Integration Of Geography Research Articles

География и религиоведение: интеграция, конвергенция, синергизм

Three stages integration, convergence and synergy can be traced in the interaction of many sciences. The first two demonstrate an increase in the degree of rapprochement, and the final stage symbolizes the synergistic effect of this rapprochement, that is, a qualitative leap in joint research and its reaching a new level. The object of the study is the format of interaction between geography and religious studies, and the subject is qualitative changes (synergism) during the transition from integration to convergence. The purpose of the research is to consider the features of the interpenetration of geography and religious studies at the present stage of the development of science. Research objectives are to identify the features of the convergence of geography and religious studies; consider the effects of mutual methodological enrichment of sciences. The main method is the scientific reflection of the history of the conjugate development of geography and religious studies, on the basis of which a forecast of the further interpenetration of the two sciences is made. Reflection was based on the application of a number of general scientific methods (approaches): historical, associated with retrospective analysis in the format of highlighting the stages of classical, non-classical and post-non-classical science; trinitarian, considering objects as integral triads; territorial, which is the essence of geographical research and allows you to see the spatial features of social processes and phenomena. The integration of geography and religious studies is based on two platforms of spatial research that pass into each other: religious geography and regional religious studies. The processes of integration and convergence of geography and religious studies are conditioned by the historical logic of the development of science, the passage of the classical, non-classical and post-non-classical stages. The growth of the religious consciousness of the population and the territorialization of spiritual life in our country only stimulate these processes. Converging sciences not only enrich each other with ideas about confessional space based on GIS technologies, they receive a qualitatively new interpretation of many of its components, which is a manifestation of synergy.

Can GIS Foster Conscious and Critical Learning in Geography? An Application from Students to a Real Case Included in the National Strategy for Inner Areas: Monti Dauni, Apulia (Italy)

Digital technologies, the use of which has progressively increased over the last few years, could represent key tools in learning and active citizenship in development processes. In this sense, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have gradually become an integral part of various disciplines and sectors. Even if the relevance and diffusion of GIS in the educational and pedagogical fields are increasing, their potential is still under-explored in the development of empowerment for participatory planning. Regarding the combination of geographical education and information technologies applied to the territories, the contribution they offer to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) is a question which remains little-investigated, and which represents both an innovative field of experimentation and significant opportunities, especially for marginal, inner areas. However, recent reforms, in particular in Italy, are considerably reducing the role of geography in the curricula, which is paradoxical for such complex contexts and the understanding of major global issues. The risk is that of producing a gap between the functional use of the tools and the capacity for their critical application. This paper aims to reflect on the integration of Geography and GIS through teaching experimentation, as applied to a real case study in the Apulia region (Monti Dauni Area) under the national strategy for inner areas, in order to understand how to use GIS as an active tool in education for sustainability, the awareness of the value of local resources, and active citizenship.

«İQTİSADİYYATIN ƏSASLARI» FƏNNİNİN COĞRAFİYAYA TƏTBİQ EDİLMƏSİ VƏ ƏHƏMİYYƏTİ

Geography is taught in general education schools in an integrated manner with many sciences. The integration of geography with economics attracts more attention. Economy has been the main field of human activity since the early days of human history. The teaching of economic knowledge to students has been in different forms in different years. The study and strengthening of knowledge related to economics is carried out in modern school practice in accordance with the principle of simple-complex. Key words: production, consumption, demand, supply, wages, division of labor, economy

The roles of agriculture and climate in land degradation in southeast Iceland AD 1700–1900

ABSTRACT Past human land-use is increasingly recognized as a driver of ecosystem change in seemingly natural landscapes. Quantification of historical land use is therefore critical for assessing the degree of human impact and requires integration of geography, ecology and history. This paper examines the impact of climate change, land-use and exposure to international markets on the terrestrial ecology in Suðursveit, in southeast Iceland between AD 1700 and 1901. For this we use historical data concerning land-use, livestock and demography, and mapping of glacier advance, glacier outburst floods (jökulhlaups) and agricultural land. Change in land-use or population during the eighteenth century was insignificant. Population declined in the first two decades of the nineteenth century due to the advance of Breiðamerkurjökull glacier. After AD 1820, Suðursveit became part of international market for agricultural products, which facilitated population and livestock increase. This led to overgrazing and severe land degradation in the nineteenth century.

Experiment in Finding Look-Alike European Cities Using Urban Atlas Data

The integration of geography and machine learning can produce novel approaches in addressing a variety of problems occurring in natural and human environments. This article presents an experiment that identifies cities that are similar according to their land use data. The article presents interesting preliminary experiments with screenshots of maps from the Czech map portal. After successfully working with the map samples, the study focuses on identifying cities with similar land use structures. The Copernicus European Urban Atlas 2012 was used as a source dataset (data valid years 2015–2018). The Urban Atlas freely offers land use datasets of nearly 800 functional urban areas in Europe. To search for similar cities, a set of maps detailing land use in European cities was prepared in ArcGIS. A vector of image descriptors for each map was subsequently produced using a pre-trained neural network, known as Painters, in Orange software. As a typical data mining task, the nearest neighbor function analyzes these descriptors according to land use patterns to find look-alike cities. Example city pairs based on land use are also presented in this article. The research question is whether the existing pre-trained neural network outside cartography is applicable for categorization of some thematic maps with data mining tasks such as clustering, similarity, and finding the nearest neighbor. The article’s contribution is a presentation of one possible method to find cities similar to each other according to their land use patterns, structures, and shapes. Some of the findings were surprising, and without machine learning, could not have been evident through human visual investigation alone.

Artificial Intelligence Approaches

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has received tremendous attention from academia, industry, and the general public in recent years. The integration of geography and AI, or GeoAI, provides novel approaches for addressing a variety of problems in the natural environment and our human society. This entry briefly reviews the recent development of AI with a focus on machine learning and deep learning approaches. We discuss the integration of AI with geography and particularly geographic information science, and present a number of GeoAI applications and possible future directions.

GeoAI 2018 workshop report the 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL international workshop on GeoAI

In today's era of big data, advanced algorithms, and immense computational power, artificial intelligence (AI) is bringing tremendous opportunities and challenges to geospatial research. Big data enable computers to observe and learn the world from many different perspectives, while high performance machines support the developing, training, and applying of AI models within reasonable amount of time. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in the integration of geography and AI in both academia and industry. There have already been many successful studies. Focusing on modeling the physical nature, research has shown that deep learning can improve the representation of clouds that are smaller than the grid resolutions of climate models. Examining the human society, AI and natural language processing methods, such as word embeddings, are helping quantify changes in stereotypes and attitudes toward women and ethnic minorities over 100 years in the United States. There are also many other applications that effectively integrate AI with problems in geospatial studies, such as vehicle trajectory prediction, indoor navigation, historical map digitizing, gazetteer conflation, geographic feature extraction, geo-ontologies, and place understanding. The 2nd International Workshop on AI for Geographic Knowledge Discovery (GeoAI 2018) builds on the success of the previous workshop in 2017. GeoAI is bringing together geoscientists, computer scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and decision makers from academia, industry, and government to discuss the latest trends, successes, challenges, and opportunities in the field of artificial intelligence for data mining and geographic knowledge discovery.

The integration of geography in a curriculum focused to internationalization: an interdisciplinary liberal arts perspective from the Netherlands

Internationalization has been an important concept in higher education over the past two decades. The way that internationalization is manifest has consequences to academic disciplines, including geography. A new system of liberal arts colleges in the Netherlands has created opportunities for interdisciplinary education, representing a departure from the traditional model of European higher education. At Leiden University College the focus on global challenges created an opportunity for geography to be integrated into a diverse interdisciplinary and international curriculum. The positioning of geography into the curriculum, however, occurred because its adaptability and breadth, which enabled it to be incorporated into diverse facets of the overall teaching programme. To be successful, however, geographers should be cognizant of specific facets of the discipline suited for an international context. The case study herein reviewed highlights important differences between the U.S. and Dutch (European) context. Additionally, important points for academic geographers (academics) who are in interdisciplinary programmes (i.e. not a geography department) are emphasized, which relates to the development of course materials to suit an international context. The identification of key thematic and methodological disciplinary strands serves as bridges to interdisciplinary opportunities, which was essential to geography’s successful establishment within an international curriculum.

生態学的視点から見た自然地理学の再体系化 : 地理学の空洞化を埋める地理教育の再生(「21世紀に向かう地理学と地理教育の課題」 : 1994年度秋季学術大会シンポジウム)

生態学的視点から見た自然地理学の再体系化 : 地理学の空洞化を埋める地理教育の再生(「21世紀に向かう地理学と地理教育の課題」 : 1994年度秋季学術大会シンポジウム)

Secondary Geography and the Australian Curriculum – directions in school implementation: a comparative study

ABSTRACTAt first glance, the introduction of a national curriculum for Australian schools suggested a new era of revival for school geography. Since the late 1980s, the development and introduction of more integrated conceptions of curriculum design and implementation has seen the decline of Geography as a distinct subject in Australian schools, with statewide guidelines or frameworks that promoted the integration of Geography along with History into Studies of Society and Environment (SOSE). The approval of the Australian Curriculum: Geography design in late 2013, therefore, offered some degree of optimism that Geography would be revived as a distinctive area of learning in the secondary environment.Utilising a qualitative comparative case study of three Victorian secondary schools, this paper argues that the hopes of renewal engendered by the institution of an agreed national Geography curriculum have been confronted by the reality of school curriculum and governance processes, in which existing local staff structures and priorities are more of an imperative in school-based Geography curriculum decision-making than policy-driven curriculum change.

Teaching the Integration of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences

Atmospheric scientists spent a decade incorporating geographic information systems into their research and operations. Now it is time to incorporate GIS into atmospheric science education.

Pelajaran Geografi pada Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi

The implementation of the competence Based Curriculum as a tool to reach the national education objectives is inevitable; however, it should not be at the expense of a particular science. This happens with geography, because the Competence Based Curriculum (CBC) integrates geography lesson into Physics and Economics in the Senior High School (SMU) curriculum. This integration leads to the vague status of geography as a branch of science with its unique charac-teristics. The draft of CBC 2001 does not explicitly state Geography as a subject and it has caused considerable restlessness among geo-graphy teachers, lecturers, and students of the Geography Education Department. With the integration of Geography into other subjects, there is a possibility that in the long run Geography will no longer exits as a subject. Therefore, it is necessary to review the draft of Com-petence Based Curriculum 2001 which is still in the phase of try out.

Progress and trend of development of restoration ecology research in the arid regions of China

In this paper, the development process and characteristics of restoration ecology research in the arid regions of China were reviewed, and the research frontiers and development trends were analyzed systemically.The study on restoration ecology in arid regions has been promoted by national demands. Revegetation was the main method and approach for ecological recovery and restoration. Future study should focus on vegetation zonal distribution, soil habitat restoration, interaction of arid land ecology and hydrology, plant water relation, biological soil crust, projection based on models and modeling, and so on. The interaction and integration of geography and biology provide a new way of thinking and approach for both theoretical and practical innovations in the development of restoration ecology.

Biogeography: multidisciplinary approaches in space and time

news and update ISSN 1948-6596 symposium summary Biogeography: multidisciplinary approaches in space and time International Biogeography Society Early-Career Conference 2014 – Canberra, Australia, 7–11 th January 2014 In January 2014, the second Early-Career Confer- ence of the IBS was held in Canberra, Australia, organized by The Australian National University (ANU) and CSIRO. The conference was attended by 130 biogeographers: approximately half were students and the rest mainly early-career re- searchers. The attendees came from 18 countries, representing Australia and New Zealand, Asia, Af- rica, Europe and the Americas. Three days of oral and poster presentations in three symposia— covering species’ distributions, phylogenetic methods and biodiversity turnover—were pre- ceded by a day of four workshops on the same topics. These cross-cutting themes describe a great bulk of recent biogeographic research, and we report the highlights from each symposium. Species’ distributions across time and space The first day’s symposium, Species’ distributions across space and time, focused primarily on un- derstanding factors influencing species’ spatial distributions, and transferring those insights to other times and places. The organisers chose this topic in response to the continued growth in the development and application of methods that in- fer species’ ecology from geographic data. This symposium offered an opportunity to survey cut- ting-edge research and recent technological ad- vances in the field, and to highlight some of the standing challenges of research taking an ecologi- cal approach to biogeography. Presentations in this symposium ranged from studies of microclimate to global-scale stud- ies of the distribution of biodiversity and the use of models to predict species’ distributions in the past, present and future. The two keynotes admi- rably demonstrated this breadth of scales: Mi- chael Kearney (University of Melbourne) discussed how models integrating species’ physiology and microclimate occupancy with environmental data can be scaled up to make predictions of the suit- ability of habitat, while Catherine Graham (Stony Brook University) presented new methods for studying the mechanisms underlying global distri- butions of beta diversity, and how that diversity might respond to climate change. Many of the talks focused on methodologi- cal studies and applications of species’ distribution modelling (SDM). These studies use species’ oc- currence data in conjunction with environmental variables in order to construct mathematical mod- els of the species’ tolerances, which are used to predict the relative suitability of habitat over space. These methods have faced some fairly se- vere criticisms in recent years (Bahn and McGill 2007, Rodriguez-Rey et al. 2013), but there is also empirical evidence demonstrating that they can produce useful estimates of habitat suitability (Guisan et al. 2013). Talks in this symposium dis- cussed choice of predictor variables, the inclusion of new data sources such as biotic interactions, natural history, evolutionary history and spatial sampling bias. One clear message from the sym- posium was the huge momentum for application of spatial modelling techniques outside terrestrial ecosystems, and for the incorporation of data sources beyond the traditional environmental lay- ers. For example, talks provided examples of the development and application of modelling tools for a diverse array of marine systems, clearly a growth area for biogeography. Other talks focused on improving model performance through the incorporation of archaeological, palynological, and fossil data, providing promising ways forward for better calibration of species’ distribution models. While the use of SDMs in biogeography is still growing, the talks presented here made it clear that many users are working towards incorporat- ing more biological insight into the modelling process. Advances in phylogenetic methods for bio- geography The integration of geography with phylogenetics frontiers of biogeography 6.2, 2014 — © 2014 the authors; journal compilation © 2014 The International Biogeography Society

Geo-social visual analytics

Spatial analysis and social network analysis typically consider social processes in their own specific contexts, either geographical or network space. Both approaches demonstrate strong conceptual overlaps. For example, actors close to each other tend to have greater similarity than those far apart; this phenomenon has different labels in geography (spatial autocorrelation) and in network science (homophily). In spite of those conceptual and observed overlaps, the integration of geography and social network context has not received the attention needed in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of their interaction or their impact on outcomes of interest, such as population health behaviors, information dissemination, or human behavior in a crisis. In order to address this gap, this paper discusses the integration of geographic with social network perspectives applied to understanding social processes in place from two levels: the theoretical level and the methodological level. At the theoretical level, this paper argues that the concepts of nearness and relationship in terms of a possible extension of the First Law of Geography are a matter of both geographical and social network distance, relationship, and interaction. At the methodological level, the integration of geography and social network contexts are framed within a new interdisciplinary field:~visual analytics, in which three major application-oriented subfields (data exploration, decision-making, and predictive analysis) are used to organize discussion. In each subfield, this paper presents a theoretical framework first, and then reviews what has been achieved regarding geo-social visual analytics in order to identify potential future research.

The Evolution of Regional Planning and Regional Economic Development in Malaysia

This article explains the evolution of regional planning and policy in Malaysia and discusses the implications of the underlying regional economic theories and regional policies for the socio-economic development of Malaysia. Regional economic development in Malaysia is due to several factors, including the integration of geography and physical features, the need for cooperation beyond local jurisdictions, and the needs of local and national economic development. A review of the literature suggests that the achievement and development of regional planning would differ depending on the country’s pattern of development and growth. However, the basis of regional planning remains the same: to promote competitiveness, create economic opportunities, and achieve balance in the socio-economic development of a country. In a way, regional planning is a tool to achieve sustainable development in a country

Comprehensive research in geography

*Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, SingaporeEmail: geoadz@nus.edu.sg**Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, AustraliaRevised manuscript received 17 December 2012Addressing human–environment problems requires con-tributions from those who study both human and bio-physical systems (O’Brien and Leichenko 2003; Castree2012; Harden 2012). Historically, the scientific commu-nity has been content to try to explain the behaviour of thehuman–Earth system by separating the parts from thewhole, interrogating them, pausing on occasion to scru-tinise their analyses, and contrasting findings against thebigger picture. Such partial explanations are useful butniche approaches cannot account for real-world behav-iours that arise from the interplay between the parts.Today, as human impacts on the planet become more andmore apparent, solutions require a sophisticated blend ofspecialist and integrative research – what we call ‘com-prehensive research’.In our view, comprehensive research differs from inter-disciplinary research in that it considers the interactions ofimportant biophysical and human processes across allrelevant spatial and temporal scales. Geography wouldtherefore seem an appropriate home for comprehensiveresearch to flourish (Douglas 1986; Skole 2004; Marston2006).The integration of geography with interdisciplinaryresearch has a long history (Bracken and Oughton 2006),which is perhaps best exemplified by Sauer (1925). Stu-dents are now arriving at geography after sampling otherdisciplines that are lacking in the ability to question andexplain human–Earth dynamics in a meaningful way.Many seek both specialist and generalist skills that willallow them to do comprehensive research. These twodemands are not, and should not be, mutually exclusive.Unfortunately, fragmentation threatens to make geogra-phy no more effective at addressing complicated human–Earth systems than any specialised discipline (Robbins2011). Worrisome is that students may now be less pre-pared than their predecessors to tackle these types ofproblems holistically (Demeritt 2009).Fragmentation is not surprising given the specia-lisation needed to make significant advances in theunderlying science (Stoddart 1987; Demeritt 2009). Spe-cialisation is by no means unproductive. It has forcedmany physical geographers to integrate with other fields(e.g. biogeography and biology, process geomorphologyand geology and physics, applied hydrology and clima-tology and civil engineering). Many human geographersare also collaborating with political scientists, sociolo-gists and area studies scholars to develop broaderresearch objectives. However, when it comes to con-ducting comprehensive research effectively, geographyhas stayed at the middle of the pack despite the ‘close-ness’ of human and physical geographers (Demeritt2009). Perhaps this is telling of the growing distancebetween the sub-disciplines, regardless of close proxim-ity of individuals on the same floor of a building, andregardless of recognition of the compatibility betweenthe physical and human geography sub-disciplines (cf.Stallins 2012; Tadaki

Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place (review)

Reviewed by: Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place Lindsey Claire Smith (bio) Coll Thrush. Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place. University of Washington Press. xviii, 326. US$22.95 Coll Thrush’s ambitious and thorough telling of experiences of Native peoples in Seattle is an excellent contribution to recent and much-needed scholarship on urban Indians cultivated by scholars such as Renya Ramirez, Donald Fixico, and Susan Lobo. What makes Thrush’s book unique among these studies, however, is its cross-disciplinary and popular appeal; there is material here that illumines our understandings of geography, art, politics, tourism, historic preservation, urban planning, environmental justice, sociology, popular culture, linguistics, and more. As a result, the text may satisfy the interests of varied readers both within and outside of academia. It’s a fascinating read. William Cronon’s foreword reiterates Thrush’s own description of the text as a counter to the Vanishing American myth associated with histories of the ‘frontier.’ The methodology that Thrush employs is as noteworthy as its content in its challenge to standard approaches to the histories of Indigenous Americans. The framework for its exhaustive store of information is ‘place stories,’ which are continually revised, ever-shifting, and sometimes myth-making evocations of community identity. Importantly, as Thrush makes his way in the text through many time periods and the many communities that intersect in these eras, he reifies storytelling, both written and oral, as the most accurate account of culture. This comes as no surprise to Indigenous peoples and/or scholars of Native American studies. It is stories – especially those linked to particular geographical locations – to which Thrush continually returns. From the beach at Alki Point, to the gambling parlours, brothels, and saloons south of Mill Street, to Skid Road, geographical landmarks have set the scene in Seattle, Thrush argues, for creation stories that attempt to justify and naturalize colonization (in both historical and contemporary forms) in their telling. Often falsely estranged from urban histories, Indigenous accounts, especially oral narratives, are correctives to the metaphoric treatments of Natives in these creation stories. While it is the imagined moment of the city’s birth, Alfred Denny party’s landing at Alki Point does not register prominently in the oral tradition of local Native peoples, according to Thrush. ‘In fact, it does not register at all,’ he explains. Instead, in Indigenous accounts of nineteenth-century [End Page 216] history, the Denny party, in which Seattle was a participant, is unexceptional among many interactions between newcomers and Duwamish, Lake, and Shilsholes residents of Indigenous towns such as Little Crossing-Over Place, Herring’s House, and Clear Water, all of which were increasingly affected by disease and transformations of the landscape. Similarly, in their association of Indians with threats of fire and outbreaks of illness, place stories regarding the ‘Lava Beds’ of the southern side of Mill Street around the turn of the century created a narrative of the need for ‘civilizing’ legislation and institutions that did not recognize Indigenous peoples’ contributions, in the form of labour, to the burgeoning urban economy. And in more contemporary times, new zeal for historic preservation, fuelled in part by efforts to tell the story of Seattle to tourists, ironically led to decimation of ground central for Indian Seattle: Skid Road. These are only a few examples of Thrush’s integration of geography with community narrative as a means of approaching culture in an innovative way. Though Native Seattle’s readability and appeal to a range of interests is the source of much of its strength, it does limit its engagement with theory in parts, which will leave scholars eager for more. For example, Thrush explains that the influx of Indians from various nations into Seattle led to encounter with an urban landscape on ‘Indian (if not always indigenous) terms,’ drawing a distinction between local and multinational interests. Further, he argues that the urban experience sustained traditions such as the potlatch while leading to ‘a new, cosmopolitan Indianness.’ These observations touch on important current topics within Native American studies concerning tribal (trans)nationalism, intersections (and departures with) postcolonial theory, and political and intellectual sovereignty, but these topics are not given sustained...

Confronted by Insurmountable Opportunities: Geography in Society at the AAG's Centennial*

Geographers at the AAG's centennial are challenged with exceptional opportunities to create a more central place for geography in society and in the university. Realizing these opportunities requires identifying and leveraging key emerging trends in the formation and uses of geographic knowledge. Better integration of geography's profound technological innovations with its core traditions also is necessary to strengthen the discipline's research capacity, and to more effectively engage with and contribute to the needs of society. Trends toward multidisciplinary research and integrative science, and the heightened need for geographic understanding in today's world, hold further promise for advancing the discipline while sustaining its historic strengths and diversity.

Integration of geography and statistics

The rapid development in mapping technologies has visibly upgraded the power of statistical analyses and their dissemination. Focused on spatial dimension and using diverse remote sensing methods, geographic information systems (GIS) make the integration of statistics borderless and statistical analysis more value-added, permitting the evaluation of statistical data across traditional subject-matter fields. Management of statistical offices is increasingly aware that the integration of socio-economic and geographical information, when combined with GIS, assists in decision-making across subject-matter fields affecting education, health, environmental protection, municipal services, economic development and location of essential infrastructure. Internet and Intranet accelerate users’ access to these systems and transparency is a key word for any geographically related information. In addition to these strong points, however, many challenges still remain to be explored by national and international statistical agencies to make GIS applications efficient and safe. The Statistical Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) is conducting a region-wide transfer of know-how on the use of mapping technologies for the collection, production and dissemination of statistical data. As well as regular meetings in this field, the Statistical Division is organising the international work on the development-related methodological materials and guidelines. All activities are undertaken in close cooperation with Eurostat, OECD, IMF, UN Statistics Division and other international organisations involved as a part of the programme of work of the Conference of European Statisticians. The aim of this paper is to report about the major objectives and activities going on in this field and to draw attention to some national and international projects on the use of mapping technologies for statistical purposes.