different installed PV capacities, HT’s partial converter ratings, and BESS capacities. Sensitivities to future cost reductions of the PV and BESS are studied. Although the NPV and IRR are currently negative, 60% capital cost reduction or 150% revenue increase will make the SST and HT economically viable in the use case studied.

Intelligent body armor: Advanced Kevlar based integrated energy devices for personal safeguarding

Despite the rapid advances in wearable electronics, there are still challenges in developing wearable energy devices with excellent mechanical properties, let alone resisting bullets. In this work, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on Kevlar and epoxy is developed (KE-TENG). It not only can protect users, but also collects the impact energy and store. Interestingly, impact signals can also be transmitted remotely via Bluetooth module and act as an alarm, showing its potential in wearable protective clothing. Epoxy not only improves the triboelectric properties of KE-TENG, but also greatly enhances the robustness under impact. Furthermore, a fiber shaped supercapacitor (F-SC) has been prepared in this work. F-SC has stable energy storage capacity, which does not deteriorate under different bending angles or multiple charge–discharge cycles. Most importantly, it can be assembled with KE-TENG via rectifiers, realizing an integrated system for energy collection and storage.

The Energy Storage System Integration Into Photovoltaic Systems: A Case Study of Energy Management at UTFPR

Energy storage system integration can reduce electricity costs and provide desirable flexibility and reliability for photovoltaic (PV) systems, decreasing renewable energy fluctuations and technical constraints. In this sense, this study aimed to propose energy management strategies through this integration, aiming to improve the demand profile of a university commercial consumer for compensation during peak hours. To achieve the objectives of this research, a pilot project was installed which included a 10 kWp grid-tie PV system (GTPVS), bidirectional inverters, and battery bank, as part of a research and development (R&D) project implemented in the Federal University of Technology–Paraná (UTFPR) Curitiba campus at Neoville headquarters. The methodology consisted of the analysis of variables that interfere with the operation of this system, such as a detailed university profile of demand and consumption, local energy pricing, PV generation profile as well as the interaction between PV generator and the energy storage system, and the variation in power fluctuations throughout the year. Additionally, a technical feasibility study was carried out aimed to determine this consumer’s optimal size through the Homer Grid software. The detailed demand profile allowed us to know in depth the peak values were above 80 kW, for university working days. Furthermore, the daily analysis of the PV generation profile confirmed that although the PV source is quite variable, the scheduled dispatch operation is not interfered by the variability and intermittency of the solar source, as the system was designed and programmed to operate in parallel with the electrical network. Regarding the energy consumed at the university, very significant values were obtained, in which the month of July presented the highest consumption for the base year 2019, with a total monthly value of 48,670 kWh. The established operating strategy for the battery bank with a 10% discharge depth resulted in a life cycle of 2,500 cycles which can extend its useful life by approximately 9.5 years. The results obtained by the simulation show different levels of energy contribution with percentages of 60.0, 33.6, and 2.7%, respectively.

Modularly Integrated System for Spatiotemporally Separated Solar Energy Storage and Release.

The sun is regarded as an endless source of clean energy. However, the intermittent supply and dynamically changeable demand of solar energy, as well as its uneven regional distribution, have been continually motivating the technological research of practical strategies to realize the spatiotemporally separated solar energy harvest and utilization. Accordingly, we here developed an integrated system for efficient solar energy capture, stable storage, and on-demand release, which corresponds to the intricate design of three distinct modules, namely, a photothermal conversion module, a latent heat storage module, and a mechanical trigger module. Moreover, efficient heat transfer and long-term supercooled stability necessitate interfacial passivation to coordinate the physical coupling of different modules. In addition to providing an integrated prototype that demonstrates a closed energy cycle in practice, this study may further inspire a new paradigm for advanced solar utilization in both theory and methodology.

Comparing the economic performance of ice storage and batteries for buildings with on-site PV through model predictive control and optimal sizing

ABSTRACT Integrating renewable energy and energy storage systems provides a way of operating the electrical grid system more energy efficiently and stably. Thermal storage and batteries are the most common devices for integration. However, it is not clear which integrated storage system performs better in terms of overall economics. Ice storage has low initial and maintenance costs, but there is an efficiency penalty for charging of storage and it can only shift electrical loads associated with building cooling requirements. A battery's round-trip efficiency, on the contrary, is quite consistent and batteries can be used to shift both HVAC and non-HVAC loads. However, batteries have greater initial costs and a shorter life. This research presents a tool, using model predictive control and optimal sizing, and provides a case study for comparing life-cycle economics of battery and ice storage systems for commercial buildings that have chillers for cooling and an on-site photovoltaic system.

Smart soft open point to synergically improve the energy efficiencies of the interconnected electrical railways with the low voltage grids

This paper presents a novel smart soft open point (sSOP) that interconnects railway electrification system to the local low voltage (LV) distribution grid to provide additional flexibility and controllability for both networks. The proposed sSOP builds on the concept of soft open points, adding an energy storage system and embedding a rail and grid (R + G) energy management system to enable the energy transfer between the two networks at different average power levels. The smartness of the proposed soft open point is realised in the integration of an energy storage system to act as an energy buffer between these two networks of different dynamics. The paper demonstrates that the proposed sSOP improves the braking efficiency of trains and increase the local use of renewable energy through employing an integrated simulation platform between a railway and smart grid simulators that takes into account the trains' timetables as well as the daily variation of the grid loads and renewable energy generation. The results show that an appropriate design and control of the sSOP enables the recuperation of most of the braking energy available from the railway and that energy is enough to mainly supply the local power distribution grid, thereby effectively implementing the concept of smart grids.

Integration of hydrogen storage system and solar panels in smart buildings

In the residential area, the cost of the electricity is at the maximum level during the peak demand periods. Regarding this, the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading strategy is a hopeful and practical solution to deal with this problem. Also, in the P2P home energy management system, the buildings have become more flexible by sharing their powers to meet their electricity demands. In this work, we have considered three buildings, in which two of them are equipped with solar panels, and in the third one, the hydrogen source is established. In the proposed residential zone, the considered buildings are connected in order to perform P2P transactions to reduce the energy billing. The operator of the system is wholly investigated under uncertain conditions based on the downside risk constraint (DRC) method in both risk-averse and risk-neutral models. With the help of a P2P energy trading strategy as well as renewable energy resources, we can provide electricity to customers in remote areas where it is not possible to supply electricity or is not economically beneficial. Based on the obtained results, the function of the proposed system has manifested in an acceptable manner. For instance, in the solar panel function in the second building, the amount of generated solar power is 30 kW in the risk-averse model, whereas, in the risk-neutral model, it is 18 kW. On the other hand, the level of consumed electricity by the electrolyzer system is generally lower in the risk-averse model than risk-neutral model in the second season.

Comparative evaluation of Integrated Solar combined cycle plant with cascade thermal storage system for different heat transfer fluids

The existing conventional combined cycle power plant(s) are generally not getting the schedules for supply of power because of the high price of Natural Gas and are forced to remain idle or to run on part load. On the other side, the focus is on the capacity addition of power generation units based on the alternate sources mainly solar to counter the ill effects on environment through fossils fuel-based plant(s). In such a scenario, the combined cycle power plant(s) with its integration with solar (ISCC) can pave the way forward to provide an optimal solution to tap most of the power generation through solar power and to ensure grid stability through utilising the installed combined cycle power plant(s) at part or full load. It will be a win-win situation for solar plants as well as combined cycle power plants. This study presents an integration of Linear Fresnel collector solar system and latent heat cascade storage system with a 328.10 MW combined cycle power plant of north India for operating it as integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC). The present work discusses the configurations of integration of solar power generation cycle with the combined cycle power generation and presents the analysis of the performance of these integration configurations including the operation of gas turbine(s) at full load or part load. A MATLAB code is used for simulation to analyse the performance of ISCC by varying direct normal irradiation at different part-load condition of gas turbine with different heat transfer fluids such as water and molten salt, then also compare the performance of latent heat cascade thermal storage system with oil & molten salt as HTF. The effect of cascade thermal storage has also been analysed on the plant performance. The efficiency of ISCC with molten salt as HTF is 50.87% which is more than with water as HTF by 1.51%. The present study also brings out the saving of the fuel to figure out the financial benefit. However, the financial model has not been developed in the present work due to the dynamics of the price of natural gas internationally. The study also presents the analysis of the enhanced fuel-saving ratio and reduced emissions.

An effective solution to boost generation from waves: Benefits of a hybrid energy storage system integration to wave energy converter in grid-connected systems

Background: Wave energy represents one of the most promising renewable energies due to its great theoretical potential. Nevertheless, the electrical compliance of grid-connected systems is a great issue nowadays, due to the highly stochastic nature of wave energy. Methods: In this paper, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) consisting of a Li-ion battery and a flywheel is coupled to a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) that operates in grid connected mode. The study is performed using real yearly wave power profiles relating to three different sites located along the European coasts. The Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) principle is implemented as real-time power management strategy for HESS in wave energy conversion systems. Results: Obtained results demonstrate how the proposed HESS and the implementation of the SPSA power management coupled to a WEC allow a reduction of more than 80% of power oscillations at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), while proving the robustness of the developed management strategy over the investigated sites. Moreover, the average energy penalty due to the HESS integration results slightly higher than 5% and battery solicitation is reduced by more than 64% with respect to the flywheel solicitation, contributing to extend its lifetime. Conclusions: HESS integration in renewable generation systems maximizes the WEC production while smoothing the power at the PCC. Specifically, flywheel-battery HESS together with the implemented power management strategy could provide a great flexibility in the view of increasing power production from waves, strongly mitigating the variability of this source while enhancing grid safety and stability.

The digital scent device as a new concept for olfactory assessment.

There are major challenges in olfactory measurements in clinical practice; therefore, a handheld digital scent device (DSD; Noar MultiScent 20) was developed as a tablet with an integrated storage system for odors. The DSD is a self-administered, handheld device that controls the duration of odor release to the nasal cavity through a touchscreen digital interface with automatic database generation. In this study we aimed to determine the feasibility of this DSD as an olfactory assessment test. We recruited 180 participants (age [mean ± standard deviation], 34.58 ± 9.71 years; 114 women and 66 men) to participate in smell tests using both the DSD and the 40-item Smell Identification Test (SIT-40), which contained the same type and order of odors and the same multiple-choice answers. The scores were compared and evaluated for correlation between the tests, and test-retest reliability was calculated. The DSD test scores were higher than the SIT-40 scores (median [interquartile range],32 [5.0] vs 31 [7.0]; p=0.005). The completion time was less for the DSD test than for the SIT-40 (12.5 [5.0] vs 16 [6.0] minutes; p<0.001). The tests were strongly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.74; p<0.001) and exhibited a high level of agreement (Bland-Altman regression coefficient = 0.672; p=0.003). The DSD test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.820. The DSD is feasible as an olfactory assessment test. The digitalization of olfactory assessment combined with data science may enable new research perspectives in the field of olfaction.

A Comprehensive Technoeconomic Solution for Demand Control in Ports: Energy Storage Systems Integration

Ports play an undeniable role in people's lives. The energy consumption of large ports has an increasing rate worldwide and it has become a new challenge. The specific types of loads such as cranes, in particular, ship to shore, rubber tyred gantry, rail-mounted gantry, and cold ironing system in the ports present a distinctive load profile due to their sudden peak load demand. To deal with the problem and avoid extra costs, it is possible to apply a delay time management to cranes operation and/or to implement energy storage systems (ESSs) to take benefit of regenerative energy. At this aim, the load profile characteristics require both energy storage with high power and energy densities and fast response time. Peak shaving (P^S) can optimize the load demand and facilitate the participation of small power generation units based on renewable energy resources. In this regard, many approaches are introduced such as energy management strategies, modern technologies, and installing high-tech devices such as battery energy storage, ultracapacitors, and flywheel energy storage acting as ESS. Therefore, the goal of this article is to deal with an investigation for an integrated vision and a combination of ESSs application in the ports’ loads. Since the ports cannot persist to have independent and uncontrolled power systems, hence, the article proposes the organization of their global design in a microgrid approach and the coordinated management for all the services such as cranes, reefers, col ironing, trucks, and offices to increase the operation and energy performance. The statistical results show that the integration of ESSs can provide P^S, energy saving, and cost reduction in ports.

Analysis of a linear programming‐based decision‐making model for microgrid energy management systems with renewable sources

With the increasing share of renewable energy sources in microgrids, systems enhancing the power flexibility at the demand side have become mandatory in microgrid architecture. Thus, the electrical energy storage system has been mostly integrated into microgrids although its capital and operating costs are very high. Hence, diversifying microgrid energy storage based on the end-energy usage can improve the reliability, operating cost, and power demand flexibility of the microgrid. The hereby study integrates an absorption chiller and electrical heat pump coupled to a heat storage into a renewable energy resources-based microgrid and develops its centralized energy management model for both off-grid and on-grid operation modes. The model considers the current energy level of energy storages in the microgrid, current, and forecasted information state to compute the vector-valued decision minimizing a realistic microgrid operating cost. The operating cost includes the energy purchasing/generation, heating/electrical storage, and penalty cost due to load shedding. Hence, such an objective function leads to maximizing the consumption of the generated renewable power, minimizing the energy storage and load shedding cost. The load shedding has been allowed to increase the flexibility in microgrid energy management. However, a high penalty has been imposed on each electrical, heating, or cooling load shedding decision. The decision vector components are thermal and electrical power flow between each energy source to loads and energy storage systems. The problem has been modeled as a Linear Programming with forecasted multi-parametric inputs at different prediction horizons. The effect of the charging/discharging rate and capacity of energy storages, coefficient of performance of absorption chiller and heat pump, prediction horizon, and energy level of storage devices provided to the myopic energy management model has been evaluated for better integration of renewable sources and thermal storage systems into microgrids. Suggestions have been made to improve the microgrid self-consumption, energy efficiency, and myopic decision-making model using the energy level of storage devices obtained from the full look-ahead optimization model. Highlights The optimization problem combining electricity, heating, and cooling is formulated The electrical and thermal storage charging/discharging rate significantly affect the power supplied by the renewable power source decision of the microgrid energy management model. Accurate energy storage level information into the myopic energy management model improves the model decisions. The absorption chiller coefficient of performance greatly impacts the cooling and electrical loads shedding.

Energy Storage Controllers and Optimization Schemes Integration to Microgrid: An Analytical Assessment Towards Future Perspectives

Several important advancements in the integration of energy storage into microgrids have fueled a lot of research and development over the last ten years to achieve the global decarbonization goal by 2050. The effective integration of the energy storage system in the microgrid is essential to ensure a safe, reliable, and resilient operation. Nevertheless, the utilization of energy storage in microgrids brings several issues, including poor power quality and intermittence characteristics. To address these concerns, appropriate energy storage controllers and optimization schemes are required to manage and optimize the power efficiently and securely. Although various research works have been performed and published over the years, the analytical assessment of energy storage controllers and optimization schemes integration into microgrids has not been carried out yet. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive analytical evaluation of energy storage controllers and optimization schemes in Microgrid by recognizing and evaluating the highly influential 110 manuscripts using the Scopus database within the year 2010-2021. The analytical analysis emphasizes the current research trends, keyword evaluation, research classification, country analysis, authorship, and research collaboration. The paper also discusses and compares 24 controllers and 21 optimization schemes in the highly cited 110 manuscripts. Besides, critical discussion and assessment are conducted over 15 emerging subject areas. The constructive analysis identifies the existing limitations and research gaps in the selected 110 papers. By analyzing the existing issues, this manuscript provides several guidelines and suggestions for future improvement. This survey will help to deepen the development concepts to achieve improved power quality, economic prosperity, energy savings, and increased efficiency towards sustainable operation and management in the microgrid.

Energy Management of a Fuzzy Control System in a Microgrid

Micro-grids can be considered as the ideal way to integrate renewable energy sources into electricity generation and to give consumers the opportunity to participate in the electricity market as consumers and producers. Our study aims to implement a micro-grid with solar and wind power generation and storage systems. However, the integration of a battery storage system into a micro-grid requires a thorough control of charge and discharge techniques due to the different load conditions. In this study, the proposed system can transfer electricity to and from the main grid. Although, the objective of the simulation is to control at the same time the energy input and output of the principal grid in order to maximize the profit and minimize the cost. To cope with the uncertainties of the system, a fuzzy logic controller for charge-discharge as well as a scheduling of battery energy storage systems is simulated on Matlab, in order to ensure the energy availability on demand and to take a proper decision whether to store or sell energy.

Thermal integration of PEM Fuel Cells and metal hydrides storage system for Zero Emission Ultimate Ship (ZEUS)

The ZEUS (Zero Emission Ultimate Ship), developed in the framework of the national research project TecBia conducted by Fincantieri and co-founded by Italian Ministry of Economic Development, is a 25m length vessel characterized by a zero-emissions propulsion system. The on-board power generation is provided by 4 PEM Fuel Cell modules (140 kW power installation) fed by hydrogen stored into 48 Metal Hydride tanks (MH). PEMFC and MH thermal systems are coupled to recover the heat produced by PEMFC and to feed the endothermic dissociation reactions of hydrogen from MHs. This paper provides a Matlab-Simulink model to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the PEMFC power generation system and the thermal coupling with MH racks installed onboard. Three typical operative profiles are simulated to verify the thermal management control system and the impact of transient conditions on the propulsion plant. Furthermore, the effects of the major exogenous parameters are investigated. Results verify that thermal coupling between the two systems is guaranteed; however, an excessive load increase can lead the stacks to operate under non-optimal conditions for significant periods of time. The effect of exogenous parameters has been verified to be negligible and does not significantly affect the control system.

Battery energy storage system control and integration strategy for the more electric aircraft DC grid application

Battery energy storage system control and integration strategy for the more electric aircraft DC grid application

Battery energy storage system control and integration strategy for the more electric aircraft DC grid application

Battery energy storage system control and integration strategy for the more electric aircraft DC grid application

Development of a plug-in fuel cell electric scooter with thermally integrated storage system based on hydrogen in metal hydrides and battery pack

The thermal management of lithium-ion batteries in hybrid electric vehicles is a key issue, since operating temperatures can greatly affect their performance and life. A hybrid energy storage system, composed by the integration of a battery pack with a metal hydride-based hydrogen storage system, might be a promising solution, since it allows to efficiently exploit the endothermic desorption process of hydrogen in metal hydrides to perform the thermal management of the battery pack. In this work, starting from a battery electric scooter, a new fuel cell/battery hybrid powertrain is designed, based on the simulation results of a vehicle dynamic model that evaluates power and energy requirements on a standard driving cycle. Thus, the design of an original hybrid energy storage system for a plug-in fuel cell electric scooter is proposed, and its prototype development is presented. To this aim, the battery pack thermal power profile is retrieved from vehicle simulation, and the integrated metal hydride tank is sized in such a way to ensure a suitable thermal management. The conceived storage solution replaces the conventional battery pack of the vehicle. This leads to a significant enhancement of the on-board gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, with clear advantages on the achievable driving range. The working principle of the novel storage system and its integration within the powertrain of the vehicle are also discussed.

Smart Rural Grid: Renewable Energy and Storage System Integration Analysis in Rural Communities

Smart Rural Grid: Renewable Energy and Storage System Integration Analysis in Rural Communities

Developing Novel Technologies and Services for Intelligent Low Voltage Electricity Grids: Cost–Benefit Analysis and Policy Implications

The paper presents a set of prototype smart grid technologies and services and validates the economic viability of the proposed solution using cost–benefit analysis (CBA). The study considered the EU-funded project called RESOLVD and implemented the technologies and services in a real-life pilot. The paper focuses on the analysis of technological solutions which enhance the operational efficiency and the hosting capacity of low-voltage electricity distribution grids. The solutions provided better integration of a hybrid battery storage system, with the grid interfacing power electronics, smart gateways for the interconnection of assets at the grid edge, and sensors enhancing infrastructure observability and control. The result from the CBA indicates the economic viability of the project, high scalability, and replicability. The economic benefits were realized with the breakeven value of eight secondary substations (SS) and 16 feeders. The scenario test on the DSO’s willingness to pay for the software as a service (SaaS) revealed that the payback period can further be reduced by almost half with a higher internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). Both the CBA and scenario tests showed RESOLVD solution can become more economically viable when deployed in largescale. Moreover, the CBA results provide evidence to the energy policy by allowing DSOs to consider both CAPEX and OPEX for better investment decisions. Further, the paper proposes an alternative business approach that shifts from grid reinforcement to service provision. The paper also discusses the research implications on energy policy and business.